CETE 011 Civil Engineering Technology Module 01-05 PDF

CETE 011 CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING 2ND Semester | S.Y. 2023 – 2024 MODULE 01 CARPENTRY Lumber material is fast becoming...

CETE 011 CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING 2ND Semester | S.Y. 2023 – 2024 MODULE 01 CARPENTRY Lumber material is fast becoming limited and costly despite its Topics Covered becoming inferior (low grade) from small younger or different species a) Introduction to Carpentry of trees. b) Wood Framing System c) Light Steel Frames The most abundant wood and cheapest construction material sometime ago is now considered a costly commodity and a. INTRODUCTION TO CARPENTRY prohibitive due to government policies. CARPENTRY b. WOOD FRAMING SYSTEM a skilled trade and a craft in which the primary work performed is the cutting, shaping, and installation of building materials during the construction of buildings, ships, timber bridges, concrete formwork, etc. Traditionally, carpenters worked with natural wood and did rougher work such as framing. Today, many other materials are also used. Preparation of Natural Wood a. splitting (riving) b. hewing c. sawing with a pit saw or sawmill called lumber 1) POST (American English) or timber (British English) A main vertical or leaning support in a structure similar to a column or pillar - Today natural and engineered lumber and many The term post generally refers to a timber other building materials carpenters may use are Wooden post are directly resting on the ground or typically prepared by others and delivered to the job concrete footing drilled and bolted on post strap site. In 2013, the carpenters union in America used the term “carpenter” for a catch-all position. Tasks performed by union carpenters include installing flooring, windows, doors, interior trim, cabinetry, solid surface, roofing, framing, siding, insulation, acoustical ceilings, computer-access 2) GIRDER flooring, metal framing, wall partitions, office furniture systems, and both custom or A principal beam extending from wall to wall or the factory-produced materials, trim and molding, structural member that supports the floor joists ceiling treatments, exposed columns and beams, It is also defined as the major horizontal support displays, mantels, staircases, metal studs, metal member upon which the floor system is laid lath, and drywall. The girder can be solid or built-up member The traditional method of construction utilizing wood for building structures have been superseded by reinforced concrete and steel. The use of wood or lumber in most residential construction is now limited to floor, roof framing, studs, stairs, joist, ceiling, and paneling (partitions). if you fail to plan, you plan to fail 𐙚  CETE 011 CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING 2ND Semester | S.Y. 2023 – 2024 3) FLOOR JOIST It can be tongue and groove (T&G) board, wood board or planks (plywood or ply board) with The part of the floor system that thickness of ¾” to 1 inch supports the floorboards Floor joists are fastened on the girders at a distance from 0.3 to 0.4 meter rigidly secured by bridging to prevent from turning sideways c. LIGHT STEEL FRAMES Light Steel Frames Light gauge steel frame construction is an innovative and reliable construction method which is broadly used in the world and has surpassed wood frame construction in many design and construction aspects. 4) SILL A part of a house that rest horizontally upon the foundation Sill or wood plate as those woode member fastened with anchor bolts to the foundation wall or beam 5) HEADER Offers several advantages: A short traverse joist that supports the end of the a) buildability d) sustainability cut-off joist a stair well hole b) strength e) light in weight c) design flexibility 6) TRIMMER – makes it easy to handle, increase speed, safety, and A supporting joist which carries an end portion of a quality of construction header Nonetheless, it is easily influenced by fire, that is why fire protection coating shall be provided. Light gauge steel frame elements are manufactured based on ASTM standard A1003, from structural steel sheets that are formed into strong C or Z or S shapes which are able to support heavy loads. Also called cold formed steel which comes from the process by which steel members are formed. 