Social Science Disciplines PDF

Lesson 0: RECALL ABOUT THE BRANCHES OF SOCIAL SCIENCE Natural Science Is a branch that deals with the physical world. They always use scientific method. Social Science Is the study of human society and social relationship DISCIPLINES IN SOCIAL SCIENCES Political Scienc...

Lesson 0: RECALL ABOUT THE BRANCHES OF SOCIAL SCIENCE Natural Science Is a branch that deals with the physical world. They always use scientific method. Social Science Is the study of human society and social relationship DISCIPLINES IN SOCIAL SCIENCES Political Science Primarily studies human behavior in relation to political systems, governments, laws and international relations. Geography Is the study of interaction between people and their environments. Economics Studies the allocation of scarce resources and the production and exchange of goods and services in society. Anthropology Is the scientific study of humans and their cultures in the past and present time History Is the systematic of human past events in order to understand the meaning, dynamics, and relationship of the cause and effects of events in the development of societies. Psychology Studies how human mind works in consonance with the body to produce thoughts that lead to individual actions. Sociology Is a systematic study of people behavior in groups Demography According to the Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research (2016), demography is the scientific study of human populations across time. Linguistics Studies the nature of language through an examination of the formal properties of natural language, grammar, and the process of language acquisition. ILDEFONSO C. VERGARA JR. Social Sciences Is made of several disciplines (fields/areas) and these include economics, anthropology, sociology, psychology, demography, geography, history, linguistics, economics, and political science. As a body of scientific knowledge, the social sciences provide diverse set of lenses that helps us understand and explain the different facets of human society. The varieties of lens that social sciences study refer to the different fields of the social sciences that investigate human society. Applied Social Sciences Is the branch of study that applies the different concepts, theoretical models, and theories of the social sciences disciplines to help understand society and the different problems and issues. The applies social sciences are utilized to provide alternative solutions to the diverse problem of the society. Applied Social Sciences Are those academic social science disciplines, professions, and occupations which seek to use basic social knowledge to make impact on the daily life of communities, organizations, and people. It introduces the applied social science of Counseling, Social Work, and Communication Studies which draw their foundation from the theories and principles of psychology, sociology, anthropology, linguistic, and other social sciences. DISCIPLINES AND IDEAS IN APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCES Counseling Is one of the fields of applied social sciences as an application of the social sciences, counseling provides guidance, help, and support to individuals who are distraught by a diverse set of problems in their lives. Social Work Practitioners who help individuals, families, and groups, communities, to improve their individual and collective well-being. Communication Studies Applied social sciences provide adequate training for careers in the field of journalism and mass communication because of multidisciplinary knowledge and skills that graduates learn from social sciences. ILDEFONSO C. VERGARA JR. DISCIPLINE OF COUNSELING AS AN APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCE Counseling Counseling provides guidance, assistance and support to individuals who are distracted by a range of problems in their lives. Professional guidance is provided to the individual through counseling, and this is done through the application of psychological methods such as the collection of case history data, personal interviews and skills tests. The ultimate aim of counseling is to enable the client to make their own choices, reach their own decisions and act on them. is a discipline that is involved in the provision of assistance or guidance in decision-making especially in emotionally significant situations. It is an avenue where trustworthy experts helps clients explore and understand their worlds and so discover better ways of thinking and living GOALS OF COUNSELING 1. Development Goals - assist in meeting or advancing the client's human growth and development including social, personal, emotional, cognitive and physical wellness. 2. Preventive Goals - helps the client avoid some undesired outcome. 3. Enhancement Goals - enhance special skills and abilities. 4. Remedial Goals - assisting client to overcome and treat an undesirable development. 5. Exploratory Goals - examining options, testing of skills, trying new and different activities, etc. 6. Reinforcement Goals - helps client in recognizing that what they are doing, thinking and feeling is fine. 7. Cognitive Goals - involves acquiring the basic foundation of learning and cognitive skills. 8. Physiological Goals - involves acquiring the basic understanding and habit for good health. 9. Psychological Goals - aids in developing good social interaction skills, learning emotional control and developing positive self-concept. ILDEFONSO C. VERGARA JR. NEEDS FOR COUNSELING 1. To help in the total development of the student: Along with the intellectual development proper motivation and clarification of goals and ideas to pupils in conformity with their basic potentialities and social tendencies are important total development of the student 2. To help in the proper choices of courses 3. To help in the proper choices of carvers 4. To help in the students in vocational development 5. To develop readiness for choices and changes to face new challenges. 6. To minimize the mismatching between education and employment and help in the efficient use of manpower. 7. To motivate the youth for self - employment. ILDEFONSO C. VERGARA JR. Benefits of Counseling a) improved communication and interpersonal skills b) greater self-acceptance and self-esteem c) ability to change self- defeating behaviors/habits d) better expression and management of emotions, including anger e) relief from depression, anxiety or other mental health conditions f) increased confidence and decision-making skills g) ability to manage stress effectively h) improved problem-solving and conflict resolution abilities SIMILARITIES BETWEEN COUNSELORS AND PSYCHOLOGIST are mental health practitioners can diagnose and treat mental condition can provide psychotherapy help clients improve their well being may specialize in a particular area such as working with children, adults or couples DIFFERENCES BETWEEN COUNSCELORS AND PSYCHOLOGIST Counselors Usually have a master's degree. mainly address client's emotional and relationship issues through talk therapy and skills development. often work in school or career settings. Psychologist Have a doctorate degree primarily treat clients with serious mental health conditions as well as pursue research and teaching. often work in medical and mental health clinics What Counseling is Not? The counselor shares confidential personal information with another family member when there is no handled by professionally trained person who helped solved problems to orient and direct him towards a goal. The counselor attempts to solve the problem compelling reason to do so. The counselor forms a too-close relationship with a client The counselor labels the client. ILDEFONSO C. VERGARA JR.  