Lesson 1: Introduction to Self-Understanding PDF

Lesson 1: Introduction to Self-Understanding A name is not the person itself no matter how intimately bound it is with the bearer. It is only a signifier. Our names represent who we are.  Introduction to Self Understanding Understanding oneself is ess...

Lesson 1: Introduction to Self-Understanding A name is not the person itself no matter how intimately bound it is with the bearer. It is only a signifier. Our names represent who we are.  Introduction to Self Understanding Understanding oneself is essential to understand behaviors and beliefs that affects ourselves and others specifically in becoming effective and successful person in life, work, and relationship. Moreover, self-understanding (1) provides a sense of purpose; (2) leads to healthier relationships; (3) helps harness your natural strength; and (4) promotes confidence. Self and personality characterized the way we define our existence, also these refers on how we organized our experiences that are reflected to our behavior. We behave in different ways in a given situation, but people also behave fairly stable in different circumstances.  What Is the Self? The self, in contemporary literature and even common sense, is commonly defined by the following characteristics: -Separate means that the self is distinct from other selves. The self is always unique and has its own identity. -Self-contained and independent because in itself it can exist. Its distinctness allows it to be self-contained with its own thoughts, characteristics, and volition. -Consistency means that a particular self’s traits, characteristics, tendencies, and potentialities are more or less the same. -Unitary in that it is the center of all experiences and thoughts that run through a certain person -Private means that each person sorts out information, feelings and emotions, and thought processes within the self. This whole process is never accessible to anyone but the self. Personality The etymological derivative of personality comes from the word “persona”, the theatrical masks worn by Romans in Greek and Latin drama. Personality also comes from the two Latin words “per” and “sonare”, which literally means “to sound through”. Personality have no single definition since different personality theories have different views on how to define it. However, the commonly accepted definition of personality is that it is a relatively permanent traits and unique characteristics that give both consistency and individuality to a person’s behavior (Roberts & Mroczek, 2008). The Japanese say you have three faces. The first face, you show to the world. The second face, you show to your close friends, and your family. The third face, you never show anyone. Determinants of Personality Personality refers to the total person in his/her overt and covert behavior. The determinants of factors of personality are as follows: Environmental Factors of Personality. The surroundings of an individual compose the environmental factors of personality. This includes the neighborhood a person lives in, his school, college, university and workplace. Biological Factors of Personality. This further includes: 1) hereditary factors or genetic make-up of the person that inherited from their parents. This describes the tendency of the person to appear and behave the way their parents are 2) physical features include the overall physical structure of a person: height, weight, color, sex, beauty and body language, etc. Most of the physical structures change from time to time, and so does the personality. 3) brain. The preliminary results from the electrical stimulation of the brain (ESB) research gives indication that better understanding of human personality and behavior might come from the study of the brain. Situational Factors of Personality. Although these factors do not literally create and shape up an individual’s personality, situational factors do alter a person’s behavior and response from time to time. The situational factors can be commonly observed when a person behaves contrastingly and exhibits different traits and characteristics. Cultural Factors. Culture is traditionally considered as the major determinants of an individual’s personality. The culture largely determinants what a person is and what a person will learn. The culture within a person is brought up, is very important determinant of behavior of a person. Culture is complex of these belief, values, and techniques for dealing with the environment which are shared among contemporaries and transmitted by one generation to the next. Personality Traits Personality traits reflect people’s characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. The most widely used system of traits is called the Five-Factor Model. This system includes five broad traits that can be remembered with the acronym OCEAN: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism. (Goldberg, 1990; McCrae & John, 1992; McCrae & Costa, 1987) The Mini-IPIP (International Personality Item Pool Representation of the NEO PI-R) Scale Self-scoring test Automated Big 5 Factor model scoring test https://openpsychometrics.org/tests/IPIP- BFFM/ Big 5 Trait Definition Openness The tendency to appreciate new art, ideas, values, feelings, and behaviors. Conscientiousness The tendency to be careful, on-time for appointments, to follow rules, and to be hard working. Extraversion The tendency to be talkative, sociable, and to enjoy others; the tendency to have a dominant style. Agreeableness The tendency to agree and go along with others rather than to assert one owns opinions and choices. Neuroticism The tendency to be frequently experience negative emotions such as anger, worry, and sadness, as well as being interpersonally sensitive.  Who Am I? Understanding of who you are as a person is called self-concept and understanding what your motives are when you act is called self-understanding. In definition, self-concept is generally thought of as our individual perceptions of our behavior, abilities, and unique characteristics—a mental picture of who you are as a person. Self-concept tends to be more malleable when people are younger and still going through the process of self-discovery and identity formation. As people age, self- perceptions become much more detailed and organized as people form a better idea of who they are and what is important to them. According to the book Essential Social Psychology by Richard Crisp and Rhiannon Turner: The individual self consists of attributes and personality traits that differentiate us from other individuals. Examples include introversion or extroversion. The relational self is defined by our relationships with significant others. Examples include siblings, friends, and spouses. The collective self reflects our membership in social groups. Examples include British, Republican, African-American, or gay. At its most basic, self-concept is a collection of beliefs one holds about oneself and the responses of others. It embodies the answer to the question "Who am I?". G E d 10 1 : UNDERSTANDING THE SELF THE SELF F ROM THE PERSPECTIVE O F PHILO SOPHY 1. SOCRATES 7. DAVID HUME 2. PLATO 8. IMMANUEL KANT 3. St. AUGUSTINE 9. GILBERT RYLE 4. RENE DESCARTES 10. MERLEAU PONTY 5. JOHN LOCKE 11. PAUL and PATRICIA 6. SIGMUND FREUD CHURCHLAND  PHILOSOPHY - study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence, especially in an academic discipline. - academic discipline concerned with investigating the nature of significance of ordinary and scientific beliefs and investigates the legitimacy of concepts by rational argument concerning their implications, relationships as well as reality, knowledge, moral judgment, etc.. PHILOSOPHY IS ABOUT: ▪ What is morally right and wrong? Why? ▪ What is good life? ▪ Does God exist? ▪ What is the mind?  The first to use the term “philosophy” “PHILO” “SOPHIA” “LOVE” “WISDOM” PYTHAGORAS  SOCRATES ✓ Pre-Socratics, group of early Greek philosophers, most of whom were born before Socrates, whose attention to questions about the origin and nature of the physical world has led to their being called cosmologists or naturalists. ✓ Socrates was more concerned with another subject, the problem of the self. ✓ He was the first philosopher who ever engaged in systematic questioning about the self. ✓ To Socrates, and this has become his life-long mission, the true task of the philosopher is to know oneself. “The Unexamined life is not worth living.” Socratic Method - the method of inquiry and instruction consisting of a series of questionings the object of which is to elicit a clear and consistent expression of something supposed to be implicitly known by all rational beings.  SOCRATES ✓ According to Socrates, self is dichotomous which means composed of two things: ✓ The physical realm (BODY) or the one that is changeable, temporal, and imperfect. ✓ The ideal realm (SOUL) is the one that is perfect and unchanging, eternal, and immortal. ✓One may define someone as beautiful or truthful, but their definition is limited and imperfect for it is always relative and subjective. For Socrates, a human is composed of body and soul. The self, according to Socrates is the immortal and unified entity that is consistent over time.  PLATO Philosophy of the self can be explained as a process of self- knowledge and purification of the soul. Three components of the soul: Reason or divine essence that enables human to think deeply, make wise choices and achieve a true understanding of eternal truths. Appetite is the basic biological needs of human being Spirit is the basic emotions of human being such as love, anger, ambition, aggressiveness and empathy. According to Plato, it is always the responsibility of the reason to organize, control, and reestablish harmonious relationship between these three elements.  