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Questions and Answers
What aspect of riprap's design is essential to resist displacement by water energy?
What aspect of riprap's design is essential to resist displacement by water energy?
What is a key benefit of using gabion systems in areas where construction equipment can't easily access?
What is a key benefit of using gabion systems in areas where construction equipment can't easily access?
What determines the thickness of wire mattresses used for channel linings according to FHA guidance?
What determines the thickness of wire mattresses used for channel linings according to FHA guidance?
Which materials can be used to fabricate gabion baskets or mattresses?
Which materials can be used to fabricate gabion baskets or mattresses?
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Which of the following statements about the stiffness of gabion systems is false?
Which of the following statements about the stiffness of gabion systems is false?
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What does the AASHTO Soil Classification System primarily classify?
What does the AASHTO Soil Classification System primarily classify?
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What particle size class does gravel fall into according to AASHTO?
What particle size class does gravel fall into according to AASHTO?
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How is the Plasticity Index (PI) calculated?
How is the Plasticity Index (PI) calculated?
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What is the moisture content at which a soil changes from liquid to plastic state called?
What is the moisture content at which a soil changes from liquid to plastic state called?
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Which type of fill materials is classified as GW, GM, or GP under the USCS?
Which type of fill materials is classified as GW, GM, or GP under the USCS?
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What does the term Atterberg Limits refer to in soil testing?
What does the term Atterberg Limits refer to in soil testing?
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Which of the following particle sizes is classified as Fine Sand according to AASHTO?
Which of the following particle sizes is classified as Fine Sand according to AASHTO?
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Which organization is responsible for establishing the AASHTO Soil Classification System?
Which organization is responsible for establishing the AASHTO Soil Classification System?
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What is the maximum liquid limit (LL) for Granular Fill as per the ATTERBERG LIMITS?
What is the maximum liquid limit (LL) for Granular Fill as per the ATTERBERG LIMITS?
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Which material is NOT typically used as Borrow Fill?
Which material is NOT typically used as Borrow Fill?
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According to the specifications, what is the maximum percentage of the fraction passing the No. 40 sieve in Borrow Fill?
According to the specifications, what is the maximum percentage of the fraction passing the No. 40 sieve in Borrow Fill?
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What is the minimum percentage by weight passing the No. 200 sieve for Base Course Materials?
What is the minimum percentage by weight passing the No. 200 sieve for Base Course Materials?
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What kind of materials are classified as Base Course Materials?
What kind of materials are classified as Base Course Materials?
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What is the range for the diameter of riprap gradations?
What is the range for the diameter of riprap gradations?
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What ASTM test determines the Plasticity Index (PI) for Granular Fill?
What ASTM test determines the Plasticity Index (PI) for Granular Fill?
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Which term describes a layer of stone placed to prevent erosion or scour?
Which term describes a layer of stone placed to prevent erosion or scour?
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Study Notes
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY
- Siteworks is a category of building technology.
- Acronyms related to earthworks: AASHTO, ANSI, ASTM, DPWH, USCS.
- AASHTO Soil Classification System classifies inorganic soils for subgrade materials, based on drainage and bearing capacity.
- AASHTO defines particle sizes: boulders (> 75mm), gravel (75mm to No.10 sieve), coarse sand (No.10 to No.40 sieve), fine sand (No.40 to No.200 sieve), silt-clay particles (< No.200 sieve).
- Atterberg Limits are tests performed on soils passing the No.40 sieve.
- Liquid Limit (LL) is the water content at which a soil changes from liquid to plastic state.
- Plastic Limit (PL) is the water content at which a soil begins to crumble when rolled into a thread.
- Plasticity Index (PI) is the difference between the Liquid Limit and Plastic Limit (LL - PL).
- Fill materials include soil, crushed stone, and sand. Classified using USCS.
- GW, GM, GP - Gravels with > 50% retained on No. 200 sieve and > 50% on No. 40 sieve.
- SW, SM - Sands with > 50% retained on No. 200 sieve and 50% or more passing No.40 sieve.
- Granular Fill or Filters are soil materials with a sand equivalent of at least 50% and prevent the movement of fine particles.
- Borrow Fill - selected laboratory-approved pit-run gravel, disintegrated granite, sand, shale, cinders or other similar materials with no more than 35% fraction passing the No. 200 sieve.
- Base Course Materials - hard, durable fragments of stone and a filler of sand or other finely divided mineral matter, free from vegetable matter and lumps of clay, complying with AASHO T-11 and T-26.
- Local Borrow Fill materials: BANDA Y BANDA, ESCOMBRO P5,000 per 15 – 16 cum, ESCOMBRO – BULIK (for Rip-rap)
- Riprap is a layer of stone placed to prevent erosion.
- Gabion System - wire-enclosed riprap mats or baskets filled with small riprap and anchored.
