Introduction to Psychology: Nature and Scope of Psychology PDF

Introduction to Psychology: Nature and Scope of Psychology Nature of Psychology Delivered by: Bonna Mae S. Gorospe Objectives 1.Describe the nature and scope of psychology 2.Enumerate and differentiate the fields of psychology, schools of thought and contemporary views in psychology 3....

Introduction to Psychology: Nature and Scope of Psychology Nature of Psychology Delivered by: Bonna Mae S. Gorospe Objectives 1.Describe the nature and scope of psychology 2.Enumerate and differentiate the fields of psychology, schools of thought and contemporary views in psychology 3. Explain the uses of methods in the conduct of psychological research, and ethical issues involved in psychological researches DEFINITION OF PSYCHOLOGY Etymology -Greek words LOGOS (science) of MIND or SOUL (psyche) -Scientific study of animal and human behavior and mental processes. It is the science that seeks to understand, measure, explain, and when necessary, change the behavior of man and other animals  Characteristics of Behavior Overt CONSCIOUS and Simple and AND Complex covert UNCONSCIOUS Overt – seen directly Conscious – on the level of Simple – on the level of Covert – indirectly awareness animal reflexes observed Unconscious – outside a without need for higher person’s level of functions of the brain awareness Complex– stems from an analytical point of view  Characteristics of Behavior Rational Voluntary and HUMAN and Involuntary AND Irrational ANIMALS Rational – sane or normal Voluntary – brings about Human – rational Irrational – strange or voluntary muscle activity Animal – more of instincts or weird Involuntary – under the control reflexes of the Autonomic Nervous System  What Psychology is? To IDENTIFY To CONTROL OR To DESCRIBE FACTORS THAT To UNDERSTAND CHANGE BEHAVIOR behavior HELP PREDICT AND EXPLAIN Control goes hand in Includes the precise BEHAVIOR BEHAVIOR hand with prediction. description of Predict behavior Involves We predict the behavioral based of assembling the occurrence of a processes that are observed cause- known facts about phenomenon because observable such as effect relations of behavior, gaining certain conditions gestures, speech, factors. insights into the exist, then we prevent and psychological Use tests and relationships (control) its changes and correlation among observable occurrence by processes techniques behaviors changing the conditions.  What Psychology is not? NOT A DOES NOT MYSTERIOUS BELONG TO THE NOR MORE THAN CATEGORY OF SUPERHUMAN JUST “PSEUDO WAY OF READING “COMMON SCIENCE” LIKE PALMISTRY, OTHERS’ SENSE” ASTROLOGY, FEELINGS AND NUMEROLOGY THOUGHTS.  Historical Background of Psychology THE ANCIENT HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY 1. Animistic Orientation – Behaviors of man are more speculative and superstitious in nature. 2. Myths and Legends – “Old Tales” became a complex and powerful means of explanation. 3. Philosophy – Man’s actions, feelings and thoughts, perceptions have interested since the dawn of intelligence. a. Rationalism – The faith in the strength of REASON and a belief in moral order in the universe which resides in one’s mind b. Realism – Brain functions more than the heart in determining conscious experiences 4. Empirical Evidence – period of “REBIRTH” emphasis on data and sense experience with analysis a. Francis Bacon (1561-1626) – Father of Social Psychology, focused on influence of habit, friendship, education, and other conditions to human behavior b. Rene Descartes (1596-1650) – Division between the mind and the physical world  Historical Background of Psychology THE MODERN HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY 1. Experimental Psychology – Discoveries about the brain and nervous system stimulated inquiries into the physiological basis of human 2. Psychophysis – mind-body interaction was the thesis of this approach a. Gustav Fechner (1801-1887) – Father of Psychophysis, exact science of the dependency between the body and mind b. Herman Ludwig Von Helmholtz (1821-1894) – Studied the speed of nerve impulse 3. Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) – founder of Modern Experimental Psychology, established the first experimental laboratory at the University of Leipzig, Germany in 1879. This is the year to which the establishment of Psychology as a separate science is traced.  