Gilded Splinters (1870-1890) PDF

Research Paper: 1877-2009 https://www.pdftoquiz.com/dashboard/quiz/7bd7d584-d36d-4941-b26b-d5 a24988b96d/multiple-choice/quiz Gilded Splinters (1870-1890) Background: The Gilded Age The 2nd Industrial Revolution: Renewed massive expansion of industry and...

Research Paper: 1877-2009 https://www.pdftoquiz.com/dashboard/quiz/7bd7d584-d36d-4941-b26b-d5 a24988b96d/multiple-choice/quiz Gilded Splinters (1870-1890) Background: The Gilded Age The 2nd Industrial Revolution: Renewed massive expansion of industry and infrastructure ○ specifically the north By 1880, what job market decreased significantly? ○ Farming jobs BY 1980, ⅔ OF Americans were working for wages INSTEAD what? ○ Owning a business What area were population increases to? ○ The North Railroads: What were railroads VERY responsible for? ○ Expansion because they could carry more and faster than horses How did railroad companies divide the nation? ○ Time zones in 1886, adoption of national standard gauge ○ how wide the railroad is ○ every train can now run on every railroad Mass Distribution: What did ore manufacturing allow for? ○ Growth of mass market distribution What was the benefit of selling products through the mail? You didn’t have to deal with racism in person Innovations: NEW INVENTIONS  Thomas Edison (1870s): phonograph, carbon microphone, light bulb Nikola Tesla (late 1800s): AC electric motor, wireless lighting Hiram Maxim: maxim gun (fully automated gun) Karl Benz: gas powered automobile Industry: How was the economy during the time of all these inventions? ○ ECONOMIC RECESSION _____ companies would swallow up ______ companies ○ Large, small ○ price-fixing, non-competition agreements, hostile takeovers TRUSTS: ○ a group or business with significant market share through domination or cooperation ○ Examples? U.S. Steel & Rockerfeller’s Oil were BIG companies Poor Workers: How was the WEALTH GAP? ○ Massive What type of laborers didn’t have to worry ○ Skilled laborers ○ Workman’s Associations ○ Made lots of money What were the cons and prominent characteristics of Unskilled workers ○ no job protections ○ Low salaries ○ Displacement ○ death was common WEALTH GAP GET GROWING The Wealth Gap: late 19th century created havens for WEALTHY ○ Newport  ○ Buffalo ”The richest 1% received the same total income as the bottom half of the population and owned more property than the remaining 99%” ○ Works like Sunshine and Shadow in New York and How the Other Half Lives showed the wage gap The West: What part of America became a HUGE focus? ○ Trans-Mississippi West Areas like _____ and _____ had HUGE growth BUT the West was still wild ○ Texas and Cali Did Natives still live across the plains and mountains? ○ Yes Agriculture ○ What act was most popular? Homestead Act: made lots of people move out ○ Which industry EXPLODES? Cattle ○ life on the frontier was good or bad? HARSH by the end of the century, the agricultural scene was dominated by bonanza farms The Cowboy: ranching, poor laborers in 1880s, cowboys went on strike for better pay (they tried lol) Western Cities: Name 3 cities that became BIG economic activity ○ Reno, San Fran La What were the attractions? ○ tourism by railroads ○ logging for building  ○ mining BOOMTOWN: communities that were made/expanded with sudden explosive economic activity Chinese Laborers: most of economic activity on the West was based on the ○ Chinese HUGE portion of agricultural and railroad workers ○ LOTS of tension between whites and Asians Mormons in Utah: Under Brigham Young, settled in ____ and attempted to make a kingdom ○ Utah LOTS of tension between ____________ and _______ ○ Federal officials and Mormons Mormons agreed to give up ______ if officials backed off ○ Polygamy Native Americans in the West: Chief Joseph of the Nez Pearce spoke to Pre. Hayes to petition for freedom Battle of the Little Bighorn (1876): Sioux reservation started to be invaded by whites after the discovery of? ○ Gold Sitting Bull vs ______ ○ Custer attacks Sitting Bulls ○ Who won? Custer’s WHOLE group is killed Assimilation: Tactics to deal with Natives was not only with the ____ ○ Military ________ created to Americanize Natives  ○ Boarding schools What were some things they did? ○ cut hair ○ spoke English Dawes Act: What was this act? ○ Broke up most of the Native land into bits to be given to Native families or sold off to whites Natives would be offered ______ if they took the new land parcels ○ Full citizenship Did the Natives like this? ○ Natives saw it as giving up their heritage Ghost Dance: Began with Paiute dances Prophet Wovoka (Jack Wilson) ○ created a religious messages melding Christian and Native American religious aspects Became politically controversial points for Native resistance ○ Wounded Knee (1890) Americans won The Myth of the West: Why is the Wild West romanticized? Buffalo Bill made a VERY popular show about life on the range ○ made it