Medical Terminology Chapter 1 Part 2 PDF

Medical Terminology Chapter 1 part 2 Basma El Awady, M.D Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology Kasr Al Ainy Faculty of Medicine Cairo University  Suffix linking Ø In medical words, a suffix is added to the end of a...

Medical Terminology Chapter 1 part 2 Basma El Awady, M.D Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology Kasr Al Ainy Faculty of Medicine Cairo University  Suffix linking Ø In medical words, a suffix is added to the end of a word root or combining form to change its meaning. Ø Suffixes are also used to denote singular and plural forms of a word.  Suffix Types Ø An effective method in mastering medical terminology is to learn the major types of suffixes in categories. Ø By grouping the surgical, diagnostic, pathological, related, as well as grammatical suffixes, they will be easier to remember. Diminutive Noun ending Surgical Pertaining to Diagnostic Singular/Plural Pathological Abnormal condition  COMMON SURGICAL SUFFIXES Some suffixes identify the procedure that is performed on the body part identified by the word root.  Surgical Suffixes Ø -centesis = surgical puncture is a surgical puncture into a body space to remove fluid for diagnostic purposes, to clean the cavity, to inject a medication or to remove excess fluid. Ø Abdomin/o/centesis is the surgical puncture of the abdominal cavity to remove fluid. Ø Thorac/o/centesis: Ø arthr/o/centesis : puncture of a joint space with a needle to obtain samples of synovial fluid for diagnostic purposes, instill medications, or remove fluid from joints to relieve pain.  Arthrocentesis Abdomin/o/centesis  Surgical Suffixes Ø -lysis= separation; destruction; loosening Thromb/o/lysis : destruction of a blood clot. Using drug to dissolve blood clots. Haem/o/lysis: breaking down of red blood cell. Ø -tripsy = crushing lith/o/tripsy= crushing a stone or calculus Lithotripsy is a surgical procedure for eliminating a stone in the kidney, ureter, bladder, or gallbladder.  Surgical Suffixes Ø -pexy = fixation (of an organ) mast/o/pexy= fixation of the breasts Mastopexy, an elective surgery, is performed to fix sagging breasts in a more elevated position, commonly improving their shape. Ø -rrhaphy = suture My/o/rrhaphy suture of a muscle Disk/o/rrhaphy suture of the disk Cheil/o/ rrhphy Neurorrhaphy is suturing together the ends of a severed nerve.  Surgical Suffixes Ø plasty = surgical repair rhin/o/plasty surgical repair of the nose. Blephar/o/plasty Cheil/o/plasty cheiloplastic Rhytid/o/plasty Rhytidoplastic: plastic surgery to remove wrinkles and other signs of aging from your face Neuroplasty is the surgical repair of a nerve.  Surgical Suffixes Ø -tomy= incision Pulpotomy Osteotomy Ø -tome oste/o/tome: surgical instrument for cutting through bone Ø -stomy= forming an opening (mouth) trache/o/stomy= artificial opening through the neck into the trachea into which a breathing tube is inserted -ectomy= excision, removal, Append/ectomy excision of the appendix Disk/ectomy (Menisectomy) = excision of the disk Hemi/mandibel/ectomy= excision of half of the mandible Maxill/ectomy= excision of the maxilla Mastectomy= excision of the breast Hysterectomy= excision of the uterus  Surgical Suffixes Ø -clasis oste/o/clasis: surgical fracture of a bone in order to correct a deformity Ø -desis arthr/o/desis: binding together of a joint Ø -lysis thromb/o/lysis : dissolution of a blood clot Drug therapy is usually used to dissolve a blood clot.  Suffixes Meaning “Abnormal Condition” Ø In medical terminology, many suffixes mean “abnormal condition or disease”. Ø -osis = abnormal condition or disease. Gastrosis = any disease of the stomach gastr = stomach Cyan/osis = blue discoloration of the skin and mucous membrane. Melanosis is any condition of unusual deposits of black pigment in body tissues or organs Leuk/o/cyt/osis Psych/osis = abnormal mental condition (mind, soul, spirit) Thromb/osis = condition of forming a blood clot. Nephr/o/sis = abnormal condition of the kidney  Suffixes Meaning “Abnormal Condition” Ø -iasis (cholelithiasis) Ø -osis (gastrosis) Ø -esis (diuresis= abnormal secretion of large amounts of urine) Ø -ion (degradation) Ø -ia (pneumonia, amastia) Ø -ism (hyperthyroidism)  Suffixes Related to Pathology ØPathology is the study of all aspects of diseases. path = disease, -logy = study of Ø Suffixes related to pathology describe specific disease conditions.  