Counselling is a specific process of assistance extended by an expert in an individual situation to a needy person ❖ When counselors counsel, wounds are opened, feelings will be explored and perception and growth will be secured as the counselor and client journey to wellness and back to functionality in society (Corey, 2015). BASIC PRINCIPLES OF COUNSELING Principles of Learning the presence of the learning elements in the entire process are accepted and recognized. Principles of Acceptance the counselors show positive regards and accepts the client irrespective of who she/he is. The client should be given due regards to his/her rights. Principles of Permissiveness developing optimism through professional relationship allows freedom of choice and behavior. Principle of Respect for the Individual This is an attitude, which portrays the belief that every person is a worthy being that is competent to decide what he or she really wants, has the potential for growth, and has the abilities to achieve what he or she really wants from life. Principle of Thinking with the Individual It is the role of the counselor to put him/herself in the shoes of the counselee in order to analyze his/her thoughts. ETHICAL PRINCIPLES OF COUNSELING Autonomy of individuals is based on the right to freedom of action and freedom of choice in so far as the pursuit of these freedom does not interfere with the freedom of others; counseling cannot happen unless the client has made a free choice to participate Principle of Non maleficence This refers to instruction to all helpers or healers that they must, above all, do no harm; Beneficence refers to the order to promote human welfare. ILDEFONSO C. VERGARA JR. Principle of Justice Concerned with the fair distribution of resources and services, unless there is some acceptable reason for treating them differently. For counseling, the principle has particular relevance to the question access Principle of Fidelity Shares to the presence of loyalty, reliability, dependability and action in good faith. The rule of confidentiality reveals the importance of fidelity; entering into a contract means to stay with the client and give the case his/her efforts SCOPE OF COUNSELING Individual Counselling Adolescent identity, concerns, teen-parent relationships, peer relationships Anxiety Anger management Children's concerns within the family unit, sibling relationships, school experiences, peer relationships Depression Family of origin dynamics and issues Gender. identity, sexuality, homosexuality Relationships: personal and interpersonal dynamics Sexual abuse recovery Seniors: challenges, limitations, transitions Singles: single, newly single, single through divorce or being widowed Spirituality Stress management Workplace stress and relationships Young adult: identity, relationships, vocation Marital and Pre-Marital Counselling Marital and relational dynamics Extended family relationships Fertility issues Family Counselling Adolescent and child behaviors within family dynamics Adult children Divorce and separation issues and adjustment Family dynamics: estrangement, conflict, communication Family of origin / extended family issues Life stages and transitions ILDEFONSO C. VERGARA JR. Licensed Professional Counselors may for a fee, salary, or other considerations. 1. Afford counseling services to individuals, groups, organizations, or the general public compromising of: application of clinical counseling principles, methods, or procedures to assist individuals in realizing effective personal, social, educational, or career development and adjustment. 2. "apply clinical counseling principles, methods, and procedures", means an approach to counseling that emphasizes the counselor's role in systematically assisting clients through all of the following: assessing and analyzing emotional conditions, exploring possible solutions, and developing and providing treatment plan for mental and emotional adjustment or development. It may include counseling, appraisal, consulting, supervision, administration, and referral. 3. Engage in the diagnosis and treatment of mental and emotional disorders when under the supervision of a professional clinical counselor, psychologist, psychiatrists, independent marriage and family therapist, or independent social worker. 4. Provide training supervision for students and registered counselor trainees when services are within their scope of practice, which does not include supervision of the diagnosis and treatment of mental and emotional disorders. ❖ Counselors should enter the helping process with a sincere respect for their clients, an open and genuine attitude, and intention of helping their clients to empower themselves and take responsibility for their own lives. GUIDANCE COUNSELOR is a natural person who has been registered and issued a valid Certificate of Registration and a valid Professional Identification Card by the Professional Regulatory Board of Guidance and Counseling and the Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) in accordance with this Act and by virtue of specialized training performs for a fee, salary or other forms of compensation, the functions of guidance and counseling under Section 3 (a) of this Act. ILDEFONSO C. VERGARA JR. ROLES AND FUNCTIONS OF COUNSELORS Role refer to a specific character or position counselors play in the exercise of the profession. Function refer to the job description or responsibilities and obligations associated with the roles of counselors. Gibson and Mitchell (2003) defined counselor functions as guidance activities, and comprised a list of ten activites that serve as a guideline for the overall function of guidance counselors INDIVIDUAL ASSESSMENT Seeks to identify the characteristics and potential of every client;promotes the client's self-understanding and assisting counselors to understand the client better INDIVIDUAL COUNSELING It is a client-centered process that demand confidentiality. Relationship is established between counselor and client. GROUP COUNSELING AND GUIDANCE Groups are means of providing organized and planned assistance to individuals for an array of needs. Counselor provides assistance through group counseling and group guidance CAREER ASSISTANCE Provide career planning and adjustment assistance to clients. PLACEMENT AND FOLLOW-UP A service of school counseling programs with emphasis one educational placements in course and programs REFERRAL It is the practice of helping the clients find needed expert assistance that the referring counselor cannot provide CONSULTATION It is the process of helping a client through a third party or helping system improve its service to its clientele RESEARCH It is necessary to advance the profession of counseling; it can provide empirically based data relevant to the ultimate goal of implementing effective counseling. ILDEFONSO C. VERGARA JR. EVALUATION AND ACCOUNTABILITY Evaluation is a means of assessing the effectiveness of counselor's activities. Accountability is an out growth of demand that