1) WALL SYSTEM 7) FLOORING A load bearing wall is one which carries vertical loads from the construction above or lateral loads Refers to the wooden board commonly used in resulting from the wind wood flooring materials These loads may act separately or in combination Both internal and external walls may be load bearing if you fail to plan, you plan to fail 𐙚  CETE 011 CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING 2ND Semester | S.Y. 2023 – 2024 Other types of walls include non-load bearing walls, MODULE 02 MASONRY wall cladding, and partitions Topics Covered a) Introduction to Masonry b) Masonry Building Materials c) Cement, Mortars, and Concrete a. INTRODUCTION TO MASONRY Masonry 2) FLOORING SYSTEM The art of building with stone, bricks, concrete blocks, and other similar materials The flooring system can be made up of C-sections as joists connected to C This art of building has its origin from the land of section bearers Mesopotamia, China and Egypt as manifested from some The floor joists can be stone edifices still exist today. designed from a range of C-section sizes depending on loading parameters 3) ROOF SYSTEM The roof structure is generally a steel truss system which can be In the development of masonry construction dry stones and designed for metal sheets mortar less construction were widely used in their or tiles construction of public buildings, monuments, and building The steel roof framing use for religious sites. system can suit all types of roof design – hip, gable, dutch dable, steel roof sheeting or tile and would be screwed directly onto the wall frame 4) CONNECTIONS Light gauge steel members are usually joined with self-drilling, self-tapping screws, which drill their Stones are relatively strong under compression, but own holes and form helical threads in the holes as weak under tension. they are driven ➔ Meaning, it is good for making walls and pillar but poor as beam and roof structure welding is often employed to assemble panels of light gauge ➔ For this reason, all early large building were roof steel framing that are prefabricated in a factory, and it is with timber or timber in combination with other sometimes used on the building site where particularly strong materials connections are needed b. MASONRY BUILDING MATERIALS 1) STONES Rubble Stone - Generally consists of irregular stones with good face for the wall surface - The gaps between stones are filled with small or broken cement mortar if you fail to plan, you plan to fail 𐙚  CETE 011 CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING 2ND Semester | S.Y. 2023 – 2024 Course Rubble Common Types of CHB Laying - Made with roughly squares blocks leveled up to 30 to 45 cm thick course Running Bond - The most common pattern of CHB laying, in which the hollow blocks are arranged in a running pattern, never aligning with each other when stacked - Gives the wall a lot of structural strength Bricks - Manufactured from clay and other materials processed into a workable consistency molded to sizes and fired in a kiln to make them strong, durable, and attractive a) COMMON BRICKS - Stack Bond - The CHB is placed precisely on top of each other - made from clay and the joints line commonly termed - Requires more reinforcements compared to running commercial bricks bond b) FACE BRICKS c. CEMENT, AGGREGATES, MORTARS, & CONCRETE - made from clay 1) CEMENT material used on exposed exterior and interior masonry a. Hydraulic Cement walls and other architectural applications - A bonding agent that reacts with water to form a where the size, color, and texture of bricks hard stone-like substances that is resistant to are given importance disintegration in water c) CALCIUM SILICATE BRICKS - Most hydraulic cement has specific combinations of silicate and aluminates of lime - made from clay or non clay materials with alumina and silica used in furnace Cement is the bonding agent of rock materials construction where resistance to called aggregates which as a filler temperature as high as 178 *C is required b. Portland Cement - Widely used in various small and large constructions including roads and highways Portland Cement is NOT a brand BUT a type of hydraulic cement 2) CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCKS (CHB) ➔ In 1824, Joseph Aspdin, a brick layer of Leeds, England introduced the name Portland a hydraulic It is the most widely used masonry material for all types of lime that he patented for resemblance to the natural construction such as walls, partitions, dividers, fences, etc. limestone quarried on the isle of Portland in It is a building module resembling large bricks that England are molded from sand and cement. ➔ In 1876, the first Portland cement in the US was produced by David Saylor of Coplay, Pennsylvania ➔ A hydraulic cement produced by pulverizing portland-cement clinker, and usually containing calcium sulfate (ASTM C219) Type of Portland Cement as per ASTM C150 TYPE I – For use when the special properties specified for any other type are not required. ➔ For general use, most buildings, bridges, pavements and others TYPE IA – Air-entraining