American Growth (1840-1860) PDF

HISTORY 2110 AMERICAN LESLIE S. LEIGHTON, MD, PHD GROWTH (1840-1860) SEPTEMBER 19, 2024  TRANSITIONING FROM AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY TO MANUFACTURING ECONOMY Even by 1860 - 80% of Americans still lived in rural areas Manufacturing jobs were...

HISTORY 2110 AMERICAN LESLIE S. LEIGHTON, MD, PHD GROWTH (1840-1860) SEPTEMBER 19, 2024  TRANSITIONING FROM AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY TO MANUFACTURING ECONOMY Even by 1860 - 80% of Americans still lived in rural areas Manufacturing jobs were confined to 20% The American System of Manufacturing – 19th century - the concept of interchangeable parts began in the gun industry and then spread to others Mechanization of manufacturing was sought early because of limited supply of labor Standardized parts were manufactured and then put together by unskilled labor No longer were highly skilled craftsmen needed to build machines like guns  RAILROADS HELPED TO BOLSTER THE ECONOMY IN THE EARLY 19TH CENTURY Railroads transformed America. Began in 1828 with the B & O Railroad Railroads helped American industrial strength climb second industrially only to Great Britain by the 1850s Iron production was helped by the railroad Communications were helped by the railroad Samuel Morse first demonstrated the telegraph in 1844 In 7 years his telegraph wires stretched more than 50 thousand miles all the way to the Pacific lying next to railroad tracks – speeded the flow of information greatly SAMUEL FINLEY BREESE MORSE 1791-1872 American painter and inventor Accomplished portrait painter Motivated by information related to his wife’s death he invented and patented the single-wire telegraph “Necessity is the mother of invention” Invented Morse code – still used today  PRIVATE RAILROADS As opposed to European railroads owned by the government – here private companies built and owned Railroads Subsidized by aid from federal government Railroads received more than 20 million acres of land from federal government Also the Federal government helped underwrite construction costs Federal government promoted RR expansion Railroads settled federal lands The land made the railroads rich Railroads succeeded by serving and linking farm to cities RAILROADS EXPANDED QUICKLY By 1860 US railroad network had 30,000 miles More than the rest of the world combined!  TERMINUS 1836 - Georgia decides to build a railroad to the U.S. Midwest ANTEBELLUM ATLANTA: STATE Location was chosen to be the line's SQUARE AND THE FIRST UNION terminus STATION Between 1845 and 1854 rail lines arrived from four different directions to Terminus The rapidly growing town quickly became the railroad hub for the entire Southern United States 1842 Incorporated as “Marthasville” 1847 Incorporated as “Atlanta” SEAL OF ATLANTA Commemorates two dates Incorporation of Atlanta Rising and rebuilding of Atlanta Phoenix symbolizes the rising of Atlanta from ashes after the Civil War Resurgens – “to rise again” or “to rise from the dead”  FREE LABOR In the early 19th century, the north developed the notion of “free labor” in opposition to the south and “slave labor” Became an ideology that was touted by the North Rooted in the opportunity it offered wage earners to rise to property- owning independence.  “FREE LABOR” Celebrated hard work, self-reliance and independence “Door to success is open to everyone” Idea of the “self-made man” emerged Affirmed egalitarian vision of human potential Also a component of free labor stressed the importance of universal education Public schools emerged from this concept THIS IDEAL HOWEVER LEFT MANY BEHIND Many could pull themselves up by their bootstraps Some were luckier and more willing and able to work Many Americans could move up the ladder But many remained behind – without land and working for wages 2/3 of rural population moved every decade – turnover in cities even higher Income inequality among Americans saw its start in the 19th century  FREE LABOR FUELED BY IMMIGRATION America as land of opportunity 4.5 million immigrants arrived between 1840 and 1860 ¾ came from Germany or Ireland Germans were skilled tradesmen and farmers Middle stratum of free labor Settled in the mid west, and in Texas Irish were laborers or domestic servants – came to US because of potato famine at bottom of the free labor ladder Struggled to climb up Settled in Northeastern cities  IRISH IMMIGRANTS SUFFERED Irish typically unskilled Catholics – target of Nativism “Hard drinking” Characterized as “Unruly” and “half-civilized” When they were hired – worked hard and took low pay  MANIFEST DESTINY Americans believed in “God given right” to spread across continent and occupy all North America Term “Manifest Destiny” was coined by John L. O’Sullivan in 1845 Used to justify white American settlers taking land they wanted - spreading liberty and freedom Became an ideology for conquering the west and removing obstacles – Indians, Mexicans and Spanish The Cry - It is “the fulfillment of our manifest destiny……” became universal Element of national pride and an element of racial arrogance Economic Gain at the expense of others was really at its core  THIS LAND IS YOUR LAND WORDS AND MUSIC BY WOODY GUTHRIE (1944) This land is your land This land is my land From California to the New York island; From the red wood forest to the Gulf Stream waters This land was made for you and Me.  