schools and other tax- supported institutions be held accountable for their actions PREVENTION This includes promotion of mental health through primary prevention using a social-psychological perspective COUNSELING AND IT'S WORK SETTINGS Counselors In Schools counselors are recognized especially in the preventive interventions and developmental stage. The counseling service in the schools is usually located under the student affairs program. Counselors In The Community Setting refers to employment in community, agency, and other non- school professional situations. Counselors can be found in the community and mental health agencies, employment and rehabilitation agencies, correctional settings, and marriage and family practice. Counselors In The Private Sector refers to counselors who decided to do fulltime work as private practitioners or engage in part-time private practice while employed by community agencies. This is feasible if the counselors' expertise and specialization match or relevant to an adequate client population in the geographic area. Counselors In The Government is into social welfare, health, and education. Relevant agencies or institutions include public schools, public social welfare agencies such as that for the youth, children, and aging ILDEFONSO C. VERGARA JR. CAREER OPPORTUNITIES AND AREAS OF SPECIALIZATION OF COUNSELORS Marriage And Family Counseling refers to the efforts to establish an encouraging relationship with couple or family and appreciate the complications in the family system. Child And Adolescent Counseling is a developing area of expertise in counseling profession. The counseling strategies focus on helping children and adolescents acquire coping skills. Group Counseling is the dynamic field in the counseling profession. It can be located in most counseling programs and became the essential part of counselors system. It offers opportunities to members to learn from observing other group members. Career Counseling is an evolving ang challenging counseling field. This type of counseling aids individual on decisions and planning concerning their career School Counseling refers to the process of reaching out students with concerns on drugs, family and peers or gang involvement. The job requires sensitivity to individual differences and considers diversity in enhancing educational perspective Mental Health Counseling is manifested in the challenges posed by its clientele with mental disorders. The job requires patience, humility, kindness, and compassion ILDEFONSO C. VERGARA JR. RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES, AND ACCOUNTABILITIES OF COUNSELORS THE COUNSELING RELATIONSHIP Client welfare Counselor's primary responsibility is to respect the dignity and promote the welfare of clients. They are also expected to encourage client's growth. Counselors and clients are expected to work together in crafting individual counseling plans consistent with the client's circumstances. Respecting Diversity Counselors shall respect differences and understand the diverse cultural backgrounds of their clients. Client Rights Counselors shall disclose the purposes, goals, techniques, procedures, limitations, potential risks, benefits of the services to be performed and other pertinent information to the client throughout the counseling process. Clients Served by others In cases where the client is receiving services from another mental health professional, with client's consent, inform the professional person already involved to develop an agreement. Personal Needs and values Maintain the clients and avoid actions that seek to meet personal needs at the expense of the clients. Dual Relationships Counselors are aware of their influential position over their clients avoid the exploiting the trust and dependency of the clients. Counselors should not accept as superiors or subordinates' clients. Sexual Intimacies with Clients Counselors should not have any type of sexual intimacies with clients and do not counsel persons with whom they have sexual relationship. Counselors should not also engage with sexual intimacies with their former clients within a minimum of two years. Multiple Clients In cases where counselors agree to provide counseling services to two or more persons who have a relationship, counselors clarify at the outset which person or persons are clients and the nature of relationship they will have with each other involved person. Group Work In group setting, counselors take reasonable precautions to protect clients from physical or psychological trauma. Fees Prior to entering the counseling relationship, the counselors clearly explain the clients all financial arrangements related to professional fee ILDEFONSO C. VERGARA JR. CONFIDENTIALITY Right to Privacy Counselors respect a client's right to privacy and avoid illegal and unwarranted disclosures of unwarranted information. The right to privacy may be waived by the clients or their legally recognized representative. The general requirement that the counselors keep the information confidential does not apply when disclosure is required to prevent clear and imminent danger to the client or others or when legal requirements demand that confidential information is be revealed. Counselors who received information confirming that a client has a disease known to be communicable and fatal is justified in disclosing information to an identifiable third party, who by his/her relationship with the client is at high risk of contracting the disease. When court orders the counselors to release confidential information without client's permit, counselors request to the court that the disclosure should not be required due to potential harm to client or counseling relationship. Group and Families In group work, counselors clearly define confidentiality and parameters for the specific group being entered, explain its importance, and discuss difficulties related to confidentiality involved in group work. In family counseling, information about one family cannot be disclosed to another member without permission. Minor Incompetent client When counseling clients who are minors or individuals who are unable to give voluntary, informed consent, parents or guardians may be included in the counseling process as appropriate THE COUNSELING PROCESS STAGE ONE: RELATIONSHIP BUILDING This is the heart of counselling process because it provides the force and foundation for the counselling to succeed. This stage involves establishing rapport. ILDEFONSO C. VERGARA JR. STAGE TWO: ASSESSMENT AND DIAGNOSIS One of the most crucial stages. This serves as the window for the counsellor to have a thorough appreciation of the client’s condition. It entails analysis of the root causes of problems. STAGE THREE: FORMULATION OF COUNSELING GOALS Goals are important as it sets the direction of the counselling process. It shall serve as the parameter of work and the client-counselor relationship. STAGE FOUR: INTERVENTION AND PROBLEM SOLVING The guidelines include the following: (a) the counselor has to provide a mapping of the different approaches offered, (b) describe the role of the counselor and client for each procedure, (c) identify possible risks and benefits that may come, and (d) estimate the time and cost of each procedure. Kafner and Busemeyer identified the six-stage model for problem solving: (1) problem detection, (2) problem definition (3) identification of alternative solutions (4) decision-making (5) execution, and (6) verification. STAGE FIVE: TERMINATION AND FOLLOW –UP. The essential goal in counselling is to witness a client progress on his/her own without the assistance of the counselor. There are four components of termination which were identified by Quintan and Holahan: 1. Discussion of the end of counselling 2. Review of the course of counselling 3. Closure of the counsellor-client relationship. 