ST. AUGUSTINE The last of the great ancient philosophers whose ideas were greatly Platonic. Augustine has been characterized as Christianity’s first theologian. He concluded, “That the body is united with the soul, so that man may be entire and complete, is a fact we recognize on the evidence of our own nature.” According to St. Augustine, the human nature is composed of two realms: 1. God as the source of all reality and truth. Through mystical experience, man is capable of knowing eternal truths. 2. The sinfulness of man. The cause of sin or evil is an act of mans’ freewill.  RENE DESCARTES Father of Modern Philosophy He is famous with the principle “cogito, ergo sum “I think, therefore I am” established his philosophical views on “true knowledge” and concept of self. The Self then for Descartes is also a combination of two distinct entities, the cogito, the thing that thinks, which is the mind, and the extenza or extension of the mind which is the body. ✓ The essence of self is being a thinking thing. ✓ Self-identity is dependent on the awareness in engaging with those mental operations.  JOHN LOCKE An English philosopher and physician and famous in his concept of “Tabula Rasa” or Blank Slate that assumes the nurture side of human development. Tabula Rasa - the mind in its hypothetical primary blank or empty state before receiving outside impressions. The self, according to Locke is consciousness. In his essay entitled On Personal Identity (from his most famous work, Essay Concerning Human Understanding) he discussed the reflective analysis of how an individual may experience the self in everyday living. He provided the following key points: 1.) To discover the nature of personal identity, it is important to find out what it means to be a person.  JOHN LOCKE 2. ) A person is a thinking, intelligent being who has the abilities to reason and to reflect. 3.) A person is also someone who considers themself to be the same thing in different times and different places. 4.) Consciousness as being aware that we are thinking — always accompanies thinking and is an essential part of the thinking process. 5.) Consciousness makes possible our belief that we are the same identity in different times and different places.  DAVID HUME Influenced by empiricism His claim about self is quite controversial because he assumed that there is no self! In his essay entitled, “On Personal Identity” (1739) he said that, if we carefully examine the contents of [our] experience, we find that there are only two distinct entities, "impressions" and "ideas". “Impressions” are the basic sensations of our experience, the elemental data of our minds and “Ideas” are copies of impressions that include thoughts and images that are built up from our primary impressions.  Father of SIGMUND FREUD Psychoanalysis The dualistic view of self by Freud involves the conscious self and unconscious self. 1.) The conscious self is governed by reality principle. The self is rational, practical, and appropriate to the social environment. The conscious self has the task of controlling the constant pressures of the unconscious self, as its primitive impulses continually seek for immediate discharge. 2.) The unconscious self is governed by pleasure principle. It is the self that is aggressive, destructive, unrealistic and instinctual. Both of Freud’s self needs immediate gratification and reduction of tensions to optimal levels and the goal of every individual is to make unconscious conscious  Gilbert Ryle He was an important figure in the field of Linguistic Analysis which focused on the solving of philosophical puzzles through an analysis of language The self is best understood as a pattern of behavior, the tendency or disposition for a person to behave in a certain way in certain circumstances.  IMMANUEL KANT ✓A German Philosopher who made great contribution to the fields of metaphysics, epistemology, and ethics. Kant is widely regarded as the greatest philosopher of the modern period. ✓It is the self that makes consciousness for the person to make sense of everything. ✓“Respect others as you would respect yourself,” ✓Kant argued that the sense called “Transcendental Apperception” is an essence of our consciousness that provides basis for understanding and establishing the notion of “self” by synthesizing one’s accumulation of experiences, intuition and imagination goes.  MAURICE MERLEAU- PONTY ✓ A French philosopher and phenomenologist. ✓ He took a very different approach to the self and the mind/body “problem.” According to him, the division between the “mind” and the “body” is a product of confused thinking. ✓ Developed the concept of self-subject and contended that perceptions occur existentially.  