UCSP Comprehensive Reviewer PDF

Republic of the Philippines Bicol Region **MRDA Academic Center, Inc.** *San Isidro, Calabanga, Camarines Sur* *School ID. 409817* **BASIC EDUCATION DEPARTMENT** **UNDESTANDING CULTURE SOCIETY AND POLITICS** **COMPREHENSIVE REVIEWER** **Branches of Social Science** 1. Anthropology -- Study...

Republic of the Philippines Bicol Region **MRDA Academic Center, Inc.** *San Isidro, Calabanga, Camarines Sur* *School ID. 409817* **BASIC EDUCATION DEPARTMENT** **UNDESTANDING CULTURE SOCIETY AND POLITICS** **COMPREHENSIVE REVIEWER** **Branches of Social Science** 1. Anthropology -- Study of Human Kind 2. Economics -- Concentrates on how particular society solves its problem of scarcity of resources 3. Geography -- study of the features of the earth and the location of living things on the planet 4. History -- branch of knowledge that attempts to ascertain, record and explain facts and events that happened in the past 5. Linguistics -- a filed of knowledge involving the scientific study of language as a universal and recognizable aspect of human behavior and capacity 6. Political Science -- study of governments and how to govern its people 7. Sociology -- a field of study dealing with the systematic study of patterns of human interaction 8. Psychology -- deals with the nature of human behavior, and both internal and external factors that affect these behaviors **Understanding Anthropology, Sociology and Political Science** **Anthropology** - What does it mean to be human? - Who are you? - Where do you come from? Anthropology started as a science during the **time of exploration** when European countries started to colonize what they considered as primitive societies where people were believed to be savages and barbaric. Let it be clear that anthropology started as the study of non-European people by European people **(outward)** During their colonial encounter with these people, Europeans started to make a written records about non-Europeans. They focus on kinship, language, race, religion, cultural perceptions, and others. **Franz Boas** --considered as the father of **modern American anthropology**. His study led to the doctrine of "historical particularism," where he stated that each **society is considered as having a unique form of culture** that cannot be understood under an overall definition of general culture. Anthropology is the study of people and their culture. It uses a special research method known as ethnography in which anthropologists are required to live with their subject of study for a long period of time in order to make their writings more reliable and credible. Biological anthropology refers to the study of human origins (genetics, race, evolutions, fossils, primates). Cultural anthropology is the study of living people (religion, social system, language, clothing, foods, beliefs, traditions, etc). Linguistics is the study of language, its evolution, its connection to other languages, and others. Archeology refers to the study of dead culture (religion, social system, language, how they dress, foods, beliefs, traditions, etc). **The goals of anthropology are the following: -** - See the commonalities among people (tradition, language, kinship, etc). -- - Look at what makes us the same to understand more about human nature. - Discover what makes people different from each other in order to understand and preserve diversity - Produce new knowledge and new theories about mankind and behavior - Look at one's own culture more objectively. **Sociology** - How do we study society? - What are the things that you think influence your life? - What is life to people living in places with different culture and behavior? Sociology emerged as an academic field right at the height of the Industrial Revolution in Europe which mobilized the entire population in a way that had never been before in human history. These era had brought great changes in the way people live in a society Sociology started as the study of European society by European people **(inward).** During that time, emerging institutions arose and replaced the old ones such as how science was taking over religion, when the reign of kings and queens fell down, and when the era of feudalism had ended. People saw the importance of studying these emerging institutions and how they started and what impact they could make to an individual and the new society in general **Auguste Comte --** French philosopher and mathematician. He coined the term sociology. He saw the need for a systematic science of studying society and in dealing with the solution of its basic problems. Sociology is the study of society, patterns of social interactions, and culture of everyday life. Unlike anthropology, the knowledge created by sociology is used to understand one's own society. Sociologists use qualitative research methods in doing their studies. Anything in a society that influences people's lives can be subjects of inquiry, like different social phenomena, issues, and problems. Sociologists can also look into things that influence life like family