seem like life was where a man could make his own way, live by his labor, and abide with nature The Gilded Age: Putting a thin layer of gold on something to make it look like it’s made of gold ○ but when you scratch below the surface you see the dirtiness Political Activity: Were politics corrupted? ○ YES YES YES ___________ became POWERHOUSES of political influence in the North ○ Union soldier organizations Most of the federal budget was dedicated to ○ soldier pensions _____ dominated the South and were popular with _____ voters ○ Democrats Election of 1880: _____ and _________ set the focus for the election ○ Tariffs and monetary policy ○ also immigration Less than 2,000 vote difference Garfield / Arthur Administration: President Garfield (1881) is assassinated by Charles Guietu, who takes over? ○ Chester Arthur takes over Election of 1884: Who won with 48.8% of the vote (v.s. Blaine) ○ Cleveland Election of 1888: Cleveland ran for re-election; did he win or lose and because of what? ○ lost because of electoral college Harrison Administration: Was this good? ○ Not a great administration Government Reform: What was the Civil Service Act of 1883: ○ established a merit-based exam system for public employees actually hire people who know what they’re doing not just ur besties Interstate Commerce Commission (1887): ○ First gov. Thing that regulated economic activity Sherman Antitrust Act (1890): ○ stopped companies from artificially making monopolies Class Competition: New society of America was quickly becoming defined by ______ ○ Wealth gaps Opinions began to differ on the idea of ○ Freedom Liberal Reformers believed the lower class were trying to use the government to ○ Protect themselves Many people began to question ○ Democracy Social Darwinism Liberty of Contract: Highlights the differences of what freedom means Freedom became critical to people opposing government interference in ______ ○ Business Freedom became interpreted as the ability for business owners to do ○ Whatever they want Gov sided with who? ○ Businesses, (struck down laws that regulated economic activity The Great Railroad Strike:  What were they protesting? ○ Wage cuts and working conditions Government showed its support for business and profit The Haymarket Affair (1886): Iron Moulder’s union protested _________ ○ Reduced wages Mass national protests ○ 8 hour work day How did police respond ○ Killed strikes What weird thing that no one knows how it happened? ○ SOMEHOW a bomb is thrown (no one knows to this day) ○ Police starts shooting 7 immigrants and 1 American What do businesses and politicians use this event to show? ○ Demonize the labor movement Tests are written response 5 short answer (match person/place to your own 2-3 sentences) 1 long answer ○ list of prompts Populism (1890’s) World’s Columbian Expo: Celebrated 400 years of Columbus In Chicago New products begin displayed ○ Juicy Fruit ○ Pabst Blue Ribbon Amusement park, carnival First ever roller coaster Lotta new technology Modernity- celebrating America becoming modern, industrializing  Who was not allowed and why? ○ Buffalo Bill was not allowed bc he represented the past Anthropology exhibits The Populist party Direct elections of US senators Populists and the Populace Tried to include all people ○ Black Americans ○ Women Election of 1892: Harrison running as Republican incumbent Cleveland decided to run against Democratic candidate Weaver ran as 3rd party in People’s Party and won 8.5% Cleveland Part 2: Lots of economic issues Strike: What was Corey’s Amy (1894): ○ Unemployed men marched on Washington and dispersed by federal troops Pullman Strike (1894) ○ Started as a protest of rail workers for wage cuts ○ Strike spread across the nation President Cleveland said stop or ur all fried Leader (Debs) is arrested Cleveland designated ____ ○ Labor Day Homestead Strike (1892): Workers organized a strike for ○ Wage cuts Frick ordered the assistance of the Pinkerton agency as he tried to get non-union workers into the plant Violence State militia moves in to restore order Midterm Election Response:  Frustration with ___________ and the economy made people dislike __________ ○ Cleveland, Democrats Did many people flip to Republican? ○ Yes How many seats did Republicans take in the House? ○ 117 Free Silver: What was the main issue of the 1890s? ○ The production of currency What had been the main standard to which paper currency was tied? ○ Gold Gold also could be used for coins Farms and Populists wanted silver to be treated the same way Election of 1896: Which standard did Democrats want? ○ Silver Was considered the first modern presidential election because of the amount of outside money dumped in. Who won? ○ McKinley (pro-gold & Republican) McKinley Administration: New domination of Republicans at national level Failure of the “New South”: How was the South doing? ○ Under the “Redeemers”, they suffered from massive government