Human Anatomy and Physiology with Pathophysiology Module 1 PDF

Human Anatomy and Physiology with Pathophysiology Module 1 Module 1 – An Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology ? Lesson 1 – Definition of Anatomy and Physiology ? Sub-topics: ? Branches of Anatomy and Physiology ? Branches of Anatomy: ? Gross Anatomy ? Living...

Human Anatomy and Physiology with Pathophysiology Module 1 Module 1 – An Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology ? Lesson 1 – Definition of Anatomy and Physiology ? Sub-topics: ? Branches of Anatomy and Physiology ? Branches of Anatomy: ? Gross Anatomy ? Living Anatomy ? Embryology ? Histology ? Surface Anatomy ? Clinical Anatomy Lesson 1 – Definition of Anatomy and Physiology ? Branches of Physiology: 1. Human Physiology 2. Microscopic Physiology 3. Developmental Physiology 4. Comparative Physiology 5. Cellular Physiology 6. Environmental Physiology 7. Evolutionary Physiology Lesson 1- Definition of Anatomy and Physiology ? Anatomy – form, structure and location of bodily parts ? Physiology – function of bodily parts and processes involved with them ? Gross Anatomy – structures examined without microscope ? Living Anatomy – parts of living individual by inspection Lesson 1 – Definition of Anatomy and Physiology Embryology – first 8 weeks of development after fertilization of a human egg Histology – microscopic structures of tissues Surface anatomy – surface markings of the body to understand internal anatomy thru visualization and palpation (gentle touch) Clinical anatomy - practical application of anatomic knowledge to clinical problem-solving e.g. to diagnosis and treatment Lesson 1- Definition of Anatomy and Physiology ? Branches of Physiology: ? Human Physiology - function of body systems in a well state ? Microscopic Physiology - minute anatomical structures on a microscopic scale, including cells (cytology) and tissues (histology). Lesson 1 - Definition of Anatomy and Physiology Developmental physiology – complete development of an individual from fertilization to death Comparative physiology - diversity of functional characteristics of various kinds of organisms Cellular Physiology - activities and the functions that take place in a cell to keep it alive Lesson 1- Definition of Anatomy and Physiology ? Environmental Physiology - environment's influence on the physiological function and performance of living organisms. ? Evolutionary Physiology - manner in which the functional characteristics of individuals in a population of organisms have responded to natural selection across multiple generations during the history of the population Lesson 2 – Structural Organization of the Human Body ? Subtopics: 1. Cell: its structure and function 2. Types of cells and tissues 3. Kinds of organs, their composition and functions 4. Kinds of organ systems, their composite organs and functions 5. Different body cavities and organs present Lesson 2 - Structural Organization of the Human Body ? Cell Membrane – semipermeable, protects, controls entry of substances across the cell ? Nuclear membrane – double - membrane that surrounds the nucleus ? Nucleus – contains sub-organelles such as nucleolus, nucleosomes and chromatin. DNA and other genetic materials ? Nuclear membrane - double-membrane structure that surrounds the nucleus, also referred to as the nuclear envelope. Lesson 2 - Structural Organization of the Human Body Centrosome – found near the nucleus with thick center and radiating nucleus, where microtubules are produced. Lysosome (cell vesicles) – surrounded by membrane that contains digestive enzymes involved in digestion, excretion and cell renewal processes Cytoplasm – jelly-like material containing cell organelles enclosed with cell membrane Lesson 2 - Structural Organization of the Human Body Golgi Apparatus – flat, smooth layered, sac-like organelle located near the nucleus and involved in manufacturing, storing, packing and transporting the particles throughout the cell. Mitochondrion - spherical or rod-shaped organelles with a double membrane, powerhouse producing and releasing energy. Ribosome - small organelles made up of RNA-rich cytoplasmic granules, sites of protein synthesis. Lesson 2 - Structural Organization of the Human Body Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) - composed of a thin, winding network of membranous sacs originating from the nucleus. Vacuole - membrane-bound organelle present inside a cell involved in maintaining shape and storing water, food, wastes, etc. Nucleopore – tiny holes present in the nuclear membrane, involved in movement of nucleic acids and proteins within the cell Lesson 2 - Structural Organization of the Human Body ? Animal Cell Types: ? Skin Cells – melanocytes, keratinocytes, Merkel cells, Langerhans cells ? Muscle Cells – skeletal muscle cell, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle ? Blood Cells – leukocytes, erythrocytes ? Nerve Cells – Schwann cell, neuroglia ? Fat Cells Kinds of Cells Found in the Human Body ? 1. Bone cells bound together by calcium and phosphate give strength, support and framework ? 2. Cartilage cells (chondrocytes) similar to bone but without calcium and phosphate freely bendable found in ear bone, between large bones like between two ribs, spinal bones Kinds of Cells Found in the Human Body 3. Nerve cells form the nervous system. 