cement for the same uses as Type I, where air-entrainment is desired if you fail to plan, you plan to fail 𐙚  CETE 011 CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING 2ND Semester | S.Y. 2023 – 2024 TYPE II – For general use, more especially when moderate TYPE B Retarding Admixture sulfate resistance or moderate heat of hydration is desired. An admixture that retards the setting of concrete ➔ For structures exposed to soil or water containing sulfate ions TYPE C Accelerating Admixture TYPE IIA – Air-entraining cement for the same uses as Type An admixture that accelerates the setting and early II, where air-entrainment is desired. strength development of concrete TYPE III – For use when high early strength is desired. TYPE D Water-reducing and Retarding Admixture ➔ For rapid construction or cold weather concreting An admixture that reduces the quantity of mixing water required to produce concrete of a given TYPE IIIA – Air-entraining cement for the same use as Type consistency and retards the setting of concrete III, where air-entrainment is desired. TYPE E Water-reducing and Accelerating Admixture TYPE IV – For use when a low heat of hydration is desired. An admixture that reduces the quantity of mixing ➔ For massive structures such as dam water required to produce concrete of a given consistency and accelerates the setting and early TYPE V – For use when high sulfate resistance is desired. strength development of concrete ➔ Structures exposed to high levels of sulfate ions TYPE F Water-reducing Admixture [High Range] An admixture that reduces the quantity of mixing water required to produce concrete of a given consistency by 12% or greater TYPE G Water-reducing, High Range, and Retarding Admixture An admixture that reduces the quantity of mixing c. Pozzolan Cement water required to produce concrete of a given consistency by 12% or greater and retard the - an amorphous silica hardened as silica gel by setting of concrete reacting chemically with alkali in the presence of water The name Pozzolan is derived from Pozzuoli, an Italian town where Pozzolana, a composition of glassy tuff was found - a siliceous or siliceous and aluminous material, which in itself possesses little or no cementitious AIR ENTRAINING ADMIXTURES value but will, in finely divided form and in the presence of moisture, chemically react with calcium Materially improves the durability of concrete in hydroxide at ordinary temperature to form entraining billions of microscopic air bubbles cementitious hydrates (ASTM C219) distributed all throughout the matrix of the concrete These tiny air bubbles are large in volume compared with the capillary voids and gel pores in Admixtures Portland cement paste These air bubbles create space for the relief of as defined by ASTM, a material other than water, pressure built up in the smaller cavities when duly aggregates, hydraulic cementitious material, and filled with water that expand when it freezes fiber reinforcement that is used as an ingredient of a cementitious mixture to modify its freshly mixed, setting, or hardened properties and that is added to 2) AGGREGATES the batch before or during its mixing. TYPES OF ADMIXTURES Aggregates are inert materials when bound together into a conglomerated mass by cement and water TYPE A Water-reducing Admixture form concrete, mortar. ➔ The aggregate component is about 75% of An admixture that reduces the quantity of mixing the total mass of concrete water required to produce concrete of a given Granular material, such as sand, gravel, crushed consistency stone, or iron blast-furnace slag, used with a if you fail to plan, you plan to fail 𐙚  CETE 011 CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING 2ND Semester | S.Y. 2023 – 2024 cementing medium to form hydraulic-cement b. Fine Aggregate (SAND) concrete or mortar (ASTM C125) - Aggregate materials with sizes between 0.074mm TWO CATEGORIES OF AGGREGATES to 4.75mm - Generally product of natural disintegration of rocks, a. Coarse Aggregate (GRAVEL) - It is also manufactured from large pieces of aggregates by crushing, grinding, and rolling - A portion of aggregates that is greater than 4.76mm and less than 75mm in size (ASTM Common Fine Aggregates D2487) that usually come from: (a) natural gravel deposits which are formed 1) Utility Sand by water, wind, or glacial action 2) Masonry Sand (b) manufactured by crushing rock, stone, 3) Crushed Stone Sand boulder, and large cobblestone 4) Industrial Sand 5) Fill Sand 6) Concrete Sand Common Coarse Aggregates 1) Limestone or calcium bearing materials 3) MORTARS 2) Basalts, Granite and related igneous rocks Workable paste prepared by adding water to a mixture of binding material and fine aggregate This plastic