Chapter 1 The Human Body PDF

Introduction of Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 1 1 Anna Howard, MD Introduction of Anatomy and Physiology 2  *Greek words meaning “to cut apart” An...

Introduction of Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 1 1 Anna Howard, MD Introduction of Anatomy and Physiology 2  *Greek words meaning “to cut apart” An Overview of Anatomy Anatomy* studies the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another. Gross, or macroscopic, anatomy - is the study of large body structures visible to the naked eye: regional anatomy - all the structures (muscles, bones, nerves, etc.) in a particular region of the body, such as the abdomen or leg, are examined at the same time systemic anatomy studies system by system surface anatomy is the study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface, clinicians use it to locate appropriate blood vessels in which to feel pulses and draw blood. 3 An Overview of Anatomy Microscopic anatomy studies of small structures, using a microscope. For most such studies, exceedingly thin slices of body tissues are stained and mounted on glass slides to be examined under the microscope. Subdivisions of microscopic anatomy: Cytology, which considers the cells of the body. Histology - the study of tissues. the slides with the cells the slides with a connective tissue 4 4 An Overview of Physiology Physiology concerns the function of the body parts, how they work (renal physiology, neurophysiology, cardiovascular physiology). It focuses on events at the cellular or molecular level. Principle of Complementarity - Function always reflects structure (what a structure can do depends on its form). Examples: Bones can support and protect body organs because they contain hard mineral deposits Muscles can contract because they have contractile units Figure 1.1 Complementarity Another example is how the various shapes of our teeth reflect their of structure and function different actions, as shown in Figure 1.1. 5 5 Check Your Understanding Which subdivision of anatomy studies tissues of the heart? 1. Cytology 2. Surface anatomy 3. Histology 4. Regional anatomy 6 Levels of Structural Organization Atoms  molecules  cells  tissues > organs  organ systems > organism 7  11 ORGAN SYSTEMS 8 8 For review – Study Area > Chapter 1 > Activities > Memory Games > Body Systems  11 ORGAN SYSTEMS Use fig. 1.4 to list the 11 systems and state their function… Check Your Understanding Choose the correct order for the missing levels of structural organization: chemical, _________, _________, _________, _________, organism 1. tissue, cellular, organ, organ system 2. cellular, tissue, organ, organ system 3. organ, organ system, cellular, tissue 4. organ system, organ, tissue, cellular 10  Maintaining Life: General Life Functions 1. Maintaining Boundaries – the body is enclosed and protected by the integumentary system, or skin 2. Movement – the activities promoted by the muscular system, also occurs when substances are propelled through internal organs 3. Responsiveness, or excitability – the ability to sense changes (stimuli) in the environment and then respond to them 4. Digestion – is the breaking down of ingested foodstuffs to simple molecules that can absorbed into the blood 5. Metabolism - includes all chemical reactions that occur within body cells (catabolism, anabolism, ATP-production) 6. Excretion – is the process of removing excreta, or wastes, from the body 7. Reproduction – occurs at the cellular and the organismal level, major task is making a whole new person 8. Growth - an increase in size of a body part or the organism. 11 11 Survival Needs Nutrients, taken in via the diet, contain the chemical substances used for energy and cell building (carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals and vitamins) Oxygen, human cells can survive for only a few minutes without oxygen because the chemical reactions that release energy from foods are oxidative reactions that require oxygen Water accounts for 50–60% of our body weight and is the single most abundant chemical substance in the body Normal body temperature must be maintained because the speed of the metabolic reactions depend on it (when drops below 37°C (98.6°F), metabolic reactions become very slow) Atmospheric pressure is the force that air exerts on the surface of the body. 12 …..Homeostasis* = Ability to maintain stable, favorable internal conditions even though there are changes in the external environment. ✓ Required components for maintaining stable conditions (fig. 1.5) ✓ The term was coined in 1930 by the Figure 1.5 American physiologist Walter Cannon For review – Study Area > Chapter 1 > MP3 Tutor Session > homeostasis AND Activities > Art Labeling Homeostasis *“unchanging” Regulation of Homeostasis The regulation of homeostasis has three interdependent components: 1. The receptor monitors the environment and responds to changes = stimuli, by sending information to the second part 2. The control center analyzes the input and determines the appropriate response of action 3. The effector carries out the control center’s response to the stimulus. 