MORMON RELIGION BEGINS 1820s – upstate NY – farm boy Joseph Smith, Jr. says he is visited by an angel Angel led him to golden tablets, buried near his house He translated mysterious language on tablets to produce The Book of Mormon Published in 1830 Story of an ancient Hebrew civilization in the New World Predicted appearance of an American prophet who would reestablish Christ’s kingdom in America Americans flocked to Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints ANOTHER GREAT BROADWAY MUSICAL JOSEPH SMITH JR. Branded as heretics Mormons were driven out of New York went to Ohio and then to Missouri Ended up in Nauvoo, Illinois in 1839 Smith and his brother arrested for Polygamy On June 27, 1844 both shot dead in jail New leader Brigham Young took them out west to Iowa and then to the Great Salt Lake in Utah territory  UTAH 1847 – Mormons arrive 1850 – Utah territory annexed to the United States Polygamy practice of Mormons was exposed Brigham Young had 23 wives. Most Mormons had only one wife. Only 20% multiple ones US government established authority in Utah Mormon War - 1857 2,500 American troops invade Salt Lake City Americans viewed Mormons as threat to morality and American institutions  UTAH STATEHOOD Petitions for Utah’s statehood were submitted in 1856, 1862, 1867, 1872, and 1882 When Utah applied for statehood the next time, it was accepted. One of the conditions for granting Utah statehood was that a ban on polygamy be written into the Utah state constitution. Statehood was officially granted on January 4, 1896 Became 45th state in the union Today Mormons represent the 4th largest Church in the United States  WILLARD “MITT” ROMNEY Governor of Massachusetts, 2003- 2007 First Mormon to run for President of the United States in 2012 In 2018 elected to the Senate from Utah One of only two Republicans to vote for witnesses in First Trump Impeachment trial and only Republican to vote to convict  TEXAS (TEJAS) Domain of Spain well into the early19th century Becomes part of Mexico in 1821 when Mexico gains independence from Spain Mexican province of Tejas allowed American Stephen Austin to populate the north territory Austin sold land to other Americans who came with cotton and slaves By the 1830s Americans outnumbered Mexicans in the region Mexicans moved to ban further American immigration in the1830s American Texans rebelled Mexican army moves northward into Tejas region in the event of war THE ALAMO February 1836 Mexican army arrives in San Antonio Americans take refuge in Franciscan mission – The Alamo Mexicans kill all the American rebels at Battle of the Alamo – March 1836 - including Davie Crockett and James Bowie April 1836 General Sam Houston’s army defeats Mexicans at San Jacinto  LONE STAR REPUBLIC On May 14, 1836, Mexico grudgingly recognizes Texas independence President Jackson did not pursue Annexation of Texas March 1837 the United States recognized the Republic of Texas Sam Houston became the President of the Republic An independent Country for 9 years  TEXAS ANNEXATION Texas Independence was rough with constant border warfare with Mexico Texans wanted admission into the union Jackson had avoided because of slave state issue - probably would be another slave state President Van Buren also avoided for same reason In 1841 John Tyler was President with sudden death of Harrison after 32 days In 1844 he tried annexing Texas North did not want another slave state Senate rejected annexation  ELECTION OF 1844: MAJOR ISSUE WAS ANNEXATION OF TEXAS Henry Clay, now a Whig, appealing to North, came out against Annexation James Polk, a Democrat, a “dark horse,” a slaveholder, favored annexation and linked it to annexation of Oregon One free state  Oregon One slave state  Texas POLK WINS NARROWLY Polk defeats Clay 170 to 105 electoral votes  TEXAS ANNEXED Tyler announced Polk’s victory in 1844 election States that it mandated the annexation of Texas March 1845 - Congress approves joint resolution offering Texas admission to the US Polk inaugurated a few days later Texas enters as 15th slave state of the United States  OREGON STATEHOOD Polk is inaugurated Makes good on his promise about Oregon Oregon added along the 49th parallel as a free state Senate approves treaty in June 1846 But now the United States and Mexico are at war!  MEXICAN-AMERICAN WAR 1846-1848 Polk, an expansionist, (following Manifest Destiny) wanted more of Mexico’s land Mexico had trouble controlling its northern provinces but refused to sell to US Polk decided to use military force to get his way Orders General Zachary Taylor to invade Mexico Viewed as aggression, Mexico cavalry attack Americans on April 25,1846 May 11th Polk asks Congress for a declaration of war  WAR DIVIDED THE NATION Northern Whigs condemned the war Felt the war was being fought to promote and continue slavery in new lands Costly war in terms of lives lost 13,000 Americans and 50,000 Mexicans perished Less than 20% of Americans died from battle Most died from Disease  TREATY OF GUADALUPE HILDALGO Signed on February 2, 1848 in Mexico City Mexico gives up all claims to Texas north of the Rio Grande Mexico agrees to cede New Mexico and California territory to the United States US agrees to pay Mexico $15 million and assume all existing American claims against Mexico March 1848 Senate ratifies treaty America triumphs! It gains tremendous land mass and now stretches from Atlantic to the Pacific LAND ACQUIRED FROM MEXICO BY TREATY California Arizona New Mexico Texas to the Rio Grande “GOLD IN THOSE HILLS”: THE CALIFORNIA GOLD RUSH IS ON! Johann Sutter discovers Gold in Sierra Nevada in January 1848 Sets off California Gold Rush at the time California goes from Mexico to United States More than 60,000 people go to California in 1849 alone Congress allowed California to jump straight