4. Discussion of the client's future and post-counselling plan. STAGE SIX: RESEARCH AND EVALUATION This stage can be undertaken at any point in the counselling stage. Research and evaluation are fundamental part of the evaluation. ILDEFONSO C. VERGARA JR. THE CLIENTELE AND AUDIENE OF COUNSELING The Clientele Of Counseling Could Be: Students, Family, Unemployed, Drug And Alcohol Dependent, Abused Children, Community METHODS OF COUNSELING Psychodynamic Approach tries to help clients understand long-standing conflicts from the past which helps the client become more self-aware and bring what is unconscious into consciousness. It focuses on the fact that many of the personal troubles in life are the result of mental processes that are hidden from us. Experiential Approach is an approach to psychotherapy that includes recreational activities, various expressive modalities, and other physical and emotional activities. Children, teens, and adults can learn to identify and focus on their feelings through hands-on activities or role-play. Experiential therapy is a type of addiction treatment that is applied on top of talk therapy. It is often available during addiction treatment as a way to help a person to regain more control and to see situations in new ways BENEFITS 1. Resolving past conflicts 2. Improved self-awareness 3. It teaches being proactive 4. Building healthy relationship Cognitive-Behavioral Approach emphasis on helping individuals learn to be their own therapists. aims to help you identify and challenge unhelpful thoughts and to learn practical self-help strategies. Eclectic Approach is an integrative approach to psychotherapy that aims to discover and implement the most effective treatment for each individual. seeks to directly meet the client and their needs by drawing from multiple therapy approaches in order to select the best treatment for each individual client. ILDEFONSO C. VERGARA JR. SOCIAL WORK is a practice-based profession and an academic discipline that promotes social change and development, social cohesion, and the empowerment and liberation of people. Principles of social justice, human rights, collective responsibility and respect for diversities are central to social work. is a profession that deals with the person's interaction with their environment. help to develop human being and assist other institutions in attaining the basic human needs of the people and in empowering the lost, the least and the last. GOALS OF SOCIAL WORK Caring refers to the heart of social work and it focuses on the well-being or the welfare and comfort of the individual and community. Curing refers to the aspect of treating people with problems in social functioning (social functioning refers to the way in which people perform their social roles, and the structural institutions that are provided to sustain them). Changing refers to the active participation of the social workers in social reforms SOCIAL FUNCTIONING defined as the is match between the needs and abilities of individuals and the opportunities and demands of the environment (Macht 1986). It relates to living up to the expectations made by the self, the immediate social community, and the society at large of an individual SCOPE OF SOCIAL WORK 1. Child Development Social Work 2. Medical Social Work 3. Clinical Social Work 4. International Social Work 5. Crisis Intervention 6. Criminal Justice 7. Women Welfare 8. Social work as community organizer 9. Social work administration and management ILDEFONSO C. VERGARA JR. IN TERMS OF CHILD WELFARE a) The adoption and services to unmarried parents – the difficult decision of unmarried parents whether to keep the baby or place the child for adoption. b) The foster care – removes the children from their homes and placing them temporarily in a foster care. c) The residential care – a group care home or a residential treatment centre for children d) The support in own homes – provides support services in order to keep children in their own homes. e) The protective services – protect the child from child abuse, maltreatment, and exploitation by one or both parents FAMILY SERVICES: a) Family counselling b) Family life education - an intervention to strengthen the family through educational activities that seek to prevent family breakdown. c) Family planning - assisting the families plan the number, spacing, and timing of the births of children to fit with their needs. INCOME MAINTENANCE a) Public assistance – refers to the provision of the financial aid to the poor. Services include cash grants, food stamps, general assistance such as hospital and medical care, and supplemental security income. b) Social insurances – social provisions that are funded by employers and employees through contributions to a specific program. c) The other income maintenance programs - include cash in kind benefits, emergency support funds, and other resources which can be used by the poor for food and shelter. AGING: a) The support for people in their own homes program - consists of helping older people remain in their own homes by linking them with community programs that bring health care services into their homes. b) The support for people in long-term care facilities program - refers to nursing home care services into their homes. INDUSTRY: a) Support to both the managers and the employees of the companies. They make themselves available to the employees with social problems for individual, family, and group counselling. b) Provide information to the managers as basis for management decisions that might have an impact on the social atmosphere in the working environment. MEDICAL AND HEALTH CARE a) Attend to the social and psychological factors that are contributing to the medical condition of the patients. b) Link patients with community resources. c) Provide necessary counselling, and link with self-help groups. ILDEFONSO C. VERGARA JR. SCHOOLS, the primary tasks of social workers in schools: a) Facilitate the provision of direct educational and social services and provide direct social case work and group work services to selected students b) Act as a pupil advocate, focusing on urgent needs of the selected group of students; c) Consult with school administrators major problems; d) Consult with teachers about techniques for creating a climate in which children are freed and motivated to learn by interpreting social and cultural influences in the lives of students; e) Organize parent and community groups to channel concerns about students and the school to improve school and community relations. ROLES AND FUNCTIONS OF A SOCIAL WORKER Broker the social worker is involved in the process of making referrals to link a family or person to needed resources. social work professionals do not simply provide information. they also follow up to be sure the needed resources are attained. this requires knowing resources, eligibility requirements, fees and the location of services Advocate in this role, social workers fight for the rights of others and work to obtain needed resources by convincing others of the legitimate needs and rights of members of society. Social workers are particularly concerned for those who are vulnerable or are unable to speak up for themselves. Case Manager are involved in locating services and assisting their clients to access those services. Case management is especially important for complex situations and for those who are homeless or elderly, have chronic physical or mental health issues, are disabled, victims of domestic or other violent crimes, or are vulnerable children. Change Agent on who initiates specific measure to transform or help individuals, groups and communities to become socially functional and be an active participants in achieving self-worth or societal change. Counselor who provides guidance and intervention to an individual or group particularly in dealing and managing an issue or a problem or difficulty, that includes helping them to look for possible answers or solutions that will alleviate suffering ILDEFONSO C. VERGARA JR. Educator Social Workers are often involved in teaching people about resources and how to develop particular skills such as budgeting, the caring discipline of children, effective communication, the meaning of a medical diagnosis, and the prevention of violence Enabler A person who empowers another by capacitating him/her with the necessary knowledge, skills and values necessary for his/her transformation, recovery, growth or development Facilitator In this role, social workers are involved in gathering groups of people together for a variety of purposes including community development, self- advocacy, political organization, and policy change. Social workers are involved as group therapists and task group leaders. Organizer are involved in many levels of community organization and action including economic development, union organization, and research and policy specialists. Manager because of their expertise in a wide variety of applications, are well suited to work as supervisors in almost any setting. They are better able to influence policy change and/or development, and to advocate, on a larger scale, for all underprivileged people. Mediator A person who assists in settling issues, dispute, disagreements or mere problems, between individuals or groups for the purpose of reconciliation, remediation, or settlement. Researcher A person who engages in a systematic inquiry to address an issue, a problem or a given condition or topic which may provide essential suggestions or recommendations that will help improve systems and practices, resolve conflicts, disorders or difficulties, and inequities, or widen the pond of human knowledge. ILDEFONSO C. VERGARA JR. CORE VALUES OF SOCIAL WORK Service social workers’ primary goal is to help people in need and to address social problems. Social Justice social work challenges social injustice. Importance Of Human Relationships social workers recognize the central importance of human relationships. Integrity social work behave in a trustworthy manner. Competence Social workers practice within their areas of competence and develop and enhance their professional expertise. Dignity And Worth Of The People social work respect the inherent dignity and worth of the people. PRINCIPLES OF SOCIAL WORK Recognition Of The Inherent Dignity Of Humanity Social workers recognize and respect the inherent dignity and worth of all human beings in attitude, word, and deed. Promoting Human Rights Social workers embrace and promote the fundamental and inalienable rights of all human beings. Promoting Social Justice Social workers have a responsibility to engage people in achieving social justice, in relation to society generally, and in relation to the people with whom they work. Promoting The Right To Self-Determination Social workers respect and promote people’s rights to make their own choices and decisions, provided this does not threaten the rights and legitimate interests of others. Promoting The Right To Participation Social workers work toward building the self=esteem and capabilities of people, promoting their full involvement and participation in all aspects of decisions and actions that affect their lives. ILDEFONSO C. VERGARA JR. Respect For Confidentiality And Privacy Social workers respect and work in accordance with people’s rights to confidentiality and privacy unless there is risk of harm to the self or to others or other statutory restrictions. Treating People As Whole Persons Social workers recognize the biological, psychological, social, and spiritual dimensions of people’s lives and understand and treat all people as whole persons. Ethical Use Of Technology And Social Media Professional Integrity RIGHTS, RESPONSIBILITIES, AND ACCOUNTABILITIES OF SOCIAL WORK RIGHTS OF SOCIAL WORK the right to fufill its professional mandates to live by its values RESPONSIBILITIES OF SOCIAL WORK 1. To help children 2. Assist those life- threatening problems (diseases and death) 3. Aid people in overcoming addictions. 4. To protect and uphold respect for the inherent worth and dignity of all people as expressed in the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) 5. Promoting social justice to the people generally and to the people with whom they work. 6. To apply the professional values and principles set out above to their practice. 7. They should act with integrity and treat people with compassion, empathy, and care. ACCOUNTABILITIES OF SOCIAL WORK To the Clients, Colleagues, Employers, Professional Associations, and to the Law. Social workers are accountable for their actions to the values and principles of the profession, which require them to act in a reliable, honest, and trustworthy manner ILDEFONSO C. VERGARA JR. SETTINGS OF SOCIAL WORK Government Setting offers the widest space for a variety of social work services Private Sectors Setting In the private sector, particularly corporate setting, occupational social work is practiced. The type of social work typically has five structures within which it generates interventions Civil Society Setting The civil society sector sees itself as champion of the people with regard to ensuring accountability in government services; hence, social workers in civil society tend to work advocacies of human rights and social justice. Their work ensures the delivery to concerned sectors and universal basic needs that may range from physical needs, intellectual development, emotional development, social growth, and spiritual growth. Therefore, the social work practice promotes civil society in building strong social capital. School Setting The school is a social service and within it lies, similar situation that arise elsewhere: Violation Of Human Rights, Injustice, Violence ,Sexual Harassment, and Discrimination Community Setting A community consists and represents all kinds of social work services. It is the locus of social work challenges. CLIENT a person, family, group of persons, incorporated body, association or community on whose behalf a social worker provides or agrees to provide a service or to whom the social worker is legally obligated to provide a service. DIFFERENT CHARACTERISTICS OF VARIOUS TYPES OF CLIENTELE AND AUDIENCES OF SOCIAL WORK PEOPLE HAVING SOME PERSONAL PROBLEMS. 