- Geosynthetics - construction materials consisting of synthetic components for use with or within earth materials.
- Categories of geosynthetics: geotextiles, geomembranes, geocomposites, geonets, and geocells.
- Geotextiles are a woven or nonwoven fabric made from: polyester or polypropylene; used for separation, filtration, and in-plane drainage.
- Geomembranes are continuous polymeric sheets that are impermeable.
- Geocomposites consist of a combination of geosynthetic components, usually sheet or edge drains.
- Geonets consist of a continuous extrusion of polymeric ribs that form void space through which in-plane flow capacity can be achieved.
- Geocells are three-dimensional prefabricated polymeric systems used for stabilizing soft subgrades and protection of steep slopes.
- Slope-Erosion Protection Materials - temporary and permanent. Open mesh polymeric systems (e.g., coir jute) and combinations of polymeric and biodegradable mesh.
- Termite and Bukbok Proofing: Physical barriers, Chemical barriers, Colony Elimination (Bait) System.
- Termite Resistant Sand
- Termite Mesh
- Home Construction
- Pre-construction chemical barriers.
- Vertical chemical barriers
- Horizontal chemical barriers
- Colony Elimination (Bait) System
- Choker Aggregate
- Hot Mix Asphalt or Asphaltic Concrete
- Cold Mix Asphalt or Asphaltic Concrete
- Asphaltic Macadam
- Asphalt Overlay
- Cementing Materials
- Lime - one of the oldest manufactured building materials made from calcination of limestone (carbonates of calcium and magnesium); used as a mortar and plaster.
- Quicklime, slaked lime (hydrated lime)
- Gypsum - used as a plaster.
- Portland cement - a finely pulverized clinker made from a mix of argillaceous and calcareous materials, includes iron oxide(III) and other ingredients.
- Storage of Cement
- Concrete - a mix of cement, aggregate and water which hardens into a stone-like material.
- Qualities of good concrete
- Materials of concrete - cement, aggregates, water
- Slump test
- Proportioning of concrete - use good quality materials; determine water-cement ratio; determine consistency using slump test; adding correct aggregate amounts to achieve desired consistency
- Mixing of concrete
- Machine mixing
- Hand Mixing
- Transporting and placing of concrete
- Shrinkage of concrete & temperature changes
- Curing of concrete
- Treatments of lumber
- Preservation of lumber
- Deterioration of lumber
- Deforestation of lumber
- Types and sizes of lumber
WOOD AND PLASTICS
- Properties of Wood as building material
- Classification of Wood
- Softwoods
- Hardwoods
- Structure of Wood - Sapwood and Heartwood
- Properties of Wood including Hardness, Flexibility, and Durability
- Defects of Wood (Decay, Checks, Shakes, Knots, Pitchpockets, Wane, and Warping)
- Methods of sawing: Plainsawing, Quartersawing
- Classification of Lumber
- Measurement of Lumber: Board Feet
- Seasoning of Lumber - Air drying and Kiln drying
- Deterioration of Lumber - Decay and Insects
- Preservation of Lumber - Oil-type and Water-borne preservatives
WOOD COMPOSITES
- Plywood - most common wood composite, made by gluing multiple layers of thin veneer together with the grain of each layer at right angles to the adjacent ones;
- Hardboard
- Chipboard
- Fiberboards
- Medium Density Fiberboards
- MDF - a type of hardboard - made of wood fibers glued under heat and pressure, dense, non-porous, and resistant to moisture
- Gypsum Boards
- Fiber cement boards
- Particle board
MILLWORK
- Millwork encompasses finished lumber cuts and processed at a lumber mill
- Types of wood molding
PLASTICS USED IN ARCHITECTURE
- Classification of plastics
- Thermoplastics
- Thermosetting plastics
- Acrylic - a transparent material, used in windows, skylights, cladding, lighting fixtures.
- Cellulosics
- Polyethylene (PE)
- Polystyrene
- Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
- Polycarbonates
- Polypropylene
- Nylons
- Fluoroplastics
- ABS - acrylonitrile butadiene styrene - a versatile and high-strength substance
DOORS AND WINDOWS
- Glass
- Types of flat glass (Sheet, Plate, Float)
- Other types of glass (Annealed, Heat-strengthened, Tempered, Laminated)
- Wired Glass, Patterned Glass, Obscure glass, Insulating glass
- Tinted Glass
- Reflective glass
- Low-emissivity (low-e) glass
HARDWARE
- Nails
- Screws
- Bolts
- Characteristics of nails
- Types of nails
- Driving and fastening techniques
- Handling nail fasteners
- Screw sizes, types and materials
- Bolt types and sizes
- Washers and their uses
- Expansion bolts
- Toggle bolts
- Rivets
- Explosive rivets
- Adhesives - types, applications, characteristics, etc
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