PAUL AND PATRICIA CHURCHLAND An American philosopher interested in the fields of philosophy of mind, philosophy of science, cognitive neurobiology, epistemology, and perception. Patricia Churchland claimed that man’s brain is responsible for the identity known as self. Paul Churchland is one of the many philosophers and psychologists that viewed the self from a materialistic point of view GED101 Understanding the Self THE SELF FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF SOCIOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGY Lesson 3 A.Y. 2024-2025, First Semester Learning Outcomes: Examine various sociological and anthropological perspectives that shapes the self. Understand these broad fields take an interdisciplinary approach to looking at human culture and educational peace talks from both past and present. 2 SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE OF THE SELF 3 WHAT IS SOCIOLOGY? Sociology is one of the disciplines in the social sciences which aims to discover the ways by which the social surrounding/environment influences people’s thoughts, feelings and behavior. It presents the self as a product of modern society. 4 Sociologists are concerned about the following questions: How does the society influence you? How do you affect the society? Who are you as the person in the community? 5 GEORGE HERBERT MEAD Mead is well-known for his theory of self. He described that the self is ‘dimension of personality that is made up of the individual’s self-awareness and self-image’. Every individual is a product of social interaction and not biological in nature Social Behaviorism is the approach he used to describe the power of the environment in shaping human behavior. The self emerges from social experience. It is not part of the body and it does not exists at birth. 6  STAGES OF SELF-FORMATION PREPARATORY PLAY STAGE GAME STAGE STAGE Children begin “role- Children are now aware Children imitate taking” in which they of their position in the significant others to mentally assume the relationship to the other learn meaning behind perspective of another numerous social symbols, gestures and and respond from that positions in society. language. view-point. - Taking into account the societal rules 7 Mead identified the two phases of self: 1. Me Self - the phase which reflects the attitude of the generalized other - the "me" is the social self - Mead defines the "me" as "a conventional, habitual individual 2. I Self - the phase that responds to the attitude of generalized other or the “I”. - the "I" is a response to the "me - the “I” as the “novel reply” of the individual to the generalized other. 8 CHARLES HORTOON COOLEY He made use the socio-psychological approach to understand how societies work. Cooley coined the term “looking-glass self” – self is a product of social interaction. 9 10 Georg Simmel Simmel proposed that there is something called human nature that is innate to the individual. This human nature is intrinsic to the individual like the natural inclination to religious impulse or the gender differences He also added that most of our social interactions are individual motivations 11  The individual or subjective culture refers to the ability to embrace, use, and feel culture. Objective culture is made up of elements that become separated from the individual or group’s control and identified as separate objects. 12 ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE OF THE SELF 13 WHAT IS ANTHROPOLOGY? Anthropology is a field of the social sciences that focuses on the study of man. The field looks into man’s physical/biological characteristics, his social relationships and the influences of culture. 14 FOUR SUBFIELDS OF ANTHROPOLOGY Archaeology The comparative study of past cultures through it’s material (artifacts) and cultural remains (fossils). The most important aspect of human nature is survival. Linguistic Anthropology The study of spoken language, a distinct human trait. Essential part of human communication is language. Language identifies a group of people – words, sounds, symbols, writings and signs 15 Biological Anthropology Also known as physical anthropology Studies humans as biological organisms, their emergence, evolution, variation in time and space. Cultural Anthropology Also known as social anthropology or sociocultural anthropology This field of anthropology focus in knowing what makes one group’s manner of living particular to that group and forms an essential part of the member’s personal and social identity. 16  SYMBOLS the words, gestures, pictures or objects that have recognized or accepted meaning in a particular culture 17  HEROES persons from the past or present who have characteristics that are important in culture 18  RITUALS activities participated by a group of people for the fulfilment of desired objectives and are concerned to be socially essential 19  VALUES considered to be the core of every culture These are unconscious, neither discuss or observed, and can only be inferred from the way people act and react to situations. 