1. Jobless People 2. Terminal Illness 3. Aged PEOPLE WITH VARIOUS SOCIAL CONCERNS 1. Marginalized People 2. Victims of Social Justices 3. Disrespected People 4. Rights Violated PEOPLE WITH FOLLOWING SOCIAL CONDITIONS 1. Minority 2. Migrant 3. Divorced 4. Neglected Child 5. Victims of Calamity 6. Sexual Abused ILDEFONSO C. VERGARA JR. THE DISCIPLINE OF COMMUNICATION Communication Is a manner of passing information between people or group for common understanding and confidence. It includes the move of information from the sender to the receiver. The receiver must understand the meaning and message of information. It can also be taken as the way of sharing ideas, thoughts, opinions and views from one person to another person. GOALS OF COMMUNICATION 1) To Express one’s needs and wants 2) To transfer or covey information 3) To establish, strengthen, or sustain social relationships 4) To facilitate social etiquette 5) For people with opposing views to understand each other and connect 6) To transduce emotions and/or thoughts from one another 7) To change behavior 8) To develop a career PRIMARY GOAL OF COMMUNICATION The goal of communication is to send information – and the understanding of that information – from one person or group to another person or group. This communication process is divided into several basic parts A sender passes a message through a channel to the receiver. ILDEFONSO C. VERGARA JR. ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION Source It is the person or thing making serious attempt to share information It is the origin of information (in Information Theory, the source produces the data that one would like to communicate) and an ability to pass this information, through a channel, to a receiver. Encoding Is the process of collecting the message into a chosen design with the objective of making sure that the receiver can understand it. Communication only begins when it results in both the source and the receiver understanding the same information. Message/Ideas This is the subject matter of the communication. This may be an opinion, attitude, feeelings, views, orders, or suggestions. Communication Channel The person who is interested in communicating has to chose the channel for sending the required informations, ideas, and etc. This information is transmitted to the receiver through certain channels which may be either formal or informal. Receiver Is the person who receives the message or for whom the message is meant for. It is the receiver who tries to understand the message in the best possible manner in achieving the desired objectives. Decoding The person who receives the message or symbol from the communicator tries to covert the same in such a way so that he may extract its meaning to his complete understanding Feedback Is the process of ensuring that the receiver has received the message and understood in the same sense as sender meant it. ILDEFONSO C. VERGARA JR. PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION 1) Clarity 2) Conciseness 3) Correctness 4) Concreteness 5) Confidence 6) Coherence 7) Courtesy LEVELS OF COMMUNICATION Intrapersonal Self-talk and identity formation is communication with oneself using internal vocalization or reflective thinking. Like other forms of communication, intrapersonal communication is triggered by some internal or external stimulus Three Types: Self-Awareness, Perception, and Expectations Interpersonal Is communication between people whose lives mutually influence one another. It builds, maintains, and ends our relationships, and we spend more time engaged in interpersonal communication than the other forms of communication Small Group Refers to people interacting for a common purpose. It is a communication among three or more people interacting to achieved a shared goal. It is more intentional and formal than interpersonal communication. Public Communication One person speaking to an audience. It is a sender-focused form of communication in which one person is typically responsible for conveying information to an audience ILDEFONSO C. VERGARA JR. Mass Communication Public communication becomes mass communication when it is transmitted to many people through print or electronic media Computer and Mobile-Mediated Communication Engaging in online or computer and mobile-mediated communication, using Twitter, Instagram, Facebook or Youtube. KEY IMPORTANT TERMS Code is a set of laws and regulations; a set of ideas or rules about how to behave in accordance with the norms in the society (Meriam Dictionary) Freedom of expression and information a right given by the constitution and defined by the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights as stated below: a) Article 15: The right to form, hold receive and impart opinions. b. b) Article 16: Free and equal access to information inside and outside state borders c) Article 19: The freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive, and impart information through any media. JOURNALISM AND IT’S FUNCTIONS Journalism Refers to the gathering, reporting, and disseminating of news through mass media. It is the system which arose to provide society’s need for news and it arises from the citizens’ right to gave access to the fact and opinion about matters of public interest, which are of importance to the welfare, rights, and duties as citizens. ILDEFONSO C. VERGARA JR. FUNCTIONS OF JOURNALISM 1) To provide information 2) Increasing public awareness 3) Interpreting the facts 4) Encouraging decisions, Influencing change, and Shaping public opinion 5) Development of the economy 6) Social role RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES 1) The right to free access to all sources of information 2) The right to investigate stories that are of interest to the public 3) The right to protect the identity and confidentiality of one’s sources 4) The right to publish stories without fear of punishment AREAS OF SPECIALIZATIONS OF COMMUNICATION PROFESSIONALS 1) Public Relations 2) Marketing and Advertising 3) Communication Education Public Relations Is the practice of deliberately managing the spread of information between an individual or an organization and the public. It may include an organization or individual gaining exposure to their audiences using topics of public interest and news items that do not require direct payment. ILDEFONSO C. VERGARA JR. EXAMPLES OF PUBLIC RELATION JOBS PR Specialist Acting as the first point of contact for media outlets, a PR specialist is responsible for generating positive press coverage for clients by developing relationships with journalist and coming up with relevant story pitches. Publicist They are responsible for coming up with publicity campaigns and identifying the best ways for clients to promote their brands to the press and to their viewers/audiences. MARKETING Refers to preparing a product for the marketplace. Advertising Is making your project and service known to an audience or marketplace. It is specific step of marketing It uses the data and research collected by marketing strategies to best communicate the brand. EXAMPLES OF MARKETING AND ADVERTISING JOBS Marketing Analyst Help companies and organizations decide which products and services to sell, to which customers, at what price. Marketing Specialist Develops new marketing strategies and campaigns based on detailed