divestment and racial conflict Prison population? ○ Increased  ○ Tried to recreate the slave system Businesses did not care for the South because they thrived off cheap labor and low taxes (Railroad companies) Economic Situation for Black Americans: Uneven treatment in courts and restrictions from voting in addition to economic plight Where did they head? ○ Kansas / Out of the South (although some stayed) Political Participation: Did participation rise or fall? ○ Fall heavily What minority tried to keep it going? ○ Black women How did the South try to keep Black citizens from voting? ○ Poll taxes ○ Literary tests Segregation: What did the Supreme Court do in 1883 about the 14th Amendment? ○ It doesn’t apply to private business, only public spaces What was Plessy v. Ferguson? ○ Declared that spaces did not discriminate as long as they were “separate but equal” What did this make black leaders think? ○ They should stop trying for equal right- focus on economic stability instead Booker T. Washington: What was the Atlanta Address? ○ Separate but equal Separate but Equal:  New laws were passed Segregation becomes bigger Did segregation apply only to African Americans? ○ No- they applied to Asians, Mexicans, Native Americans, anyone who isn’t white Lynching: Who did this punish? ○ To those who tried to break the social system Thousands of lynching Renewed Immigration: New wave of immigration 3.5 million immigrants in the 1890s What was the difference with this wave? ○ Previously, immigrants had been from Northern Europe ○ Now it was southern and Eastern Europeans How did America respond? ○ Immigration Restriction League ○ Scared they were taking jobs Chinese Exclusion: Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882: ○ Banned all immigrants from China What did the Chinese have to carry? ○ ID cards to show u were here legally Back on the Labor Front… Rise of the AFL: What did they limit their membership to? ○ Skilled laborers ○ Left out blacks, women The Women’s Movement: Women were allowed to control their own ______ ○ Money Pushing for the right to ____ ○ Vote America and the World: Where did America look to expand? ○ Africa and Asia through Europe Expansionsim: Seward purchased Alaska from Russia ○ Everyone made fun of him Hawaii: What production was here? ○ Sugar and fruit Hawaiian leaders tried to restore power to the monarchy How did America respond? ○ They led a coup and overthrew them Nationalism: What was this caused by? ○ Immigration and the growing power of America Pledge of Allegiance and standing for the pledge emerged What was Yellow Press? ○ Newspapers that created sensation stories with little or no basis in fact Spanish-American War (1898): Cuba had been revolting against Spain since 1868 How was America interested in Cuba? ○ Yellow press stories and business lobbying What jumpstarted this war?  ○ U.S.S. Maine destroyed in Havana harbor What was the Teller Amendment ○ Stated that America would not annex or control the island Who won? ○ America Treat of Paris 1898: What did Spain have to give up? ○ Control of Cuba and America would occupy it temporarily Gave the Philippines to the U.S. for $20 mil Teddy and th Rough Riders: The Rough Riders were made of what? ○ Mish-mash of Americans but no blacks Who beat Teddy’s group at San Juan Hill? ○ An all-black group American Empire: Spanish-American War brought American onto the international stage What was the Platt Amendment? ○ Allowed the U.S. to intervene in Cuba when they wanted What was Open Door policy? ○ America demanded that European powers in China grant America equal access to ports The Philippine War: A provisional gov had been formed in the Philipppines, but America decided they wanted to control it Did Philippinos like Americans? ○ No0 they killed anyone who worked with americans americans destroyed villages and forced people into camps Election of 1900: Anti-Imperialist League  The Progressives Assassination: Who was murdered? ○ McKinely By whom? ○ Leon Czolgsz (an anarchist) Who took over as president? ○ Roosevelt City and Country: What act was super popular at this time? ○ The Homestead Act Was there a surge of economic activity and growth? ○ Yes What type of states saw massive population increases? ○ Central states ○ Urban Cities Muckraking: What is a modern version of this? ○ Investigative journalism What is it exactly? ○ Exposing the bad parts of a company What is the most famous example? ○ Sinclair’s The Jungle Immigration: Rise of immigration Where were most immigrants coming from? ○ Italy, Russia, Poland, Jews ○ Mexicans Were they successful in finding freedom and riches?  ○ Nope Mass Consumerism: What was important about cities? ○ They were the center of economic activity What type of stores were there a growth of? ○ Department stores What types of entertainment were popular? ○ Theatres and music venues ○ Nickelodeons Women in the Economy: What two groups of women continued to find poor wage work? ○ Blacks and immigrant women What did white women begin to expand into job wise? ○ Office and professional work Fordism: What did Ford establish? ○ The Ford automated assembly line The American Standard of Living: The early 1900’s saw a shift from _____ goods to _____ consumer goods ○ Capital goods to consumer goods What did John Ryan write? ○ Economic enterprise should not be divorced from ethics Who was Simon W. Patten? Labor Progressivism: What was the main issue? ○ Industrial freedom There was lack of respect for workers Who most prominently supported unions as the right of people to self-govern?  ○ Louis D. Brandeis Socialist Democratic Party: What did they call for? ○ Free education ○ Labor condition improvemnt ○ Soical/public control over the economy Where they dong well? ○ Yes they had 2 reps in Congress and over 100 politicans Where were they most popular? ○ Midwest What did they cause? ○ More industrialsizion Eugene V. Debbs: Dropped out of high school, eventually took night classes Was social canddiate Industrial Workers of the World: What did they organizes as a response to? ○ The AFL The AFL was focused on skilled laborer positions Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire (1911): There Was a fire What happened to the workers? ○ Unable to escape What did this lead to? ○ The establishment of the Factory Investigating Commission which propped many labor safety laws Lawrence Textile Strike (1912): What sparked this?  ○ Wool mill companies reducing pay following a law reducing the number of hours women and children could work The New Feminism: What was new about this? ○ Pushing against social and cultural issues Such as? Sexual expression Body How is this different? ○ OG feminism was focused on economic or political issues Like the right to vote Sanger and Birth Control: What is Sanger the “mother of”? ○ Birth control What did birth control become in New Feminism? ○ The center point Native American Progressivism: What did Native Americans do? ○ Formed the Society of American Indians to fight for Native Americans Progressive Politics: What was social legislation? ○ Governmental action to address social problems How did progressives see the government? ○ To protect the people (like a parent) Progressivism in the West: What was the Oregon System? ○ Changes to the Oregon political structure  ○ Things that that put more power directly in the hands of the electorate Progressing Government: 17th Amendment ○ People could choose who was representing them in the Senate ○ Direct election of U.S. senators Did the South like this? ○ No, they tried to find ways to stop blacks and immigrants from voting Settlement Houses: What were they? ○ A place to stay in a poor neighborhood so middle-class volunteers could help Were they popular? (Yes or no) ○ Yes! Women’s Suffrage: How big was this movement? ○ THE BIGGEST What was a big hoorah? ○ Women were in political offices Materialist Reform: What were they laws for? ○ To benefit women ○ When a woman became married, she lost her ability to be independent What was Muller v. Oregon (1908) ○ Brandeis argued that women were naturally weaker than men so they need less working hours The Notion of Welfare:  What did Brandeis envision ○ A universal welfare system to help people What was the issue with workman’s comp laws? ○ They were self funded Teddy Roosevelt Administration: What did Teddy not want corporations to do? ○ He didn’t want them to just do whatever the heck they wanted What did he pass? ○ Pure Food and Drug Act and Meat Inspection Act Teddy the Conservationist: What did he establish outdoor-wise? ○ Yellowstone and Yosemite Why did he care? ○ He wanted to preserve nature Election of 1908: Who was the Republican candidate and Teddy’s chosen successor? ○ Howard Taft Did he win? ○ Yes! The Taft Years: Did he follow or stray from Teddy’s plans? ○ Followed What was he against? ○ American Tobacco and Rockefeller’s Standard Oil Company ○ ”He achieved major anti-trust victories against those companies) which were ordered to break up Which amendment did he ratify? ○ 16th ○ Instituted income tax When did some trouble in paradise start?  ○ Taft tried to take away land from forest reserves for oil exploration Why was Teddy mad about this? Teddy was a big nature guy What did Teddy do about this? ○ He ran against Teddy Election of 1912: What was special about this election? (Hint: # of people) ○ 4-way race Who was the Democratic candidate? ○ Woodrow Wilson Was he progressive? ○ Moderately Who won? ○ WIlson Wilson Administration (1913): What did he immediately do? ○ Set to work with Democratic control over Congress The Fed and the FTC: What was the Federal Reserve? ○ A response to the drastic financial implosion of 1907 ○ Allowed for federal control over the financial system from the chaos- protect the average person Federal Trade Commission? ○ Prevent and investigate unfair business practices