Suffixes Related to Pathology Ø -algia = pain and suffering. Gastralgia = pain in the stomach (stomachache) Neuralgia = pain of a nerve Odontalgia= pain of teeth Myalgia= pain of muscles Arthralgia= pain of joints Ø -dynia = means pain. Gastrodynia = pain in the stomach. Otodynia = pain in the ear  Suffixes Related to Pathology Ø-ache= pain Earache= pain of the ear Toothache= tooth pain Headache= head pain Backache= back pain  Suffixes Related to Pathology Ø -itis = inflammation. Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver Endocarditis is inflammation of the membrane lining the heart. Enterocolitis is inflammation of small and large intestin. Cholecystitis is inflammation of Gallbladder  Suffixes Related to Pathology Osteitis= inflammation of bone Osteomyelitis=inflam. of bone and bone marrow. Arthritis= inflam. Of a joint. Stomatitis= inflammation of the mouth Gingivitis= inflammation of the gingiva Pulpitis = inflam. of the pulp Periodontitis= inflam. Of the periodontal tissues. Cheilitis= inflam. Of the lips Adenitis= inflam. Of a gland. Myositis= inflam. Of muscle. Pharyngitis= inflam. of the pharynx  Suffixes Related to Pathology Ø -malacia = abnormal softening. Osteomalacia is the abnormal softening of the bone. Chondromalacia= softening of cartilage Bronchomalacia= softening of bronchial tube Onychomalacia= softening of the nails Ø -sclerosis = abnormal hardening of tissue or organ. Arteriosclerosis is the abnormal hardening of the walls of an artery or arteries.  Suffixes Related to Pathology Ø -lith= stone, calculus chol/e/lith = Gallstone chol/e: bile, gall Sial/o/lith: salivary Antr/o/lith: maxillary sinus Sialolithotomy Ø -iasis= abnormal condition produced by something specific chol/e/lith/iasis abnormal condition of gallstones in the gallbladder or common bile duct. Sial/o/lith/iasis Sialolithotomy  Suffixes Related to Pathology Ø -penia= decrease, deficiency Erythr/o/penia = decrease in red blood cells Leuk/o/penia Ø -phagia= eating, swallowing Dys/phagia= inability or difficulty in swallowing dys-: bad; painful; difficult Poly/phagia= Ø -phasia = speech disorder a/phasia = absence or impairment of speech Brady/phasia= abnormally slow speech.  Suffixes Related to Pathology Ø -plegia = paralysis Hemi/plegia = paralysis of one side of the body Hemiplegia affects the right or left side of the body and is usually caused by a brain injury or stroke. Quadri/ plegia Ophthalmoplegia  Suffixes Related to Pathology Ø -plasia = formation, growth dys/plasia = abnormal formation, development or growth of cells, tissues, or organs Neoplasia Ø -plasm Neo/plasm = new formation or growth of tissue Ø -crasia= Dys/crasia= an abnormal state of the body of a bodily part  Suffixes Related to Pathology Ø -oma = tumor Neur/oma tumor of nerve tissue Adenoma, Osteoma, Chondroma, Myoma, Fibroma, Angioma Ø -pathy = disease my/o/pathy disease of muscle Ø -ptosis = prolapse, downward displacement blephar/o/ptosis= drooping of the upper eyelid blephar/o: eyelid  Suffixes Related to Pathology Ø -phobia= fear Hem/o/phobia= fear of blood Hydr/o/phobia= fear of water. (eg. rabies) Claustrophobia = fear of being in closed spaces. Acr/o/phobia = fear of heights Photophobia= fear of light Ø -megaly= enlargement cardi/o/megaly: enlargement of the heart  Suffixes Related to Pathology Ø -rrhage = bursting forth (of) Hemorrhage = refers to a loss of a large amount of blood within a short period, either externally or internally. Ø -rrhagia Men/o/rrhagia = profuse discharge of blood during menstruation men/o: menses, menstruation Rhinorrhagia = bleeding from the nose Otorrhagia= bleeding from the ear  Suffixes Related to Pathology Ø -rrhea = discharge, flow Dia/rrhea = abnormally frequent discharge or flow of fluid fecal matter from the intestine. Dia-: through, across Sial/o/rrhea Otorrhea Rhinorrhea = excessive flow of mucus from the nose CSF rhinorrhea  Suffixes Related to Pathology Ø -rrhexis= rupture of a blood vessel or an organ arteri/o/rrhexis = rupture of an artery Myorrhexis = the rupture of a muscle (my/o = muscle).  