analysis of market force Marketing Assistant Supports the work of marketing managers and executives on projects directed at maximizing company profits Social Media Manager Manage a company’s social media marketing campaign Product/Brand Manager Oversee the development of a product from start to finish ILDEFONSO C. VERGARA JR. Email Marketing Manager Responsible for marketing a product or service via e-mail marketing campaigns Advertising Coordinator/Manager Who execute advertising campaigns to market products or services to targeted markets, company’s or clients overall marketing strategy COMMUNICATION EDUCATION A communication professor’s primary duties involve teaching courses in media and public relations, journalism, broadcasting, and organizational communication. Careers In Communication Education Language arts coordinator High school speech teacher Drama Director College or university professor Speech communication department chairperson Communication must be HOT (Dan Oswald): Honest Open Two-way ILDEFONSO C. VERGARA JR. WAYS TO DEFINE WHO ARE THE AUDIENCE (Denis Mcquail): By place audience in the case of a newspaper. By people as when media content appeals to a certain age group, gender, political belief or income category By the particular type of medium or channel involved the audience of radio may differ from the audience of television. By the content of the message of a medium talk shows and and soap operas with many different audiences. By times as in daytime, primetime or weekend audiences. INDIVIDUALS AS AUDIENCE Every day you engage in a communication. As one cannot escape it along the different levels of communication whether intrapersonal, interpersonal or in mass media. We do this of different reasons. People communicate to be informed and to inform, to gain guidance for one's own opinion and to have an identity or be a member within a group. GROUPS AND ORGANIZATIONS AS AUDIENCE Organizations communicate with others for a variety of reasons. Innet and Schewchuk in 1995 said that there are communication needs of organizations. These are; 2.1 To Inform. It is communicating to the audience like what you can do for them or what advice you could give them or vice versa ILDEFONSO C. VERGARA JR.  2.2 To build understanding. It is encouraging the audience to improve their lives like stopping from smoking which appeals to their feelings and thinking. 2.3 To resolve conflicts. Empathy can prevent conflicts as misunderstanding really exist in an organization. 2.4 To present and idea. In an organization presenting an idea is a need but one has to know also the correct manner in presenting it. 2.5 To lower barrier between groups and individuals. Prejudices and discrimination may exist if communication process is not done in a correct manner thus one has to know the audience very well. COMMUNITY AS AUDIENCE. It is the most organic place we do communication. When you consider the community as your audience you need to remember the following needs: Right language This must be simple and easy to understand words Time Extend more efforts to let them be understood the topic Information background If you need to persuade or convince them with your idea you need to know their level of awareness of the topic Awareness of interests. You need to know what the community likes or have interest to Education People in the community acts as audience because of the reason that they need to know about the topic. ILDEFONSO C. VERGARA JR. MEDIA AUDIENCES. Media audiences are the readers, listeners, viewers, users, and consumers of media. ✓ LARGE AND VAST ✓ UNSEEN ✓ MEASURABLE ✓ FRAGMENTED AND DIVERSE ONLINE AUDIENCE The online audience is composed of the active users of the Internet. They are also referred to as NETIZENS. ✓ DISPERSED ✓ INTERACTIVE ✓ A CERTAIN DEGREE OF TECHNOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE ✓ HIGH CONSUMPTION PRACTICES TOOLS OF COMMUNICATION Language The main tool that we use in communication - in written and verbal form. Print Materials Newspapers, reports, books, posters, brochures, Non-print materials Videos, TV shows, radios, presentations. Technologies cellphones, telephones, tablets, computers and laptop. Online Tools Social Media, electronic mails ILDEFONSO C. VERGARA JR. PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION. In understanding the process of communication in any organization, patterns on where information and messages go is critical. This is called the directionality of communication. Among these are the following: Vertical Communication refers to sending or receiving messages between levels of hierarchy or order whether upward or downward. Horizontal Communication refers to sending or receiving messages within the same levels of hierarchy Downward Communication is used to send messages from a higher rank to a lower rank. COMMUNICATION MEDIA CHANNELS. A media channel refers to the specific method used in transmitting messages or information to an intended audience. Mass Media is a means of communication which is intended for large audiences. This is divided into two a) Print media includes newspaper and publication which tell about news stories, opinions, businesses and advertisements. b) Broadcast media comes in a form of radio and television where it is more influential and dominant to transmit news and information: New Media is a term which refers to all that is related to the use of internet and the interplay between technology, images and sound a) Social media is a subset of new media which dominated much of the world populace and seen most influential medium of communication especially to teenagers. ILDEFONSO C. VERGARA JR.  Internet is a must in this channel where it does not only cover a portion in a certain place but it can reach anyone in the globe as long as there is internet. b) Virtual games (DOTA, Mobile legends, Cross-fire, Rules of Survival, and others) Technologies (blogs, email, instant messaging) ❖ In social media, emoticons and later on emojis, have become an acceptable way of talking to someone. Emojis are visual and pictorial representations of feelings. Things, and even signs and symbols which lends a different flavor to our online communication. Telecommunication refers to channel of communication where information and messages are exchanged over long distances. Usually this channel use computer, cellphones and telephone where information is sent or received through a communication connection. COMMUNICATION IN VARIOUS SETTINGS Communication in Government. Government communication can be defined as all activities done by the public sector institutions that the government supervises for the purpose of presenting and explaining government plans, decisions and actions. It is also used to promote legal processes, defending recognized values and to foster patriotism A. Types of Government Communication a) Government-wide communication. Communication occurs in all structured communication where its purpose is for presenting government activities like to explain decisions, and present actions. ILDEFONSO C. VERGARA JR.  b) Communication relating to benefits. Communication occurs to ensure beneficiaries are receive by the people to avail services. c) Involving Institutional Communication. Communication to enhance the visibility and influence of an organization. This type of communication is to clarify the values to be conveyed