Chapter 2.pdf

Suffixes Chapter Outline Objectives Suffix Linking Suffix Types Surgical, Diagnostic, Pathological, and Related Suffixes Grammatical Suffixes Plural Suffixes Learning Activities CHAPTER 2 Objectives Upon completion of this chapter, you will be able to: Define and provide examples of surgical, diagnostic, pathological, and related suffixes. Determine how to link combining forms and word roots to various types of suffixes. Identify adjective, noun, and diminutive suffixes. Locate and apply guidelines for pluralizing terms. Pronounce medical terms presented in this chapter. Demonstrate your knowledge of the chapter by completing the learning activities. 14 CHAPTER 2 Suffixes Suffix Linking In medical words, a suffix is added to the end of a word root or combining form to change its meaning. For example, the combining form gastr/o means stomach. The suffix -megaly means enlargement, and -itis means inflammation. Gastr/o/megaly is an enlargement of the stomach; gastr/itis is an inflammation of the stomach. Whenever you change the suffix, you change the meaning of the word. Suffixes are also used to denote singular and plural forms of a word as well as a part of speech. The following tables provide additional examples to reinforce the rules you learned in Chapter 1. (See Tables 2–1 and 2–2.) Table 2-1 Words that contain more than one word root are known as compound words. Multiple word roots within a compound word are always changed to combining forms so that the roots are joined together with a combining vowel, regardless of whether the second word root begins with a vowel or a consonant. Notice that a combining vowel is used in the Table 2–2 between gastr and enter, even though the second word root, enter, begins with a vowel. Keep in mind the rule for linking multiple roots is slightly different from the rules for linking word roots to suffixes. Recall from Chapter 1 that suffixes that begin with a vowel are linked with a word root; suffixes that begin with a consonant are linked with a combining form. Word Roots and Combining Forms with Suffixes This table provides examples of word roots used to link a suffix that begins with a vowel. It also lists combining forms (root ⫹ o) used to link a suffix that begins with a consonant. ⫹ Element Suffix ⫽ Medical Word Meaning Word Roots gastr (stomach) ⫹ -itis (inflammation) ⫽ gastritis găs-TRI¯-tı̆s inflammation of the stomach hemat (blood) ⫹ -emesis (vomiting) ⫽ hematemesis hĕm-ăt-ĔM-ĕ-sı̆s vomiting of blood arthr (joint) ⫹ -itis (inflammation) ⫽ arthritis ăr-THRI¯-tı̆s inflammation of a joint ⫽ gastrodynia găs-trō-D ĬN-ē-ă pain in the stomach hematology hē-mă-TŎL-ō-jē study of blood arthrocentesis ăr-thrō-sĕn-TĒ-sı̆s surgical puncture of a joint Combining Forms Table 2-2 gastr/o (stomach) ⫹ -dynia (pain) hemat/o (blood) ⫹ -logy (study of) arthr/o (joint) ⫹ ⫽ -centesis (surgical puncture) ⫽ Compound Words with Suffixes This table shows examples of medical terms with more than one word root, and also suffixes linked together with word roots when the suffix begins with a vowel. Combining Form ⫹ Word Root ⫹ Suffix ⫽ Medical Word Meaning gastr/o (stomach) ⫹ enter (intestine) ⫹ -itis (inflammation) ⫽ gastroenteritis găs-trō-ĕn-tĕr-I¯ -tı̆s inflammation of stomach and intestine oste/o (bone) ⫹ arthr (joint) ⫹ -itis (inflammation) ⫽ osteoarthritis ŏs-tē -ō-ăr-THRI¯ -tı̆s inflammation of bone and joint encephal/o (brain) ⫹ mening (meninges) ⫹ -itis (inflammation) ⫽ encephalomeningitis ĕn-sĕf-ă-lō-mĕn-ı̆n-JI¯ -tı̆s inflammation of brain and meninges 15 Suffix Types describe an abnormal condition or disease. (See Table 2–4.) Surgical, Diagnostic, Pathological, and Related Suffixes Suffix Types Surgical suffixes describe a type of invasive procedure performed on a body