The “Double R” Suffixes Ø -rrhaphy = surgical suturing Myorrhaphy is the surgical suturing of a muscle Cheilorrhaphy Neurorrhaphy Ø -rrhage and -rrhagia = abnormal excessive and sudden fluid discharge Hemorrhage = loss of a large amount of blood in a short time (hem/o = blood) Ø -rrhea = flow or discharge of any body fluid. Diarrhea = the frequent flow of loose or watery stools (dia- = through)  Suffixes Related to Pathology Ø -ectasis = abnormal dilation, expansion Bronchi/ectasis= dilation or expansion of one or more bronchi (bronchus). Sialectesis= dilation of salivary duct Telangi/ectasia= spider veins/angiectasias Ø -stenosis = abnormal narrowing or contraction of a body passage or opening. (arctation, coarctation and stricture). Arteriostenosis (e.g. coronary arteriostenosis =angina), mitral valve stenosis, aortic stenosis, pulmonary stenosis Ø -cele= hernia, swelling hepat/o/cele : hernia of the liver*  Suffixes Related to Pathology Ø -spasm = sudden involuntary contraction of a muscle My/o/spasm (twitching , convulsions, Hiccup) Blephar/o/spasm = twitching of the eyelid Ø Spasm= a sudden, transient constriction of a passage, canal, or orifice. Bronchospasm: bro nc hial sp asm sp asm o d ic contraction of the muscular coat of the smaller divisions of the bronchi, as occurs in (asthma) Vasospasm (vasodilator)  Suffixes Related to Pathology Ø -megaly = enlargement. Hepatomegaly is abnormal enlargement of the liver Splenomegaly Cardiomegaly Gastromegaly Acromegaly Ø -edema = swelling Pitting edema: extracellular accumulation of fluid. Lymphedema: the abnormal removal of interstitial fluid is caused by failure of the lymphatic system. (blockage, infection or destruction of the lymph vessels). Myxedema: increased deposition of connective tissue.  Suffixes Related to Pathology Ø -emesis= vomiting Hyper/emesis = excessive vomiting Hyper/emesis gravidarum is excessive vomiting during pregnancy. Hemat/emesis= vomiting of blood Melena: refers to the black stools that are associated with upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Ø Hemo/ptysis: is the act of coughing up blood from the respiratory tract (spitting blood)  Suffixes Related to Pathology Ø -emia= blood condition Polycythemia: an increase in the red blood cells of the blood. Leukemia: malignant blood disease marked by abnormal white blood cells Myel/o/dys/plasia= disorder in the bone marrow resulting in abnormal development Septicemia: presence of bacteria and their toxins in the blood stream. Toxemia Bacteremia Hyperemia: increased blood flow to an area  Suffixes Related to Pathology Ø -necrosis = tissue death. Arteri/o/necrosis is the tissue death of an artery. Ø -toxic = poison Hepat/o/toxic= poisonous to the liver Nephrotoxic Ø -trophy= nourishment, development; dys/trophy= abnormal condition caused by improper nutrition or altered metabolism. dys-: bad; painful; difficult Ø -tropy= attracted to Neurotropic virus Dental dystrophy  Suffixes Related to Pathology Ø -gen forming, producing, origin of A carcinogen is a substance or agent, such as cigarettes, that causes the development or increases the incidence of cancer. Ø -genesis Carcinogenesis is the transformation of normal cells into cancer cells, commonly as a result of chemical, viral, or radioactive damage to genes. Pathogenesis  Diagnostic Suffixes Ø -gram = record Angi/o/gram= the resulting record or film of the blood vessles. Ø -graph= instrument for recording Electr/o/encephal/o/graph = device for detecting and recording brain waves Electr/o/cardi/o/graph Ø -graphy= process of recording Angiography is the radiographic imaging of blood vessels after injection of a contrast medium. Electr/o/my/o/graphy Ultra/son/o/graphy.  Diagnostic Suffixes Ø-meter= instrument for measuring Therm/o/meter instrument for measuring temperature. Sphygmomanometer uses the combining form of sphygmo (pulse) + manometer (pressure) meter. Ø -metry= act of measuring  Diagnostic Suffixes Ø -scope= instrument for examining endo/scope = instrument for examining within An endoscope is an instrument consisting of a tube and optical system for observing the inside of a hollow organ or cavity. Ø -scopy= visual examination end/o/scopy= visual examination within. Endoscopy is performed to visualize a body cavity or canal using a specialized lighted instrument called an endoscope  Diagnostic Suffixes Ø -opsy = view Biopsy: diagnostic study of a piece of tissue from a living body. Ø Autopsy: inspection and dissection or examination of a body after death to determine the cause of death. Postmortem examination  Suffixes as Noun Endings Ø A noun is a word that is the name of a person, place, or thing. Ø In medical terminology, some suffixes change the word root into a noun. Ø