paste is useful to hold building materials such as stone or brick together TYPES OF MORTARS USED IN MASONRY CONSTRUCTION a. Based on Application 1) Brick Laying or Stone Laying Mortar 3) Sandstone and Quartzites - This type of mortar used to bind bricks and stones in masonry construction 2) Finishing Mortar - Finishing mortar is used for pointing and plastering works - It is also used for architectural effects of building to give aesthetic appearances - The mortar used for ornamental finishing should have great strength, mobility, and 4) Rock, composed of mainly amorphous silicon resistance against atmospheric action like dioxide rain, wind, etc. if you fail to plan, you plan to fail 𐙚  CETE 011 CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING 2ND Semester | S.Y. 2023 – 2024 b. Based on Binding Material BASIC CONSIDERATION IN MIXING CONCRETE 1) Cement Mortar a. Workability of Concrete - Cement is used as a binding material in this type of mortar and sand is employed - The property determining the effort required to as aggregate manipulate a freshly mixed quantity of concrete with - The proportion of cement and sand is minimum loss of homogeneity (ASTM) decided based on the specified durability - Is the ability of fresh concrete to flow freely around and working conditions the reinforcements and fill up the voids inside the - Cement mortar will give high strength and form resistance against water - The proportion of cement to sand may Workability of Concrete are based from: varies from 1:2 to 1:6 a) Consistency – the degree of wetness or 2) Lime Mortar slump of the concrete mixture. It varies - Lime is used as a binding material directly with the amount of water in the - There are two types of limes name (1) fat mixture lime and (2) hydraulic lime b) Plasticity – the ease of with which fresh (1) FAT LIME – requires 2 to 3 times concrete can be molded or deformed of sand and it is used for dry work without segregation (2) HYDRAULIC LIME – 1:2 ratio of c) Mobility – the capacity of concrete to flow hydraulic lime and sand will give particularly during vibration good results in damp conditions and also suitable for water logged area - Finally, lime mortar has a high plasticity so it can be placed easily The pyramids of Giza are plastered with lime mortar Other Applications of Mortar b. Strength of Concrete c. Based on Bulk Density – heavy mortar and lightweight mortar - Measured in its ability to resist stresses caused by different forces (compression, tension, shear, and d. Based on Strength (ASTM C270) – type M, S, N, and O flexure) [17.2 MPa (2500 psi) to 2.5 MPa (350 psi)] - Grades of concrete are defined by the strength and composition of the concrete, and the minimum e. Based on Special Purpose – fire resistant, packing strength the concrete should have following 28 days mortar, sound absorbing mortar, X-ray shielding mortar, of initial construction chemical resistant mortar - The grade of concrete is understood in measurements of MPa, where M stands for mix and the MPa denotes the overall strength 4) CONCRETE Other Consideration in Concrete Mixing Concrete is an artificial stone as a result of mixing 1) Curing of Concrete cement, fine, and coarse aggregates, and water 2) Density of Concrete The conglomeration of these materials producing 3) Proportioning of Concrete solid mass is called plain concrete Concrete with embedded reinforcement such as steel is called reinforced concrete A composite material that consists essentially of a binding medium which are embedded particles or fragments of aggregate; in hydraulic-cement concrete, the binder is formed from a mixture of hydraulic cement and water (ASTM) if you fail to plan, you plan to fail 𐙚  CETE 011 CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING 2ND Semester | S.Y. 2023 – 2024 MODULE 03 SCAFFOLDING AND STAGING - Forms must be guarded against bulging and sagging failure that usually occur Topics Covered during the process of pouring a) Types of Formworks DIFFERENT FORMWORK MATERIALS b) Scaffolding and Staging 1) Plywood a. FORMWORKS - A manufactured product of timber which is also Concrete mixture is generally semi-fluid material that used for formworks produces the shape of anything to which it is poured. Thus, - It consists number of veneer sheets or plies in construction form is used to produce desired size, shape, layers and form of concrete. Nowadays, the use of plywood formwork increases Forms must be substantially strong and rigid enough to especially for facing panels sustain the weight and horizontal pressure of fresh ➔ The reason behind it is that the plywood formwork concrete provides smooth finish when compared to normal ➔ Forms must be watertight, simple, and economically timber