part. (See Table 2–3.) Diagnostic suffixes denote a procedure or test performed to identify the cause and nature of an illness. Pathological suffixes An effective method in mastering medical terminology is to learn the major types of suffixes in categories. By grouping the surgical, diagnostic, pathological, related, as well as grammatical suffixes, they will be easier to remember. Table 2-3 Common Surgical Suffixes This table lists commonly used surgical suffixes along with their meanings and word analyses. Suffix Meaning Word Analysis -centesis surgical puncture arthr/o/centesis (ăr-thrō-sĕn-TĒ -sı̆s): puncture of a joint space with a needle and the withdrawal of fluid arthr/o: joint Arthrocentesis may also be performed to obtain samples of synovial fluid for diagnostic purposes, instill medications, and remove fluid from joints to relieve pain. -clasis to break; surgical fracture oste/o/clasis (ŏs-tē -ŎK-lă-sı̆s): surgical fracture of a bone to correct a deformity oste/o: bone -desis binding, fixation (of a bone or joint) arthr/o/desis (ăr-thrō-DĒ-sı̆s): binding together of a joint arthr/o: joint Arthrodesis is a surgical procedure to fuse bones across the joint space in a degenerated, unstable joint. -ectomy excision, removal append/ectomy (ăp-ĕn-DĔK-tō-m ē): excision of the appendix -lysis separation; destruction; loosening thromb/o/lysis (thrŏm-BŎL-ı̆-sı̆s): destruction of a blood clot append: appendix thromb/o: blood clot Drug therapy is usually used to dissolve a blood clot. -pexy fixation (of an organ) mast/o/pexy (MĂS-tō-pĕks-ē ): fixation of the breast(s) mast/o: breast Mastopexy, an elective surgery, is performed to affix sagging breasts in a more elevated position, commonly improving their shape. -plasty surgical repair rhin/o/plasty (RI¯ -nō-plăs-tē ): surgical repair of the nose rhin/o: nose Plastic surgery to change the size or shape of the nose. -rrhaphy suture my/o/rrhaphy (mı̄-OR-ă-fē): suture of a muscle my/o: muscle -stomy forming an opening (mouth) trache/o/stomy (tra ¯ -kē -ŎS-tō-mē): forming an opening into the trachea trache/o: trachea (windpipe) A tracheostomy is an artificial opening performed to bypass an obstructed upper airway. (continued) 16 Table 2-3 CHAPTER 2 Suffixes Surgical Suffixes—cont’d -tome instrument to cut oste/o/tome (ŎS-tē-ō-tōm): instrument to cut bone oste/o: bone An osteotome is a surgical chisel used to cut through bone. -tomy incision trache/o/tomy (trā -kē -ŎT-ō-mē ): incision (through the neck) into the trachea trache/o: trachea (windpipe) Tracheotomy is performed to gain access to an airway below a blockage. -tripsy crushing lith/o/tripsy (L ĬTH-ō-trı̆p-sē ): crushing a stone lith/o: stone, calculus Lithotripsy is a surgical procedure for eliminating a stone in the kidney, ureter, bladder, or gallbladder. It is time to review surgical suffixes by completing Learning Activities 2–1, 2–2, and 2–3. Table 2-4 Diagnostic, Pathological, and Related Suffixes This table lists commonly used diagnostic, pathological, and related suffixes along with their meanings and word analyses. Suffix Meaning Word Analysis record, writing electr/o/cardi/o/gram (ē -lĕ k-trō-KĂR-dē -ō-grăm): record of the electrical activity of the heart Diagnostic -gram electr/o: electricity cardi/o: heart -graph instrument for recording cardi/o/graph (KĂR-dē -ŏ -grăf): instrument for recording electrical activity of the heart cardi/o: heart -graphy process of recording angi/o/graphy (ăn-jē-ŎG-ră-fē ): process of recording blood vessels angi/o: vessel (usually blood or lymph) Angiography is the radiographic imaging of blood vessels afte injection of a contrast medium. -meter instrument for measuring pelv/i/meter* (pĕl-V ĬM-ĕ-tĕr): instrument for measuring the pelvis pelv/i: pelvis -metry act of measuring