Building Technology PDF

BUILDING TECHNOLOGY SITEWORKS 1. EARTHWORKS 1.1 ACRONYMS AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials ANSI American Nurserymen’s Specifications Institute ASTM American Society for Testing Materials DPWH Dept....

BUILDING TECHNOLOGY SITEWORKS 1. EARTHWORKS 1.1 ACRONYMS AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials ANSI American Nurserymen’s Specifications Institute ASTM American Society for Testing Materials DPWH Dept. of Public Works and Highways (Phil Govt) USCS Unified Soil Classification System 1. EARTHWORKS 1.2 DEFINITIONS, STANDARD TESTS AASHTO SOIL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM classifies inorganic soils for suitability as subgrade materials in terms of good drainage and bearing capacity. AASHTO defines particle sizes as: Boulders – above 75mm Gravel – 75mm to No.10 sieve Coarse Sand – No.10 to No.40 sieve Fine Sand – No.40 to No.200 sieve Silt-Clay Particles – passing No.200 sieve 1. EARTHWORKS 1.2 DEFINITIONS, STANDARD TESTS ATTERBERG LIMITS are tests performed on soils passing the No.40 sieve as follows: Liquid Limit (LL) The liquid limit is that moisture content at which a soil changes from the liquid state to the plastic state, measured when soil in a shallow dish flows to close a 12.5 mm groove after 25 drops from 1 cm. Plastic Limit (PL) the water content at which a silt or clay material will just begin to crumble when rolled into a tread approx 3.2mm (1/8 inch) in diameter. Plasticity Index (PI) is defined as the Liquid Limit minus the Plastic Limit : LL – PL = PI , that is the range of water content over which sediment behaves. 1. EARTHWORKS 1.2 DEFINITIONS, STANDARD TESTS a. Fill materials - soil, crushed stone, and sand used to raise an existing grade, or as a man-made-deposit; generally used under footings, pavers, or concrete slabs on grade; classified under the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS) as: GW, GM, GP – Gravels with > 50% retained on No. 200 sieve and > 50% further retained on No.40 sieve. SW, SM – or Sands with > 50% are retained on No. 200 sieve and 50% or more passes No.40 sieve. 1. EARTHWORKS 1.2 DEFINITIONS, STANDARD TESTS b. Granular Fill or Filters – soil materials with sand equivalent of not less than 50%; used to prevent the movement of fine particles out of soils and other natural materials through which seepage occurs; conforming to ASTM C 33, size 67. Under the ATTERBERG LIMITS, shall have LL not exceeding 25% when tested in accordance with ASTM 423, and a PI not exceeding 12 % when tested in accordance with ASTM 424. 1. EARTHWORKS 1.2 DEFINITIONS, STANDARD TESTS c. Borrow Fill - selected laboratory-approved pit-run gravel, disintegrated granite, sand, shale, cinders or other similar materials with not more than 35% fraction passing the No. 200 sieve. Under the ATTERBERG LIMITS, the fraction passing the No. 40 sieve shall have an LL not greater than 35% and a PI not greater than 12% , used as fill or subgrade conforming to the AASHTO Soil Classification System 1. EARTHWORKS 1.2 DEFINITIONS, STANDARD TESTS d. Base Course Materials - hard durable fragments of stone and a filler of sand or other finely divided mineral matter, free from vegetable matter and lumps of clay, complying with the following AASHO METHODS T-11 and T-26 Grading Requirements: Sieve Designation Percent Weight Passing U.S. Standard Sieve Type "B" Base Course 1 - 1/2" 100 1" 85 - 100 No. 4 20 - 45 No. 200 5 - 12 1. EARTHWORKS 1.2 DEFINITIONS, STANDARD TESTS Local Borrow Fill materials: BANDA Y BANDA ESCOMBRO P5,000 per 15 16 cum ESCOMBRO – BULIK (for Rip-rap) 1. EARTHWORKS 1.4 RIPRAP (ROCK LINING) - a constructed layer or facing of stone, placed to prevent erosion, scour or sloughing of a structure or embankment. - term "riprap" also is frequently defined as the stone used to construct such a lining. - a special class of very large aggregate. Riprap gradations range in diameter from 2 inches to 42 inches. Because riprap is subject to significant energy, it is important that it be sound and free from defects or entrained substances such soil shale or organic materials. - resistance of riprap to displacement of moving water is a function of the weight, size, and shape of the stone, the geometry of the channel or bank it is protecting, and the filter blanket over which the riprap is placed. 1. EARTHWORKS 1.5 GABION SYSTEM - Wire-enclosed riprap - consists of mats or baskets fabricated from wire mesh, filled with small riprap, and anchored to a slope. - Wrapping the riprap enables use of smaller rocks for the same resistance to displacement by water energy as larger unwrapped riprap. 1. EARTHWORKS 1.5 GABION SYSTEM - is particularly advantageous in areas inaccessible to trucks or large construction equipment. - wire baskets also allow steeper (i.e., vertical) channel linings to be constructed. - gabion baskets or mattresses can be from commercially available wire units or from available wire fencing material or may be fabricated from No. 9 or No. 12 galvanized wire. 1. EARTHWORKS 1.5 GABION SYSTEM - According to FHA guidance, the thickness of wire mattresses used for channel linings is determined by three factors:  the erodibility of the bank soil  the maximum velocity of the water, and  the bank slope. Criteria for Gabion Thickness Maximum Minimum Required Bank Soil Type Velocity (feet Bank Slope Mattress per second) Thickness (inches) Clays, heavy cohesive soils 10