For example, the cranium is the portion of the skull that encloses the brain. Ø Crani = skull -um = a noun ending  Suffixes as Noun Endings Ø -a vertebra, ova Ø -um pericardium, endocardium Ø -y dentistry, pharmacy Ø -us bronchus, calculus Ø -y = condition; process neur/o/path/y = disease condition of the nerves Ø -iatry = medicine; treatment pod/iatry = specialty concerned with treatment and prevention of conditions of the feet  Suffixes as Noun Endings Diminutive Ø -icle= small, minute ventr/icle= small cavity, as of the brain or heart Ø -ole= small arteri/ole = the smallest of the arteries; minute artery. Arteries narrow to form arterioles (small arteries), which branch into capillaries (the smallest blood vessels). Ø -ule= small ven/ule = small vein continuous with a capillary  Suffixes as Noun Endings Ø ician= specialist Phys/ician = medical doctor who is not a surgeon. obstetr/ician = physician who specializes in the branch of medicine concerned with pregnancy and childbirth Pediatr/ician= children's physician Ø -ist = specialist Hemat/o/log/ist = physician who specializes in the treatment of disorders of blood. Onc/o/log/ist = specialist in treatment of tumors  Suffixes as Noun Endings Ø Periodontist, Endodontist, Orthodontist, Prosthodontist Pedodontist Ø Pathologist : medical doctor who views biopsy samples Ø Cardiologist Ø Immunologist Ø Urologist Ø anesthesiologist Ø Endocrinologist Ø Orthopedist Ø Internist Ø Gynecologist: specialist in female reproductive organs Ø Ophthalmologist Ø Psychiatrist  Suffixes Meaning “Pertaining To” Ø An adjective is a word that defines or describes a thing. Ø In medical terminology, many suffixes meaning “pertaining to” are used to change the meaning of the word root into an adjective. For example, the term cardiac is an adjective that means pertaining to the heart.  Suffixes Meaning “Pertaining To” Ø -ac -eal -ior Ø -al -ical -ory Ø -an -ial -ous Ø -ar -ic -tic Ø -ary -ine  Suffixes Meaning “Pertaining To” Ø -ac cardi/ac Ø -al neur/al Ø -al cerebr/al Ø -ar muscul/ar , cerebr/o/vascul/ar Ø -ary pulmon/ary Ø -eal esophag/eal Ø -ical path/o/log/ical Ø -ous cutane/ous Ø -ic thorac/ic, cephal/ic Ø -ior poster/ior Ø -tic acous/tic  SINGULAR AND PLURAL ENDINGS Ø Many medical terms have Greek or Latin origins. As a result of these different origins, there are unusual rules for changing a singular word into a plural form. Ø In addition, English endings have been adopted for some commonly used terms.  SINGULAR AND PLURAL ENDINGS Rule Example Ø -a Retain a and add e. Pleura pleurae Ø -ax Drop x and add ces. thorax thoraces Ø -ix Drop ix and add ices. Appendix appendices Ø -ex Drop ex and add ices. Apex apices Ø -en Drop en and add ina. lumen lumina Ø -is Drop is and add es. diagnosis diagnoses Ø -ma Retain ma and add ta. carcinoma carcinomata  SINGULAR AND PLURAL ENDINGS Rule Example Ø -us Drop us and add i. bronchus bronchi Ø -y Drop y and add ies. deformity deformities Ø -itis Drop is and add ides arthritis arthritides Ø -nx Drop -x and add ges phalanx phalanges Ø -on Drop on and add a. ganglion ganglia Ø -um Drop um and add a. bacterium bacteria  SINGULAR AND PLURAL ENDINGS Rule Example Ø alveolus alveoli Ø ova ovum Ø pericardium pericardia Ø criterion criteria Ø ganglion ganglia Ø bursa bursae Ø vertebra vertebrae Ø appendix appendices Ø index indices Ø diagnosis diagnoses Ø prognosis prognoses Ø metastasis metastases  Terms Indicating Color Ø cyan/o means blue. Cyanosis (sigh-ah-NOH- sis) is blue discoloration of the skin caused by a lack of adequate oxygen in the blood (cyan means blue, and -osis means abnormal condition or disease). Ø erythr/o, means red. An erythrocyte (eh- RITH-roh-sight) is a mature red blood cell (erythr/o means red, and -cyte means cell). Ø leuk/o means white A leukocyte (LOO-koh- sight) is a white blood cell (leuk/o means white, and -cyte means cell), Alb/ Albin/o= white  Terms Indicating Color Ø Melan/o means black Melanosis (mel-ah-NOH-sis) is any condition of unusual deposits of black pigment in body tissues or organs (melan means black, and -osis means abnormal condition or disease). Ø Poli/o means gray Poliomyelitis (poh-lee-oh-my-eh- LYE-tis) is a viral infection of the gray matter of the spinal cord (poli/o means gray, myel means spinal cord, and -itis means inflammation). Ø Chlor/o= green Ø Cirrh/o , jaund/o, xanth/o =yellow Liver cirrhosis, jaundice Thank You Dr. Basma El Awady