pelv/i/metry* (pĕl-V ĬM-ĕ-trē ): act or process of measuring the dimension of the pelvis pelv/i: pelvis -scope instrument for examining endo/scope (ĔN-dō-skōp): instrument for examining within endo-: in, within An endoscope is a flexible or rigid instrument consisting of a tube and optical system for observing the inside of a hollow organ or cavity. -scopy visual examination endo/scopy (ĕn-DŎS-kō-pē): visual examination within endo-: in, within Endoscopy is performed to visualize a body cavity or canal using a specialized lighted instrument called an endoscope. 17 Suffix Types Table 2-4 Diagnostic, Pathological, and Related Suffixes—cont’d Suffix Meaning Word Analysis Pathological and Related -algia pain neur/algia (nū-RĂL-jē-ă): pain of a nerve neur: nerve The pain of neuralgia usually occurs along the path of a nerve. ot/o/dynia (ō-tō-D ĬN-ē-ă): pain in the ear; earache -dynia ot/o: ear -cele hernia, swelling hepat/o/cele (hĕ -PĂT-ō-sēl): hernia of the liver -ectasis dilation, expansion bronchi/ectasis (brŏng-kē-ĔK-tă-sı̆s): dilation or expansion of one or more bronchi hepat/o: liver bronchi: bronchus (plural, bronchi) Bronchiectasis is associated with various lung conditions and is commonly accompanied by chronic infection. -edema swelling lymph/edema (lı̆mf-ĕ -DĒ -mă): swelling and accumulation of tissue fluid lymph: lymph Lymphedema may be caused by a blockage of the lymph vessels. -emesis vomiting hyper/emesis (hi¯ -pĕ r-ĔM-ĕ-sı̆s): excessive vomiting hyper-: excessive, above normal -emia blood condition an/emia (ă-NĒ -mē-ă): blood condition caused by a decrease in red blood cells (erythrocytes) an-: without, not -gen forming, producing, origin carcin/o/gen (kăr-S ĬN-ō-jĕn): forming, producing, or origin of cancer carcin/o: cancer A carcinogen is a substance or agent, such as cigarettes, that causes the development or increases the incidence of cancer. -genesis carcin/o/genesis (kăr-sı̆-nō-JĔN-ĕ -sı̆s): forming or producing cancer carcin/o: cancer Carcinogenesis is the transformation of normal cells into cancer cells, commonly as a result of chemical, viral, or radioactive damage to genes. -iasis abnormal condition (pro -duced by something specific) chol/e/lith/iasis* (kō-lē-lı̆-THI¯ -ă-sı̆s): abnormal condition of gallstones chol/e: bile, gall lith: stone, calculus Cholelithasis is the presence or formation of gallstones in the gallbladder or common bile duct. -itis inflammation gastr/itis (găs-TRI¯-tı̆s): inflammation of the stomach gastr: stomach -lith stone, calculus chol/e/lith* (KŌ-lē-lı̆th): gallstone chol/e: bile, gall -malacia softening chondr/o/malacia (kŏn-drō-măl-Ā-shē-ă): softening of the articular cartilage, usually involving the patella chondr/o: cartilage (continued) 18 Table 2-4 CHAPTER 2 Suffixes Diagnostic, Pathological, and Related Suffixes—cont’d Suffix Meaning Word Analysis -megaly enlargement cardi/o/megaly (kăr-dē-ō-MĔG-ă-lē): enlargement of the heart cardi/o: heart -oma tumor neur/oma (nū-RŌ-mă): tumor composed of nerve tissue neur: nerve A neuroma is a benign tumor composed chiefly of neurons and nerve fibers, usually arising from a nerve tissue. It may also be a swelling of a nerve that usually results from compression. -osis abnormal condition; increase (used primarily with blood cells) cyan/osis (si¯ -ă-NŌ-sı̆s): dark blue or purple discoloration of the skin and mucous membrane cyan: blue Cyanosis indicates a deficiency of oxygen in the blood. -pathy disease my/o/pathy (mi¯ -ŎP-ă-thē): disease of muscle my/o: muscle -penia decrease, deficiency erythr/o/penia (ĕ -rı̆th-rō-PĒ -nē-ă): decrease in red blood cells -phagia eating, swallowing dys/phagia (dı̆s-FĀ -jē-ă): inability or difficulty in swallowing erythr/o: red dys-: bad; painful; difficult -phasia speech a/phasia (ă-FĀ -zē-ă): absence or impairment of speech a-: without, not -phobia fear hem/o/phobia (hē-mō-FŌ-bē-ă): fear of blood hem/o: blood -plasia formation, growth dys/plasia (dı̆s-PLĀ -zē-ă): abnormal formation or growth of cells, tissues, or organs dys-: bad; painful; difficult Dysplasia is a general term for abnormal formation of an anatomic structure. -plasm neo/plasm (NĒ -ō-plăzm): new formation or growth of tissue neo-: new A neoplasm is an abnormal formation of new tissue, such as a tumor or growth. -plegia paralysis hemi/plegia (hĕ m-ē-PLĒ -jē-ă): paralysis of one side of the body hemi-: one half Hemiplegia affects the right or left side of the body and is usually caused by a brain injury or stroke. -ptosis prolapse, downward displacement blephar/o/ptosis (blĕ f-ă-rō-TŌ-sı̆s): drooping of the upper eyelid blephar/o: eyelid -rrhage bursting forth (of) hem/o/rrhage (HĔM-ĕ -rı̆j): bursting forth (of) blood hem/o: blood Hemorrhage refers to a loss of a large amount of blood within a short period, either externally or internally. -rrhagia men/o/rrhagia (mĕn-ō-RĀ-jē-ă): profuse discharge of blood during menstruation men/o: menses, menstruation 19 Suffix Types Table 2-4 Diagnostic, Pathological, and Related Suffixes—cont’d Suffix Meaning Word Analysis -rrhea discharge, flow dia/rrhea (di¯ -ă-RĒ -ă): abnormally frequent discharge or flow of fluid fecal matter from the bowel dia-: through, across -rrhexis rupture arteri/o/rrhexis (ăr-tē-rē-o ō -RĔK-sı̆s): rupture of an artery arteri/o: artery -sclerosis abnormal condition of hardening arteri/o/sclerosis (ăr-tē-rē-ō-sklĕ -RŌ-sı̆s): abnormal condition of hardening of an artery -spasm involuntary contraction, twitching blephar/o/spasm (BLĔF-ă-rō-spăsm): twitching of the eyelid arteri/o: artery blephar/o: eyelid -stenosis narrowing, stricture arteri/o/stenosis (ăr-tē-rē-o ō -stĕ-NŌ-sı̆s): abnormal narrowing of an artery arteri/o: artery -toxic poison hepat/o/toxic (HĔP-ă-tō-tŏk-sı̆k): poisonous to the liver hepat/o: liver -trophy nourishment, development dys/trophy (D ĬS-trō-fē): bad nourishment dys-: bad; painful; difficult Dystrophy is an abnormal condition caused by improper nutrition or altered metabolism. *The i in pelv/i/meter and pelv/i/metry and the e in chol/e/lithiasis and chol/e/lith are exceptions to the rule of using the connecting vowel o. It is time to review diagnostic, pathological, and related suffixes by completing Learning Activities 2–4 and 2–5. Grammatical Suffixes Grammatical suffixes are attached to word roots to form parts of speech, such as adjectives and nouns, or singular or plural forms of medical words. They Table 2-5 are also used to denote a diminutive form, or smaller version, of a word—for example, tubule, which means a small tube. Many of these same suffixes are used in the English language. (See Table 2–5.) Adjective, Noun, and Diminutive Suffixes This table lists adjective, noun, and diminutive suffixes along with their meanings and word analyses. Suffix Meaning Word Analysis pertaining to cardi/ac (KĂR-dē -ăk): pertaining to the heart Adjective -ac cardi: heart -al neur/al (NŪ-răl): pertaining to a nerve neur: nerve -ar muscul/ar (MŬ S-kū-lăr): pertaining to muscle muscul: muscle (continued) 20 Table 2-5 CHAPTER 2 Suffixes Adjective, Noun, and Diminutive Suffixes—cont’d Suffix Meaning -ary Word Analysis pulmon/ary (PŬ L-mō-nĕr-ē ): pertaining to the lungs pulmon: lung -eal esophag/eal (ē -sŏf-ă-JĒ-ăl): pertaining to the esophagus esophag: esophagus -ic thorac/ic (thō-RĂS-ı̆k): pertaining to the chest -ical* path/o/log/ical (păth-ō-LŎJ-ı̆-kăl): pertaining to the study of disease thorac: chest path/o: disease log: study of -ile pen/ile (PĒ-nı̄l): pertaining to the penis pen: penis -ior poster/ior (po ŏs-TĒ -rē -or): pertaining to the back of the