formwork designed to be removed and reassembled easily ➔ Hence, finishing cost may be reduced by the use of without damaging to the forms and concrete plywoods EXTERIOR PLYWOOD – a special type of plywood used for formwork - The veneer sheets of exterior plywood are bonded with strong adhesive to make it watertight Basic Consideration in Selection of Formworks The plywood boards are available in thicknesses from 7mm 1) Cost of Materials to 32mm. - The primary consideration in all kinds of construction works In general, plywood of size 1220 x 2440 and 18mm thick - Most of the form should be viewed in boards are sufficient for most of the works. totality of its service rather than the unit ➔ For curved structures, special types of plywood with cost of the materials alone sufficient thickness are also available. - Computing the overall cost must be considered Advantages Disadvantages 2) Construction and Assembling Cost - Refers to the ease of assembling the forms a. Plywood can also be cut a. Dry timber may absorb - Cost under this consideration refers to the into required size easily water from wet concrete kind of materials, the manner of which result in the assembling, and the cost of labor b. Strong, durable, and reduction of strength in light in weight concrete structure c. Provides smooth finish b. Wet timber having high on the surface moisture content compresses the wet d. Very large size plywood concrete and forms cracks sheets are available which in the structure and grout 3) Number of Times it Could be Used makes the construction of may leak through joints - A certain form of material cost much higher formwork quicker and when shrinking occurs than the other but could be used for easier multiple times compared with that of a c. Timber forms have cheaper one that could be utilized only e. Curved formworks can limited usage once or twice also be prepared using 4) Strength and Resistance to Pressure, Wear, and plywood d. Thin plywood sheets cannot sustain the weight Tear of concrete; they may bow - Refers to the quality of the form to resist out if proper thickness is the weight and horizontal pressure of fresh not provided concrete if you fail to plan, you plan to fail 𐙚  CETE 011 CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING 2ND Semester | S.Y. 2023 – 2024 4) Plastics - Used for small concrete structures or for complex portions of the structure - It is light in weight and durable for long periods - For complicated concrete structures, Glass 2) Steel Reinforced Plastics (GRP) and vacuum formed plastics are used - Very costly but it can be used for more number of times than others Advantages Disadvantages - Provides excellent finish to the concrete surfaces - For mass structures like dams, bridges, etc., steel a. Light in weight and can a. Plastic is weak against formwork is strong and safe be easily handled heat Advantages Disadvantages b. Formwork for complex b. It is a costly material shaped structures can be a. Steel forms are durable a. Cost is very much higher prepared easily c. It does not take much and stronger load when compared with b. It is heavy in weight and c. Good resistant against others b. Provides uniform and requires lifting equipment water smooth surface finish to the for large structure structure formworks d. The damaged plastic sheets can be recycled and c. Great reusability c. Corrosion will occur useful to make new sheets when there is a frequent d. Easy to fix the formwork contact with water e. Good quality plastic has and also easy to dismantle great reusability d. The size and shapes of forms available are limited 3) Aluminum Other Formworks Materials - Often used for prefabricated formworks a. Timber - Getting more popular because of its lightweight and b. Magnesium good strength c. Fabric - It requires fewer supports and ties b. SCAFFOLDING AND STAGING Advantages Disadvantages Scaffolding a. Easy to fix and easy to a. When the load reaches A temporary dismantle its maximum limit, the structure or lighter sections may deflect wooden, stele or b. It can be handled easily other materials because of its light weight b. Architectural providing platform modifications are not for working men c. It can be re-used for possible when aluminum many times formwork is used to stand on while erection, repair, or d. The walls and slabs of renovation of a structures can be built structure using aluminum formwork Also termed as Temporary Framework Typically made from metal poles and wood planks, and is used to support construction workers, inspectors, cleaners, and others who need to work at a height if you fail to plan, you plan to fail 𐙚  CETE 011 CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING 2ND Semester | S.Y. 2023 – 2024 Staging 3) SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS – used in relocating and establishing all reference points, lines, and A more substantial framework progressively built up boundaries of the construction as tall building rise up 4) PLASTIC WATER HOSE – a transparent plastic The term staging is applied as it is build up in tube having a diameter of ¼” to ½” filled with water stages from one storey to the next floor used to establish horizontal lines A temporary structure which is used to support formworks (Shuttering and Centering) either it may This is a simple but accurate instrument be for slab, beams, or columns conveniently used in establishing horizontal Staging is done using props, jacks, H-frames, cup planes. lock systems, and wooden ballies 5) STRING OR CHORD – any medium of material such as steel wire, cotton, plastic, or nylon cord used for connecting established points or lines in the batter boards ➔ Other materials are paints, nails, and marking pins Scaffolding and staging is not simple as one may think of it. It requires trained and experienced men to do the work. ➔ The construction of large structures should be managed by knowledgeable person with special training and exposure in the field of construction MODULE 04 LAYING AND STAKING c. LAYING OUT PROCEDURES 1. Before doing any construction activity on the site, Topics Covered see to it that all necessary permits have been a) Introduction to Laying and Staking secured from local authorities concerned. b) Basic Materials, Equipment, and Instrument ➔ This will avoid inconvenience and c) Laying Out Procedures unnecessary expenses. 2. Relocate the boundaries of the construction site. a. INTRODUCTION TO LAYING AND STAKING In the absence of established corners and In building construction, layout and staking is the process of boundaries, Geodetic Engineer’s service is establishing the point of building outlines or perimeters on required. the ground or site where the building is to be constructed. ➔ There were several cases filed in court for It includes demolition, clearing, staking, batter boards, encroachment to adjoining property and establishing the exact location of the building post because of failure to locate the boundaries and walls that will rest on the ground. priori to the building layout and excavation 3. Clear the site of any existing structures, trees, and Others define layout and staking as the process of other obstructions that will disrupt the construction transferring the measurements of building activities. foundation plan to the ground or site of construction 4. Provide an onsite construction office and warehousing as one requirement in the b. BASIC MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT/INSTRUMENT construction. IN LAYING OUT 5. Apply and secure temporary electrical and water 1) STAKE – wooden sticks used as posts sharpened supply. at one end and driven into the ground to serve as 6. Construction sites must be securely fenced for boundaries or support of the horizontal batter security and safety. boards 7. Determine the building setback from the road line 2) BATTER BOARDS – wood stick nailed horizontally for establishing level lines. to the stake to serve as the horizontal plane where 8. Proceed with the construction of stakes and the building technical measurements are batter boards. established if you fail to plan, you plan to fail 𐙚  CETE 011 CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING 2ND Semester | S.Y. 2023 – 2024 MODULE 05 THE 22 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF PLUMBING PRINCIPLE 1 Keywords THE 1999 NATIONAL PLUMBING CODE OF THE Section 204.23 CROSS-CONNECTION PHILIPPINES any connection or arrangement, physical or Who is the Plumber? otherwise, between a potable water supply system and any plumbing fixture or tank, receptacle, PLUMBER – the one who works or engages in the equipment, or device, through which enables business of installing in buildings the pipes, fixtures, non-potable, used, unclean, polluted, contaminated and other apparatus for bringing in the water supply water or other substances to enter into any part of and removing liquid and waterborne wastes. such potable water systems under any condition DIFFERENT CATEGORIES OF PLUMBERS Section 203.1 BACKFLOW There are 3 categories of plumbers the flow of water or other liquids, mixtures, or substances into the distributing pipes of a potable 1. APPRENTICE PLUMBER supply of water from any source other than from its - a beginner at the trade who usually serves intended source for 3 to 5 years as a helper to a journeyman Section 203.5 BACK-SIPHONAGE 2. JOURNEYMAN PLUMBER - has served his apprenticeship and is the flowing back of used, contaminated, or polluted