20 “You were born to be real not to be perfect”  He was an American philosopher and psychologists. He also known as “ Father of American Psychology”. William James believed that the self is made up of two parts: 1. ME Self 2. I Self Zebra: Then you are an extrovert; someone who loves meeting and talking to new people, partying and doing new things. Lion: Then you’re unmistakably an introvert who likes spending quality time alone or with the company of a loved one. You’d rather be at home enjoying a few episodes of your favorite TV show with a glass of your favorite drink rather than go out and party. Crocodile: you can be a little careless and inattentive to details by nature. Moreover, you are a practical person who doesn’t like to take risks. Boat: you like nuances and slightly visible details. You prefer to stand out of the crowd as well as be a creative and unique person. Anyway, try to picture the world as a holistic thing, and don’t waste your time on the meaningless details  He was an American philosopher and psychologists. He also known as “ Father of American Psychology”. William James believed that the self is made up of two parts: 1. ME Self 2. I Self Couple: you become very serious when it comes to relationships. You constantly think about your loved ones who take up the biggest part of your life. Explosion: you are the one who gets frightened easily. You are a little absent- minded and you don’t like to do things when you don’t know what the result will be. Occasionally you might even have conflicts with yourself GED 101 Understanding the Self THE SELF FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF PSYCHOLOGY Lesson 4 A.Y. 2023-2024, First Semester PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE OF THE SELF 29 WHAT IS PSYCHOLOGY? Psychology is the scientific study of human behavior and mental processes. Four goals of Psychology 1. Describe 2. Explain 3. Predict 4. Modify 30 Psychology is concerned on: How individuals develop and mature at different life stages concepts such as consciousness, memory and reasoning how the individual and his environment shape his personality how we think, behave and feel in certain situations mental heath and mental illnesses character strengths, coping, happiness and well-being 31  SELF AS A COGNITIVE CONSTRUCTION The cognitive aspect of the self is known as self-concept. Self-concept is defined as self-knowledge, a cognitive structure that includes beliefs about personality traits, physical characteristics, abilities, values, goals, and roles, as well as the knowledge that an individual exist as individuals. As humans grow and develop, self-concept becomes abstract and more complex. 32 There are known psychologists who explained their ideas of the self based on psychological perspectives. 33 WILLIAM JAMES He was an American philosopher and psychologists. He also known as “ Father of American Psychology”. William James believed that the self is made up of two parts: 1. ME Self 2. I Self 34  “I” SELF “ME” SELF The subject of experience. The object of experience. - the self refers to the self that knows who he is an object or the self you can or she is describe. The subjective self that is aware of perspective of other people his/her actions 3 components: material self, social describing yourself using your own self and spiritual self perspective PSYCHOLOGICAL SELF 35 MATERIAL SELF SOCIAL SELF SPIRITUAL SELF ✓ Individuals’ physical ✓ To who a person is and ✓ Most intimate and attributes and material how he or she acts in important part of the possessions that social situations self that includes the contribute to one’s self- ✓ Awareness of others’ person’s purpose, core image. perceptions values, conscience and ✓ Awareness of physical moral behavior appearance ✓Requires introspection  CARL ROGERS He was an American psychologist and among the founders of the humanistic approach to psychology. He agreed with Abraham Maslow’s Self-Actualization and contended that for a person to “grow” he must need an environment that can provide him with genuineness or openness and self-disclosure. 37  He proposed the personality theory known as the Person- Centered Theory. He stated that the term self-concept is used to refer to how a person thinks about or perceives himself. ✓ Two types of self-concept: 1. Real self-concept 2. Ideal self-concept 38  PSYCHOLOGICAL SELF REAL SELF IDEAL SELF consists of all the ideas, including the The person’s conception of what one awareness of what one is and what one should be or what one aspires to be which can do includes one’s goals and ambitions in life Who we actually are Who or what I want to be DONNALD WINNICOT He was an English pediatrician and psychoanalyst who studied child development. Two aspects of the self: 1. True Self 2. False Self 40  FALSE SELF It is the mask that hides the true person for fear of the pain of rejection and failure. False selves usually surface when the person is forced to comply with existing social norms and standards. 41  TRUE SELF has a sense of integrity characterized by high level of awareness in the person of who he is, what is he capable of, and is not afraid to let others know his weaknesses and imperfections. 