Historical Background of Psychology HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES Psychology was taught at the University of San Carlos in Cebu and University of Sto. Tomas (UST) Psychology was part of the Philosophy Department in 1900s In 1926, Psychology was taught as a separate subject from Philosophy and a Department of Psychology was established at UP UST was the first institution to offer BS Psychology and Masteral and Doctoral degrees in Psychology The earliest forms of Psychology practice in the Philippines were in the areas of testing, counseling and clinical psychology 1975 – Pambansang Samahan ng Sikolohiyang Pilipino (PSSP)  Historical Background of Psychology HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES 1983 – PAP proposed proposed the Psychology Bill 1999 – Psychology Bill was introduced to the Senate by Senator Aquilino B. Pimentel Jr through Senate Bill No. 1168: An Act to Regulate the Practice of Psychology 2009 - The Philippine Psychology Act of 2009 (RA 10029) aims to regulate the professional practice of psychology in the country. Introduction to Psychology: Nature and Scope of Psychology Fields of Psychology 1. General Psychology – explains the underlying principles of human behavior – the how’s and why’s of a behavior 2. Developmental or Genetic Psychology – study of human behavior in its aspects of growth and development 3. Abnormal Psychology – deals with etiology or cause of personality defects 4. Dynamic Psychology – emphasizes internal drives and motives as the causes of behavior 5. Business Psychology – involves principles of psychology as applied to business and behavior of the consumers 6. Social Psychology – study behavior of groups and individuals in their relationships to other groups 7. Forensic or Legal Psychology – application of the principles of human behavior to law or any legal proceedings 8. Clinical Psychology – deals with the emotional and behavioral disorders 9. Counseling Psychology – concerned with helping people with educational, job or career, and social adjustments 10. Educational/School Psychology – practical application of psychological principles of education 11. Experimental Psychology – studies basic psychological processes as sensation, perception, memory, cognition, motivation and emotion 12. Industrial or Organizational Psychology – concerned with methods of selecting, training, counseling and supervising personnel in business and industry 13. Community Psychology – concerned with promoting mental health at the community level Introduction to Psychology: Nature and Scope of Psychology Schools of thoughts of Psychology Structuralism Wilhelm Wundt, Edward B. Titchener Uses the method of introspection to identify the basic elements or “structures” of psychological experience Functionalism William James Attempts to understand why animals and humans have developed the particular psychological aspects that they currently possess Psychodynamic Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Erik Erickson Focuses on the role of our unconscious thoughts, feelings, and memories and our early childhood experiences in determining behavior Behaviourism John B. Watson, B. F. Skinner Based on the premise that it is not possible to objectively study the mind, and therefore that psychologists should limit their attention to the study of behavior itself Cognitive Hermann Ebbinghaus, Sir Frederic Bartlett, Jean Piaget The study of mental processes, including perception, thinking, memory, and judgments Social-cultural Fritz Heider, Leon Festinger, Stanley Schachter The study of how the social situations and the cultures in which people find themselves influence thinking and behaviour Introduction to Psychology: Nature and Scope of Psychology Contemporary views/ perspectives in Psychology Biological – Behavioristic – Psychodynamic – Physiological Interpretation of Stimulus and Psychology Dreams Response 1874 - Wundt 1990 – Freud 1927 – Pavlov 1898 – Titchener 1938 – Skinner focused on the elements of began to include the human experience and “how” of human sensation — the “what” of experience human experience There are three elements of psychology: Why? How? and What? “Why” deals with things like evolution, environment, and culture. “How” deals with things like cognition, behaviour, and subconscious. “What” deals with sensations, emotions, thoughts, perceptions, and actions. Humanistic – Self Cognitive – Information Evolutionary – Actualization Processing Adaptation 1942 – Rogers 1967 - Neisser 1999 - Buss 1954 – Maslows Introduction to Psychology: Nature and Scope of Psychology Research methods in Psychology Basic research is research that answers fundamental questions about behavior. Applied research is research that investigates issues that have implications for everyday life and provides solutions to everyday problems Introduction to Psychology: Nature and Scope of Psychology Research Ethics with Humans and Animals Ensuring that Research Is Ethical Most generally, the ethics of a given research project are determined through a cost-benefit analysis, in which the costs are compared with the benefits. The Ethical Review Board (ERB) is a committee of at least five members whose goal it is to determine the cost-benefit ratio of research conducted within an institution. The ERB must approve the procedures of all the research conducted at the institution before the research can begin. One important tool for ensuring that research is ethical is the use of informed consent. Because participating in research has the potential for producing long- term changes in the research participants, all participants should be fully debriefed immediately after their participation. The debriefing is a procedure designed to fully explain the purposes and procedures of the research and remove any harmful after-effects of participation. Research with Animals Thank you very much!