14 Homeostatic Control Mechanisms 1. Most mechanisms are Negative Feedback = bring condition back to normal level Examples: - Regulation of body temperature (nervous system) - Control of blood volume by antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Watch Pearson’s Figure Animation Figure 1.6 15 Homeostatic Control Mechanisms (continued) 2. Some mechanisms are Positive Feedback = take condition further from normal ✓rarely used to promote the well-being of the body ✓may have only local effects Examples: - Oxytocin (hormone) intensifies Labor contractions during the birth of a baby - Blood clotting is a normal response to a break in the lining of a blood vessel 16 Difference between controlling The Hormonal and Nervous Systems Feature Nervous System Hormonal System Signal Electrical impulses Chemical impulses Pathway Neurons Blood Speed of information Fast Slow Duration of effect Short lived Longer lived Type of action Voluntary or involuntary Always involuntary Target Specific cells Many cells 17 17 Check Your Understanding Which component of a homeostatic control mechanism carries out a response to a stimulus? 1. Receptor 2. Effector 3. Sensor 4. Control center 18 The Language of Anatomy 19 The Language of Anatomy …And now, the Question of the Day? Suppose that you go on to become a Google images FBI agent and you are working a big case. A description comes in of the suspect (unfortunately it was written by a person in the medical field). You are looking for a woman with a heart tattoo on the distal aspect of her left fibular region, a mole on her medial right buccal region, and jagged scar running transverse on the proximal anterior aspect of her antebrachial region – could you identify her if you saw her???? 20 Directional terms and body planes After completing this study unit, you will learn how to: 1.Name the main directional terms and body planes used in anatomy. 2.Describe the anatomical position. 3.Describe the location of anatomical structures, with reference to another. 21 The Language of Anatomy The anatomical position: the person is standing upright, with the arms hanging by the side, palms facing forward, thumbs pointing away from the body. The feet are parallel, toes oriented to the front. 22 22 Regional Terms Regional terms used to designate specific body areas Two fundamental divisions of our body: The axial part, which makes up the main axis of our body, includes the head, neck, and trunk. The appendicular part consists of the appendages, or limbs. 23 Figure 1.8 23 – where one body structure is in relation to another Let's practice – using anatomical language describe a location of tattoos on this person 2 1 3  Body Planes and Sections Figure 1.9. Planes of the body with corresponding magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. A sagittal plane (“arrow”)- a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts. ✓ The median plane, or midsagittal plane - a sagittal plane that lies exactly in the midline ✓ all other sagittal planes, offset from the midline, are parasagittal planes 28 Frontal plane, lies vertically, and divides the body into anterior and posterior parts 29 Transverse, or horizontal plane runs horizontally, dividing the body into superior and inferior parts. ✓ Many different transverse planes exist, at every possible level from head to foot. ✓ A transverse section is also called a cross section. 30 Check Your Understanding What type of cut would separate the brain into anterior and posterior parts? 1. Sagittal 2. Median 3. Transverse 4. Frontal 31  Cavities of the body Figure 1.10 Dorsal and ventral body cavities and their subdivisions. For review – Study Area > Chapter 1 > Activities > Memory Games > Body cavities Anatomy and Physiology textbooks 33 33 Membranes in the Ventral Body Cavity Serous membrane = Serosa – thin, double- layered membrane cover the walls of the ventral body cavity. Two parts of the membrane: 1. Visceral = covering the organs 2. Parietal (parie = wall) = lining the cavity walls Serous cavity - a potential space between the two membranes are separated by a thin layer of lubricating fluid, called serous fluid. 34 Membranes The serous membranes are named for the specific cavity and organs with which they are associated. 35 Let’s practice… Visceral Serosa ORGAN ORGAN Serosal Space w/ serosal Fluid Parietal Serosa If the organ was the heart…this would be called ____________ If the organ was the lungs…this would be called ____________  Four Abdominopelvic Quadrants Figure 1.12 The four abdominopelvic quadrants. Median sagittal plane Transverse plane In this scheme, the abdominopelvic cavity is divided into four quadrants by two planes. 37 Abdominopelvic Cavity Regions 38 38 Check Your Understanding Which organ lies in the dorsal body cavity? 1. Heart 2. Spinal cord 3. Uterus 4. Small intestine 39 Draw a picture and Label the Abdominopelvic Quadrants (use fig. 1.11) 40 Label the Abdominopelvic Regions (use fig. 1.12) 41  Right Left Hypo- Epigastric Hypo- chondriac chondriac Right Left Lumbar Umbilical Lumbar Right Left Hypogastric Iliac Iliac (Inguinal) (Inguinal) Check Your understanding – Study Area > Chapter 1 > Quizzes, 42 Practice Test First chapter done! 43 Thank You! Anna Howard 936-264-6196 [email protected] https://my.lonestar.edu/