4. Epithelial cell form covering layers of all the organs present in skin, scalp, respiratory tract, example: skin cells, mucous cells. Kinds of Cells Found in the Human Body ? Muscle cells rich in proteins like actin and myosin responsible for movement through contraction also called myocytes ? Secretory cells present in glands releases specific secretions containing enzymes or hormones examples: salivary gland cells called acini secreting saliva gastric cells present in the stomach secrete gastric juice. Kinds of Cells Found in the Human Body ? Adipose cells fats cells for storing fat; reduce friction in the body found in the soles, palms, breast, belly ? Blood cells Three basic types of blood cells: a) red blood cells (RBC’s): called corpuscles, lack nucleus, presence of hemoglobin, carry oxygen from lungs to the tissues b) white blood cells (WBC’s): have nucleus, five different types, play main role in body defense against pathogens c) thrombocytes (platelets): involved in blood clot formation to prevent bleeding due to injury. Kinds of Cells Found in the Human Body ? Specialized Cells Sperm Cell – male reproductive cell Egg Cell – female reproductive cell Stem cells - primary cells or parent cells which can differentiate into any required cell-based. - treatment of disorders Kinds of Cells Found in the Human Body ? Rods & cones - contain photosensitive pigments that help to capture the light and convert into a nerve impulse. ? Ciliated cells - present as lining of the respiratory tract, esophagus, - have pointed threadlike cilia to move in one particular direction to pass material Kinds of Cells Found in the Human Body Blood cells - red blood cells, without nucleus, not alive, transport oxygen - white blood cells, with nucleus, alive, body defense cells Islets of Pancreas - secrete pancreatic hormones like insulin and glucagon Hepatocytes - present in the liver, involved in the breakdown of toxins like drugs - and other waste materials. - cells are large and many Kinds of Cells Found in the Human Body ? Hepatocytes - many mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum - can regenerate. Kupffer cells ? - located in the liver and are modified macrophage cells. They - destroy the old and worn-out red blood cells in the liver. Kinds of Cells Found in the Human Body Goblet cells dispersed in the inner layer of the small intestine, secrete mucus. Paneth cells found in the intestinal linings, secrete anti-microbial proteins, help in defense against pathogens in the intestine. Kinds of Cells Found in the Human Body ? Mesangial cells - found in a part of the kidney called the glomerulus - involved in the filtration of blood and production of urine. Lesson 2 - Structural Organization of the Human Body Lesson 2 - Structural Organization of the Human Body Lesson 2 - Structural Organization of the Human Body Lesson 2 - Structural Organization of the Human Body Lesson 2 - Structural Organization of the Human Body Lesson 2 - Structural Organization of the Human Body Lesson 2 - Structural Organization of the Human Body Structural Organization of the Human Body Lesson 2 - Structural Organization of the Human Body Lesson 2 - Structural Organization of the Human Body Lesson 2 - Structural Organization of the Human Body Lesson 2 - Structural Organization of the Human Body Lesson 2 - Structural Organization of the Human Body Lesson 3 - The Language of Anatomy ? Subtopics: 1. The Anatomical Position 2. Body Regions 3. Anatomical Terms 4. Directional Terms 5. Body Planes and sections Lesson 3 - The Language of Anatomy 1. The Anatomical Position - position with the body erect with the arms at the sides and the palms forward; position of reference for anatomical nomenclature. Anatomic terms: anterior and posterior, medial and lateral, abduction and adduction, apply to the body when it is in the anatomical position. 2. Body Regions - refers to a certain area of the body: head, neck, torso, upper extremity and lower extremity. Lesson 3 – Language of Anatomy Lesson 3 - The Language of Anatomy Lesson 3 – Language of Anatomy Lesson 3 – Language of Anatomy Lesson 3 – Language of Anatomy Lesson 3 – Language of Anatomy Lesson 3 – Language of Anatomy Lesson 3 – Language of Anatomy Lesson 3 – Language of Anatomy Lesson 3 – Language of Anatomy ? Body Planes and Sections ? Body Planes – imaginary flat surfaces that pass through the different body parts, exposed parts produced by these planes are referred to as sections ? Anatomical planes - imaginary flat surfaces or planes passing through the body in the anatomical position. Lesson 3 – Language of Anatomy Sagittal plane – vertical plane that divides an organ or the body into right and left parts Mid-sagittal plane – passes through the midline of an organ or the body and divides or part of the body into equal right and left halves Para-sagittal plane – does not pass through the midline but divides an or the body into unequal halves Lesson 3 – Language of Anatomy ? Frontal or Coronal plane – divides an organ or part of the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions ? Transverse or Cross-sectional or Horizontal Plane – divides an organ or body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions ? Oblique Plane – passes through an organ or the body at an angle between the transverse plane and either sagittal or frontal plane Lesson 3 – Language of Anatomy 1. Body Planes and sections Lesson 3 – Language of Anatomy ? Subtopics: ? Homeostasis - stability, balance, or equilibrium within a cell or the body; involves constant adjustments adjustments as conditions change inside and outside the cell; adjusting of systems within a cell is called homeostatic regulation. Three interdependent components of homeostasis: a receptor, integrating center, and effector. Lesson 4 – Homeostasis 1. Negative Feedback - A negative feedback loop is a reaction that causes a decrease in function. It occurs in response to some kind of stimulus. Often, it causes the output of a system to be lessened; so, the feedback tends to stabilize the system. This can be referred to as homeostasis, as in biology, or equilibrium, as in mechanics. Lesson 4 – Homeostasis 2. Positive Feedback - a positive feedback loop will increase a function. It reinforces the change until the stimulus is removed. The best way to understand this is through examples. Examples: Childbirth is a positive feedback loop. During childbirth, the uterus will contract until the child is born. Blood clotting is another example because platelets will continue to be released to the injury site until the bleeding has stopped. ? So to simplify, negative feedback decreases while positive feedback increases a function until a specific outcome is reached. Lesson 4 – Homeostasis Lesson 4 – Homeostasis