competent to perform the tasks of installing water from a plumbing fixture into a water supply and repairing the plumbing system due to a negative pressure in such pipe 3. MASTER PLUMBER - a person technically and legally qualified and licensed to practice the profession of Backflow Prevention Devices, Assembles, and Methods master plumbing without limitations in accordance with R.A. 1378 - having passed the examinations 202.6 AIRGAP, WATER DISTRIBUTION conducted by the Professional Regulation Commission An unobstructed vertical distance through the free - has received a Certificate of Registration atmosphere between the lowest opening from any pipe or from the Board of Master Plumbing and faucet conveying potable water to the flood level rim of any possesses the current License to Practice tank, vat, or fixture. (Sec. 214.5 NPC 1999) FIXTURES when not affected when affected THE PLUMBING CODE by side walls by side walls The Plumbing Code is a manifestation of the right of Lavatories and other fixtures with effective openings not greater 25 mm 38 mm the government to regulate the practice of the than 13mm in a diameter plumbing profession based on the principle of the protection of public health Sinks, laundry trays, gooseneck bath faucets, & other fixtures 38 mm 57 mm The basic goal of the National Plumbing Code of with effective opening widths not the Philippines is to ensure the qualified observance greater than 19mm in diameter of the latest provisions of the plumbing and environmental laws Over rim bath fillers and other fixtures with effective openings 51 mm 76 mm not greater than 25mm in Basic Principles that Govern the National Plumbing Code diameter of the Philippines Effective openings greater than 2 x the diameter 3 x the There are 22 basic principles of the 1999 National 25mm in diameter of effecting diameter of opening effective Plumbing Code of the Philippines which are updates of the opening tenets in the “Plumbing Law of the Philippines” approved on June 18, 1955 as amended on November 28, 1959, and revised on December 21, 1999. PRINCIPLE NO. 1 All premises intended for human habitation, occupancy or use shall be provided with a supply of pure and wholesome water, neither connected with unsafe supplies nor subject ot hazards of backflow or back siphonage if you fail to plan, you plan to fail 𐙚  CETE 011 CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING 2ND Semester | S.Y. 2023 – 2024 603.2.2 ATMOSPHERIC VACUUM BREAKER (AVB) WATER HAMMER – is a pressure surge or wave Has an air inlet valve that closes when the water flows in the resulting when a fluid in motion normal direction. But, as water ceases to flow the air inlet is forced to stop or change valve opens, thus interrupting the possible backsiphonage direction suddenly (momentum effect. change) ➔ Commonly occurs when a valve is closed suddenly at an end of a pipeline system and a pressure wave propagates in the pipe – it may be known as hydraulic shock ➔ This pressure wave can cause major problems from noise and vibration to pipe collapse AIR CHAMBER – is a space filled with air, commonly to act as cushion or shock absorber for equalizing the flow of liquid in a pump or part of the hydraulic system PRINCIPLE NO. 3 PRINCIPLE NO. 2 Plumbing shall be designed and adjusted to use the minimum quantity of water consistent with proper Plumbing fixtures, devices, and appurtenances shall be performance and cleaning. supplied with water in sufficient volume & at a pressure adequate to enable them to function satisfactorily & without PRINCIPLE NO. 4 undue noise under normal conditions of use. PRINCIPLE 2 Keyword: PRESSURE Devices for heating and storing water shall be so designed and installed as to prevent dangers from explosion through 607.1 INADEQUATE WATER PRESSURE overheating. Whenever the water pressure in the main or other source of PRINCIPLE NO. 5 supply will not provide a water pressure at least 103 kPa (15 psi) after allowing friction and other pressure losses, a hydro Every building having plumbing fixtures installed & intended pneumatic pressure tank or an elevated tank and booster for human habitation, occupancy, or use on premises pump will provide 103 kPa pressure. abutting on a street, alley, or easement where there is a public sewer, shall be connected to the public sewer system. 