42  PSYCHOLOGICAL SELF ALBERT BANDURA The proponent of the personality theory known as The Social Learning Theory. ✓ In this theory, the person is seen as (1) proactive and (2) agentic ✓ The human agency according to Bandura is the essence of being human. He coined the term Triadic Reciprocal Causation.  When you start taking care of yourself, you start feeling better, you start looking better, and you even start to attract better, IT ALL STARTS WITH YOU. GED 101 Understanding the Self THE SELF IN THE WESTERN AND ORIENTAL/EASTERN THOUGHT Lesson 5 A.Y. 2023-2024, First Semester  Different cultures and varying environment tend to create different perceptions of the self and one of the most common distinctions between culture and people is the Eastern vs. Western dichotomy wherein Eastern represents Asia and Western represents Europe and Northern America. 2 INDIVIDUALISTIC AND COLLECTIVE SELF 3  INDIVIDUALISTIC SELF emphasizes the uniqueness of the individual – personal characteristics, needs, and motives as the focal point of predicting and understanding the individual’s actions Western cultures are known to be individualistic. 4  COLLECTIVISTIC SELF Collectivism is the idea that the fundamental unit of the human species that thinks, lives, and acts toward goals is not the individual, but some group. The group exists as a super-organism separate from individuals emphasizes on the person’s identification with a group and the expectations, duties, and roles associated with being a member of a group as the primary source for understanding the individual Asian countries are known to be collective in nature. 5 Individualism and Collectivism SELF IN WESTERN THOUGHT 7  The Construction of Self in Western Thought Western self as analytic. Western self as monotheistic The tendency to see reality as an The tendency towards unitary aggregate of parts. The self is an observer explanations of phenomena and closed- separate and distinct from external system view of the self as modeled after a objects. unitary , omnipotent power. Me vs. Others Man was created by God in his image. 8 Western self as individualistic Western Self as materialistic and rationalistic Self-expression and self-actualization are important ways of establishing who one The western accentuation of rational, is, as well as finding satisfaction in the scientific approach to reality has tended to world. define spiritual and immaterial phenomena as potentially superstitious and dangerous 9 SELF IN EASTERN THOUGHT 10  The Self as Embedded in Relationships and through Spiritual Development in Confucian Thought 11  The earliest religions of writing in the east are the Vedas. It formed the Hindu philosophy and dharma (the principle of cosmic order). The chants and the hymns in Vedas illustrate the eastern mindset of a nondual universe but rather a creation that is completely unified with the creator with no distinction. One of the main points of Hinduism is reincarnation. Law of Karma HINDUISM 12  composed of teachings of Buddha Siddharta Gautama is the founder of Buddhism. In Buddhist traditions, the “self” is not an entity, substance or an essence rather the self is dynamic process. It is independent and ever changing Buddhism taught the doctrine called Annata which is defined “no self or no soul”. BUDDHISM 13  The self is something that is formed through upbringing and the environment. Personality is achieved through moral excellence. Confucianism is centered on ren which can be manifested through the “li” (propriety), “xiao” (filiality), and “yi” (rightness). For Confucius, ren reflects the person’s own understanding of humanity. CONFUCIANISM 14  Li (heart of propriety) Rules of propriety should be followed to guide human actions. These rules are the customs, ceremonies, and traditions that forms the, thus one must fulfill their duties and their basis of li. Li conforms to the norms of humanity possibilities in this five (5) relationships: (1) father and son, (2) ruler and subject, (3) older and younger brothers, (4) husband and wife, (5) friend and friend. 15  Xiao (heart of filiality) This is the virtue of reverence and respect for the family. Yi (heart of righteousness) The right way of behaving which is unconditional and absolute. Right is right, and what is not right is wrong. 16  Physical Self Lesson 6 GED101 A.Y. 2023-2024, First Semester Understanding the Self What is BEAUTY to you?  Physical Self The concrete dimensions of the body, it is the tangible aspect of the person which can be directly observed and examined The understanding of the Physical self is shaped by biological and environmental factors. HEREDITY Heredity is defined as the transmission of traits from parents to offspring. The some total of the forces or experiences that a person ENVIRONMENT undergoes from conception to old age. Puberty is a process occurring primarily in early adolescence that triggers the rapid physical changes that occur in the adolescent stage of human development.  