body poster: back (of body), behind, posterior -ous** cutane/ous (kū -TĀ -nē -ŭs): pertaining to the skin -tic acous/tic (ă-KOOS-tı̆k): pertaining to hearing cutane: skin acous: hearing Noun -esis condition di/ur/esis (dı̄-ū -RĒ -sı̆s): abnormal secretion of large amounts of urine di-: double ur: urine -ia pneumon/ia (nū -MŌ-nē -ă): infection of the lung usually caused by bacteria, viruses, or diseases pneumon: air; lung hyper/thyroid/ism (hi¯ -pĕr-THI¯ -royd-ı̆zm): condition characterized by overactivity of the thyroid gland -ism hyper-: excessive, above normal thyroid: thyroid gland -iatry medicine; treatment pod/iatry (pō-DI¯ -ă-trē): specialty concerned with treatment and prevention of conditions of the feet pod: foot -ician specialist obstetr/ician (ŏb-stĕ-TRı̆SH-ăn): physician who specializes in the branch of medicine concerned with pregnancy and childbirth obstetr: midwife -ist hemat/o/log/ist (he ē -mă-TŎL-ō-jı̆st): physician who specializes in the treatment of disorders of blood and blood-forming tissues hemat/o: blood log: study of -y condition; process neur/o/path/y (nū -RŎP-ă-thē ): disease condition of the nerves neur/o: nerve path: disease Suffix Types Table 2-5 21 Adjective, Noun, and Diminutive Suffixes—cont’d Suffix Meaning Word Analysis small, minute ventr/icle (VĔN-trı̆-kl): small cavity, as of the brain or heart Diminutive -icle ventr: belly, belly side -ole arteri/ole (ăr-TĒ -rē -ōl): the smallest of the arteries; minute artery arteri: artery Arteries narrow to form arterioles (small arteries), which branch into capillaries (the smallest blood vessels). -ule ven/ule (VĔN-ūl): small vein continuous with a capillary ven: vein *The suffix -ical is a combination of -ic and -al. **The suffix -ous also means composed of or producing. It is time to review grammatical suffixes by completing Learning Activity 2–6. Plural Suffixes Many medical words have Greek or Latin origins and follow the rules of these languages in building singular and plural forms. Once you learn these rules, you will find that they are easy to apply. You will also find that some English endings have also been adopted for com- monly used medical terms. When a word changes from a singular to a plural form, the suffix of the word is the part that changes. A summary of the rules for changing a singular word into its plural form is located on the inside back cover of this textbook. Use it to complete Learning Activity 2–7 and whenever you need help forming plural words. It is time to review the rules for forming plural words by completing Learning Activity 2–7. 22 CHAPTER 2 Suffixes LEARNING ACTIVITIES The following activities provide review of the suffixes introduced in this chapter. Complete each activity and review your answers to evaluate your understanding of the chapter. Learning Activity 2-1 Building Surgical Words Use the meanings in the right column to complete the surgical words in the left column. The first one is completed for you. Note: The word roots are underlined in the left column. Incomplete Word Meaning 1. episi/o/t o m y 2. col 3. arthr/o/ 4. splen incision of the perineum excision (of all or part)* of the colon surgical puncture of a joint (to remove fluid) 5. col/o/ 6. oste/o/ 7. tympan/o/ 8. trache/o/ 9. mast 10. lith/o/ 11. hemorrhoid Build a surgical word that means excision of the spleen forming an opening (mouth) into the colon instrument to cut bone incision of the tympanic membrane forming an opening (mouth) into the trachea excision of a breast incision to remove a stone or calculus excision of hemorrhoids 12. forming an opening (mouth) into the colon: 13. excision of the colon: 14. instrument to cut bone: 15. surgical puncture of a joint: 16. incision to remove a stone: 17. excision of a breast: 18. incision