to full statehood without ever passing through the formal territorial stage Congress accepted California as a free-labor state under the Compromise of 1850 September 9, 1850 California becomes 31st state  NEW RELIGIOUS SECTS IN THE MID 19TH CENTURY Oneida Community The Shakers  ONEIDA COMMUNITY/“PERFECTIONISTS” American Society was becoming competitive and very individualistic “Concept of community” started in the colonies was being wiped out by personal interest and goals in the 19th century Transcendentalists and Perfectionists came into existence in the 1830s Ideology of looking into oneself for guidance and truth – emphasized the primacy of individual judgement Oneida community came into existence Believed that commitment to private property made people greedy and selfish JOHN HUMPHREY NOYES Founder of the Oneida Perfectionists in 1848 – New York Claimed that the root of private property lay in marriage Men’s conviction that wives were exclusive property of men Noyes created the concept of “complex marriage” Abolished marital property permitting sexual intercourse between any consenting man and woman in the community Also required relinquishing all economic property to the community Dissolved in 1881when Noyes fled to Canada ONEIDA LIMITED Flatware company originated out of the Oneida religious community The community owned the company Only surviving element of that community One of the largest makers of flatware n in the world today  SHAKERS The United Society of Believers in Christ’s Second Appearing Believed in equality of sexes but not in marriage Pacifists Practiced a communal and celibate lifestyle – “Virgin Purity” At its peak in the mid-19th century, there were 6,000 Shaker believers spread out in a number of communities from Maine to Kentucky Community grew by converts and adopting orphans – not by reproduction Because of celibacy the shaker communities largely faded out with time  SHAKER VILLAGE IN KENTUCKY The Shakers originated in Europe during the seventeenth century. They formed off the already existent Quakers Shaker Village in Pleasant Hill, Kentucky (25 miles SW Lexington) Formed in 1805 from New Yorkers KY Reached peak in 1832 with 491 members By 1910 only 12 members remained in Pleasant Hill By 2011 3 Shakers left in Maine  FEMINISM EMERGES IN THE MID-19TH CENTURY 1848 – first national woman’s rights convention held in the United States At Seneca Falls, New York Led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott Drafted the Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments Demanded civil liberties for women and to right the wrongs of society Wanted for women all the rights and privileges of citizens of the US Including voting rights  INCREASED CALL FOR ABOLITION OF SLAVERY 1840s and 1850s there was an increased call for abolition Frederick Douglas and other former slaves lectured to reform minded audiences in the North Many white northerners felt slavery was wrong but believed blacks were inferior Goal of most was to at the very least limit the geographic expansion of slavery Only Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Vermont permitted free blacks to vote at this time UNDERGROUND RAILROAD Network of secret routes and safe houses used by African-American slaves to escape into free states and Canada with the aid of abolitionists Formed in early1800s. Reached height 1850-1860. Harriet Tubman made 13 trips to the South, helping to free over 70 people. Led people to the northern free states and Canada. "Moses of Her People”  NEXT SESSION After midterm on September 21st, we will discuss: Prelude to the Civil War Any Questions?  TEST REVIEW AND PREVIEW Test will begin promptly next Tuesday Paper exam with answers recorded on Scantron I will furnish scantrons but you need to bring a #2 pencil – no pens 50 Questions Multiple choice Matching True/False Will cover everything in class up to the class of September 17th. Today’s material will not be covered on first midterm but will appear on the second midterm.  EXAMPLES Multiple Choice Which individual is credited with authorship of the Declaration of Independence: a. George Washington b. Patrick Henry c. Thomas Jefferson d. Alexander Hamilton e. None of the above  EXCEPT TYPE QUESTION: Multiple choice (except type) All of the following are true about Alexander Hamilton except: a. He was a federalist b. He was born in the West Indies c. He was killed in a duel d. He served as Vice President under Madison e. He was chief aide to Georg Washington in the American Revolution  A AND B/ALL OF THE ABOVE TYPE QUESTION: Multiple choice with several correct answers George Washington was which of the following: a. A general in the Continental Army b. Crossed the Delaware River to defeat the British forces at Trenton c. President of the United States d. A and B above e. All of the above  MATCHING QUESTIONS: 15. Andrew Jackson a. Star Spangled Banner 16. Francis Scott Key b. Bill of Rights 17. James Madison c. Debtor’s colony 18. James Oglethorpe d. XYZ Affair 19. John Adams e. Trail of Tears  TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS: Christopher Columbus discovered Florida on his last trip to the new world. Slavery largely replaced the indentured servant system in this country The Virginia Plan was to have all states equally represented in Congress The pamphlet Common Sense deals with spending money in America.  PREPARATION FOR MIDTERM Study Guide is on iCollege Only material on the study guide will be on the midterm Book except as already covered in class will not be on the midterm Contact me if any questions or need special accommodations