Physical Self According to Santrock (2014), self-understanding is the individual’s cognitive representation of self which consists of substance and the content of self- conceptions. Physical Characteristics are the defining traits or features of a person’s body. believed that the body from early development because the physical ERIC ERIKSON as well as intellectual skills will somehow serve as a basis to whether a person has achieved a sense of competence and be able to manage and face the demands of life complexities WILLIAM JAMES the body as the initial source of sensation and necessary for origin and maintenance of personality  What Philosophers think of beauty? ▪ Beauty, traditionally, was among the ultimate values along with goodness, truth and justice. 1. St. Augustine asked whether things were beautiful because it gave delight, or whether it gave delight because it was beautiful 2. Plato connected beauty to love and desire. 3. David Hume – Beauty is no quality in things themselves, it exists merely in the mind which contemplates them.  W h a t did Psychology discover about beauty? 1 HALO- EFFECT A positive first 2 impression that leads us HORN- EFFECT to treat someone more favorably. A negative first impression that leads us to treat someone less favorably.  Body Image It refers to the way one sees himself/herself or the way he/she imagines how he/she looks.  SPOTLIGHT EFFECT It refers to the belief that others are paying more attention to the person's appearance and behavior than they really are. IMAGINARY AUDIENCE refers to an egocentric state where individual imagines and believes that many people are actively listening to or watching him or her Considering how you look now, is there anything you wish to change? PERSONAL FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE PERCEPTION OF THE PHYSICAL SELF 1. Introspection 2. Self-Perception Theory It is the process by which one observes explains that since one's internal state is and examines one's internal state(mental difficult to interpret, people can infer their and emotional) after behaving in a inner states by observing their own behavior - certain way. as if they are an outside observer.  3. Self-Concept 4. Personal Identity It is a cognitive representation of self- This is the concept a person has about himself knowledge which includes the sum total that develops over the years. of all beliefs that people have about Ex. Nationality, gender, physical traits, race, themselves.  SOCIAL FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE PERCEPTION OF THE PHYSICAL SELF 1. Attachment Process and Social 2. Looking-glass Self Appraisal People learn about their value and Charles Horton Cooley stated that a lovability when they experiences how person's self grows out of society's their mothers or caregivers care for them interpersonal interactions and the and respond to their needs. perception of others  3. Social Comparison A way of understanding oneself by comparing one's traits, abilities or opinions to that of others. Upward social comparison - it happens when an individual compares himself to others who are better than him. Downward social comparison - it happens when an individual compares himself to someone who is in worse situation than he is especially when he is feeling so low.  THE IMPACT OF CULTURE ON BODY IMAGE AND SELF ESTEEM Culture is defined as a social system that is characterized by the shared meanings that are attributed to people and events by its members. Cultural aspects can either be a positive or negative influence on body-image and on self-esteem. Ex: Ideal standards of body sizes and beauty  Social Constructionist Approach to understand the physical self. It focuses on how reality is constructed through human interaction. This differs from what might be called an essentialist view of the body. Essentialism means that bodies are defined entirely by their biological make-up – bones, muscles, hormones, and the like Self-esteem is the overall evaluation that a person has of himself which can be positive or negative, high or low. Self esteem is a measure of the person’s self-worth based on some personal or social standard. It is a global evaluative dimension of the self.  Name: Sr Code: Section: Date: ACTIVITY # 6: MY BODY, MY LIFE A. Reflect on the presented article “The Physical Self” in Week 6, answer the question. Express your thoughts in 5- 10 sentences. Write your answers in a clean sheet of yellow paper. QUESTION: 1. On what perspective of Understanding the Physical Self do you think is most influential to your life? Give concrete examples. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 2. Which of factors that affect perception of the Physical Self would you say is mostly used by teenagers in your age nowadays? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________