background, socio-economic status, ethnicity, social classes, religion, gender, beliefs, traditions, norms, among others. Some fields are social organization, social psychology, applied sociology, and human ecology. **The goals of Sociology are the following:** - Obtain possible theories and principles about society as well as various aspects of social life. - Study the nature of humanity to further examine our roles within a society. - Appreciate that all things in society are interdependent. - Expose our minds to different perspectives in attaining truth **Political Science** Politics impacts our lives directly or indirectly, whether we are aware of its effects or not. If there is a crime that took place, we call the police, and this scheme is part of the government. If there was a fire that occurred, we call the fire department, and that's also a part of the government. Military is government as well, let alone our civil liberty and our rights which have influences on us daily. In school, you were asked to read by heart the Constitution. When you are apprehended by an authority, you asked your violation and insisted on your legal rights. Even inside your house, there are still set of rules that are being enforced and followed. All these things are related to a field called Political Science. - The study of political science was started by the ancient Greeks - Aristotle in his book "Politics" stated that Man is a political animal. It means that it is our nature to live in a society and to have power over another. - Political Science is the systematic study of government, politics, and political power. - It is often defined as who gets what, when, where and how. - political theory, philosophy and different political ideologies - public management - human rights - international relations and foreign policies - Make people a better citizen. - Keep social order and harmony among different groups of people - Protect the rights of an individual - Avoid conflict and promote cooperation **Human Cultural Variations** 1. **Culture-** serves as a "tool kit" that provides us with the equipment necessary to deal with the common problems of everyday life (Swidler 1986; Brinkerhoff et al 1995). 2. **Environment**- Why do Filipinos different from Eskimos and Dumagats from Badjaos? Environmental condition is one of the evident reason as inhabitants must adapt in order to survive. 3. **Isolation**- as one society cut its interaction from other society, this follows a creation of a set of norms and values distinct from the previous culture 4. **Technology**- when tools has become available to one culture, it likely affects not only the norms and values but also its economic and social interactions and relationships. 5. **Dominant Cultural Themes**- new ideas and inventions introduced to a society are usually accepted only when they fit into the existing culture or represent changes that can be absorbed without too greatly distorting the prevailing patterns. 6. **Social Differences** - refer to the dissimilarities among the individuals that is based on their social characteristics and qualities. 7. **Social Change** - may not only be regarded as a process but also as a means, an end or even as a social movement, a condition involving a program, an ideology and a problem. 8. **Political Identity** - associated with a group affiliation and describes the ways in which being a member of a particular group might express specific political opinion and attitudes. **Modes of Acquiring Culture** 1. Imitation -- Duplication of Culture 2. Indoctrination -- Culture is formally taught 3. Enculturation -- Learning own culture for necessity 4. Acculturation -- Learning other culture through long contacts 5. Conditioning -- Learned through reward and punishment 6. Amalgamation -- Intermarriage 7. Immersion -- New mode of acquiring culture through exposure 8. Socialization -- Fitting into the organized way of life **Modes of Adapting to Culture** 1. Cultural Relativism -- There is no specific standard to judge other culture 2. Culture Shock -- A sense of confusion and uncertainty sometimes with feelings of anxiety that may affect people exposed to an alien environment or culture without adequate preparation 3. Culture Lag -- The notions that society takes time to adjust to technological changes 4. Accommodation -- Learning new culture and adding it t your culture without losing your true cultural identity 5. Assimilation -- Learning new culture and forgetting previous cultural identity 6. Ethnocentrism -- The view where an individual sees his/her culture as superior than that of others 7. Xenocentrism -- The view where an individual sees his/her culture as inferior from that of others 8. Folkways -- Te general rules, customary and habitual ways an dpatterns of expected behavior with the society 9. Mores -- Ethical and moral values which strongly held and emphasized in which if violated can lead to severe penalties 10. Laws -- Formalized norms enacted by the government and enforced by the political and legal authorities Prepared by: **RAFFY PIOLO P. SOLIS, LPT** Subject Teacher