607.2 EXCESSIVE WATER PRESSURE PRINCIPLE NO. 6 When the local water pressure is in excess of 551 kPa (80 psi), an approved-type pressure regulator preceded by an Each family dwelling unit on premises abutting on a sewer or adequate sized strainer shall be installed to reduce pressure with a private sewage disposal system shall have at least 1 on the building side of the regulator to the required supply water closet & 1 kitchen-type sink. pressure. Further, a lavatory or bathtub shower shall be installed to meet the basic requirement of sanitation & personal hygiene. if you fail to plan, you plan to fail 𐙚  CETE 011 CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING 2ND Semester | S.Y. 2023 – 2024 PRINCIPLE NO. 7 501.2.4 AIR TEST Plumbing fixtures shall be made of smooth non-absorbent The air test shall be made by attaching an air compressor material, free from concealed fouling surfaces & shall be testing apparatus to any suitable opening, and after closing located in ventilated enclosures. all other inlets and outlets of the system, air is forced into the pipe system until there is a uniform gauge pressure of 34.5 PRINCIPLE NO. 8 kPa (5 psi) or sufficient to balance a column of mercury 254 mm in height. The drainage system shall be designed, constructed and maintained to The pressure shall be held without introduction of additional safeguard against fouling, deposit of air for a period of at least 15 minutes. solids, clogging and with adequate 501.2.6 WATER PIPING cleanouts so arranged that the pipes might be readily cleaned. Upon completion of a section or fo the entire hot and cold water supply systems, it shall be tested and proved tight PRINCIPLE NO. 9 under a water pressure not less than the working pressure under which it is to be used plus 50%. All piping of plumbing systems shall be of durable NAMPAP - APPROVED (National Master Plumbers Association of the ➔ The water for the test shall be obtained from a Philippines, Inc.) materials, free from defective potable source of supply. workmanship, designed & constructed by Registered Master Plumbers to ensure satisfactory service. A 344. kPa (50 psi) air pressure may be substituted for the water test. In either method of test, the piping shall withstand PRINCIPLE NO. 10 the test without leaking for a period of not less than 15 minutes. Each fixture directly connected to the drainage system shall be equipped with a PRINCIPLE NO. 14 water-sealed trap. No substance which will clog the pipes, PRINCIPLE NO. 11 produce explosive mixtures, destroy the pipes, or their joints or interfere unduly with The drainage piping system shall be designed to provide the sewage disposal process shall be adequate circulation of free air from siphonage, aspiration, or allowed to enter the building drainage forcing of trap seals under ordinary use system. PRINCIPLE NO. 12 PRINCIPLE NO. 15 Vent terminals shall extend to the outer Proper protection shall be provided to air and installed to preempt clogging and prevent contamination of food, water, sterile the return of foul air to the building. goods, & similar materials by backflow of sewage. When necessary, the fixture, device PRINCIPLE NO. 13 or appliance shall be connected indirectly with the building drainage system. Plumbing systems shall be subjected to such tests to effectively disclose all leaks and defects in the workmanship. PRINCIPLE NO. 16 No water closet shall be located in a room or compartment which is not properly lighted or ventilated. PRINCIPLE NO. 17 If water closets or other plumbing fixtures are installed in buildings where there is no PRINCIPLE 13 Keywords sewer within a reasonable distance, suitable provision shall be made for 501.2.2 TESTING MEDIA disposing of the building sewage by some accepted method of sewage treatment and The piping of the plumbing, drainage, and venting system disposal, such as septic tank. shall be tested with water or air. PRINCIPLE NO. 18 501.2.3 WATER TEST The water test shall be applied to the drainage and vent Where a plumbing drainage system may be subject to system either in its entirety or in sections. The water shall be backflow of sewage, suitable provision shall be made to kept for at least 15 minutes before inspection starts. prevent its overflow in the building. if you fail to plan, you plan to fail 𐙚  CETE 011 CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING 2ND Semester | S.Y. 2023 – 2024 PRINCIPLE NO. 19 Plumbing systems shall be maintained in serviceable condition by Registered Master Plumbers. PRINCIPLE NO. 20 All plumbing fixtures shall be properly spaced, to be accessible for their intended use. PRINCIPLE NO. 21 Plumbing shall be installed by Registered Master Plumbers with due regard to the preservation of the strength of structural members and the prevention of damage to walls and other surfaces through fixture usage. PRINCIPLE NO. 22 Sewage or other waste form a plumbing system which may be deleterious or subsurface waters shall not be discharged into the ground or onto any waterway, unless first rendered innocuous through subjection to some acceptable form of treatment. if you fail to plan, you plan to fail 𐙚