of the tympanic membrane: 19. forming an opening (mouth) into the trachea: 20. excision of the spleen: ✓ Check your answers in Appendix A. Review any material that you did not answer correctly. Correct Answers ⫻5⫽ % Score *Information in parentheses is used to clarify the meaning of the word but not to build the medical term. Note: If you are not satisfied with your level of comprehension in Learning Activity 2–1, review it and complete the exercise again. Learning Activities 23 Learning Activity 2-2 Building More Surgical Words Use the meanings in the right column to complete the surgical words in the left column. The word roots are underlined in the left column. Incomplete Word Meaning 1. arthr/o/ 2. rhin/o/ 3. ten/o/ 4. my/o/ 5. mast/o/ 6. cyst/o/ 7. oste/o/ 8. lith/o/ 9. enter/o/ 10. neur/o/ Build a surgical word that means fixation or binding of a joint surgical repair of the nose surgical repair of tendons suture of a muscle fixation of a (pendulous)* breast suture of the bladder surgical fracture of a bone crushing of a stone separation of intestinal (adhesions) crushing a nerve 11. surgical repair of the nose: 12. fixation of a joint: 13. suture of a muscle: 14. fixation of a (pendulous) breast: 15. suture of the bladder: 16. repair of tendons: 17. surgical fracture of a bone: 18. crushing stones: 19. separation of intestinal (adhesions): 20. crushing a nerve: ✓ Check your answers in Appendix A. Review any material that you did not answer correctly. Correct Answers ⫻5⫽ % Score *Information in parentheses is used to clarify the meaning of the word but not to build the medical term. 24 CHAPTER 2 Suffixes Learning Activity 2-3 Selecting a Surgical Suffix Use the suffixes listed below to build surgical words in the right column that reflect the meanings in the left column. -centesis -ectomy -plasty -tome -clasis -lysis -rrhaphy -tomy -desis -pexy -stomy -tripsy 1. crushing of a stone: 2. puncture of a joint (to remove fluid)*: 3. excision of the spleen: 4. forming an opening (mouth) into the colon: 5. instrument to cut skin: 6. forming an opening (mouth) into the trachea: 7. incision to remove a stone or calculus: 8. excision of a breast: 9. excision of hemorrhoids: 10. incision of the trachea: 11. fixation of a breast: 12. excision of the colon: 13. suture of the stomach (wall): 14. fixation of the uterus: 15. surgical repair of the nose: 16. fixation or binding of a joint: 17. to break or surgically fracture a bone: 18. loosening of nerve (tissue): 19. suture of muscle: 20. incision of the tympanic membrane: lith/o/ arthr/o/ splen/ col/o/ derma/ trache/o/ lith/ / mast/ hemorrhoid/ trache/ / mast/ / col/ gastr/ / hyster/ / rhin/ / arthr/ / oste/ / neur/ / my/o/ tympan/ / ✓ Check your answers in Appendix A. Review any material that you did not answer correctly. Correct Answers ⫻5⫽ % Score *Information in parentheses is used to clarify the meaning of the word but not to build the medical term. Learning Activities Learning Activity 2-4 Selecting Diagnostic, Pathological, and Related Suffixes Use the suffixes in this list to build diagnostic, pathological, and related words in the right column that reflect the meanings in the left column. -algia -graph -metry -penia -rrhage -cele -iasis -oma -phagia -rrhea -ectasis -malacia -osis -phasia -rrhexis -emia -megaly -pathy -plegia -spasm -genesis 1. tumor of the liver: 2. pain (along the course) of a nerve: 3. dilation of a bronchus: 4. producing or forming cancer: 5. abnormal condition of the skin: 6. enlargement of the kidney: 7. discharge or flow from the ear: 8. rupture of the uterus: 9. spasm or twitching of the eyelid: 10. herniation of the bladder: 11. bursting forth (of) blood: 12. abnormal condition of a stone or calculus: 13. paralysis affecting one side (of the body): 14. disease of muscle (tissue): 15. difficult or painful swallowing or eating: 16. softening of the bones: 17. without (or absence of) speech: 18. white blood condition: 19. deficiency in red (blood) cells: 20. measuring the pelvis: hepat/ neur/ bronchi/ carcin/o/ dermat/ nephr/o/ ot/ / hyster/ blephar/ cyst/ hem/o/ lith/ hemi/ my/ dys/ oste/ a/ leuk/ erythr/ pelv/i/ / / / / / / ✓ Check your answers in Appendix A. Review any material that you did not answer correctly. Correct Answers ⫻5⫽ % Score 25 26 CHAPTER 2 Suffixes Learning Activity 2-5 Building Pathological and Related Words Use the meanings in the right column to complete the pathological and related words in the left column. Incomplete Word Meaning 1. bronchi 2. chole 3. carcin/o/ 4. oste/ __ / 5. hepat/ __ / 6. cholelith 7. hepat/ __ / 8. neur/o/ 9. dermat 10. hemi 11. dys 12. a 13. cephal 14. blephar/ __ / 15. hyper dilation of a bronchus gallstone forming or producing cancer softening of bone enlargement of the liver abnormal condition of gallstones herniation of the liver disease of the nerves abnormal condition of the skin paralysis of one half of the body difficult swallowing without (or absence of) speech pain in the head; headache twitching of the eyelid excessive formation (of an organ or tissue) ✓ Check your answers in Appendix A. Review any material that you did not answer correctly. Correct Answers ⫻ 6.67 ⫽ % Score Learning Activities 27 Learning Activity 2-6 Selecting Adjective, Noun, and Diminutive Suffixes Use the adjective suffixes in the following list to create a medical term. The first one is completed for you. Note: When in doubt about the validity of a word, refer to a medical dictionary. -ac -ary -ic -tic -al -eal -ous -tix Element Medical Term Meaning thoracic 1. thorac/ pertaining 2. gastr/ pertaining 3. bacteri/ pertaining 4. aqua/ pertaining 5. axill/ pertaining 6. cardi/ pertaining 7. spin/ pertaining 8. membran/ pertaining Use the noun suffixes in the following list to create a medical term. -er -ism -ia -ist -is -y Element to to to to to to to to the chest the stomach bacteria water the armpit the heart the spine a membrane -iatry Medical Term Meaning 9. intern/ specialist in internal medicine 10. leuk/em/ condition of “white” blood 11. sigmoid/o/scop/ visual examination of the sigmoid colon 12. alcohol/ condition of (excessive) alcohol 13. pod/ treatment of the feet 14. allerg/ specialist in treating allergic disorders 15. man/ condition of madness Use the diminutive suffixes in the following list to create a medical term. -icle Element -ole -ula Medical Term -ule Meaning 16. arteri/ 17. ventr/ 18. ven/ minute artery small cavity small vein ✓ Check your answers in Appendix A. Review any material that you did not answer correctly. Correct Answers ⫻ 5.6 ⫽ % Score 28 CHAPTER 2 Suffixes Learning Activity 2-7 Forming Plural Words Review the guidelines for plural suffixes (located inside the back cover of this book). Then write the plural form for each of the following singular terms and briefly state the rule that applies. The first one is completed for you. Singular Plural Rule 1. diagnosis 2. fornix 3. vertebra 4. keratosis 5. bronchus 6. spermatozoon 7. septum 8. coccus 9. ganglion 10. prognosis 11. thrombus 12. appendix 13. bacterium 14. testis 15. nevus diagnoses Drop the is and add es. ✓ Check your answers in Appendix A. Review any material that you did not answer correctly. Correct Answers ⫻ 6.67 ⫽ % Score Enhance your study and reinforcement of suffixes with the power of DavisPlus. Visit www. davisplus.fadavis.com/gylys/systems for the flash-card activity related to suffixes. We recommend you complete the flash-card activity before moving on to Chapter 3.

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