and incorporating these values in all communication activities and implementing the appropriate procedures. Communication in Civil Society Communication done by a Non-government organizations (NGOs) is an example of this setting. Different advocacies like Greenpeace, animal rights, environmental protection are examples of these. Communication in Private Sector Communication in any business industries where information, persuasion and mobilization are the primary needs of the private sector. Other Settings a) Schools communication for instruction and socialization to inform stakeholders like parents, faculty and students. b) Communities are organized in varying degrees of structure and using different systems. c) Online communication- done in social networking sites like fb, twitter The discipline of communication is also called as COMMUNICOLOGY. In the process of communication one has to convince or persuade the people who are listening or giving attention which we called as audience. When you watch TV shows, read newspapers or watch a film, you become an audience. Audiences are also called receivers. They are formed by two factors which are: a) Social context- people of the same background with shared culture, understanding information needs. ILDEFONSO C. VERGARA JR.  b) Response to media content- audiences from news show, variety show, soap opera and others Social Sciences refer to the various disciplines that study society and examine how people interact and develop culture. It is a big umbrella of disciplines that include history, political science, sociology, psychology, economics, geography, demography, anthropology, and others. Applied Social Science was developed as a response to the categorization of the social science knowledge that was common during the late 90s and end of the twentieth century. FUNCTIONS OF APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCES 1) Self-Development Counseling offers guidance to individuals in various situations of conflict, confusion, and crisis and provides the tools for the individual to address issues of self-development. Social Work offers a wide range of services, particularly in aid of liberating the marginalized individuals and facilitating participation in the public goods and services that are necessary for self- development. Communication Empowers the individual with listening and speaking skills in order for them to be effective. The individual has to be sure that the message comes across accurately by considering the message itself, the audience or receiver, and how the message is likely to be received. 2) Persuasion ILDEFONSO C. VERGARA JR.  In careers related to communication like mass media, advertising, and business, persuasion is very essential. To persuade means: Being able to convince other people to change their attitudes or behavior regarding an issue through the communication of messages in an atmosphere of free choice. One cannot persuade a person unless he/she has a foundation on social sciences. It is very important that those who make the messages or advertisements that want to persuade a client or customer must be knowledgeable about the culture of the people in which the messages is being communicated. The heart of persuasion is the ability to understand well one’s audience and its complexity. Persuasion energizes itself to move audiences to desired and immediate action. 3) Arts And Entertainment Arts and entertainment are reflections of a country’s culture and society. To be able to understand and analyze the development and new trends in the arts and entertainment, it is important to be familiar about the people’s social and cultural conditions. As new forms and delivery systems for entertainment flourished, there is great importance to understand the needs of the viewing public. It is important to cope with the changing demands of the viewers in order to get the viewer’s attention. The applied social sciences prove to be significant in this aspect because a strong foundation in the study of the people’s viewing behavior and patterns are emphasized in this field. 4) News And Information ILDEFONSO C. VERGARA JR.  The news and current affairs sector emphasize the need for a balanced, objective, and truthful rendering of the political and other important events as they actually happened Practitioners in the applied social sciences have enough training in this regard because they have a good foundation in history and political science. Through the application of these fields, applied social scientist have enough skills to be able to write and report news accurately and objectively. 5) Advocacy And Mobilization Advocacy groups are organized to inform and educate on public issues, and influence people on the development of policies. Advocacy groups also play important roles in the development of political and social systems. Applies social sciences is a good background for advocacy and mobilization because this field studies politics, governance, social and political dynamics which are very important background for advocacy works. The following are some of the different activities of advocacy. All these activities require knowledge of the applied social sciences. It includes the following a) Community organizing and mobilization – It is about helping to mobilize constituents and build power with their communities. b) Information dissemination – Providing communities and people the right information on important political, social and economic issues affecting them. c) Research – Conducting research that reflects the needs of the communities. d) Training – Training sessions that will teach successful strategies and skills for personal and community development. ILDEFONSO C. VERGARA JR. 6) Education The academe is one of the most relevant career tracks that applied social scientists can pursue. The multidisciplinary approach in the study of the applied social sciences can equip students with the skills and expertise to work in schools, colleges, and universities. These are a significant number of subjects offered in the general education curriculum in the secondary and tertiary levels that applied social scientists can teach. These include history, society and culture, and politics and government. THE FOUR PILLARS OF EDUCATION ACCORDING TO UNESCO Learning to know combines a sufficiently broad general knowledge with the opportunity to work in depth on a small number of subjects. This also means learning to learn so as to benefit from the opportunities education provides throughout life. Learning to do acquires not only an occupational skill but also, more broadly, the competence to deal with many situations and work in teams. It also means learning to do in the context of young peoples' various social and work experiences which may be informal, as a result of the local or national context, or formal, involving courses, alternating study and work. Learning to live together develops an understanding of other people and an appreciation of interdependence - carrying out joint projects and learning to manage conflicts -in a spirit of respect for the values of pluralism, mutual understanding and peace. Learning to be develop one's personality be able to act with ever greater autonomy, judgement and personal responsibility. In that ILDEFONSO C. VERGARA JR. connection, education must not disregard any aspect of a person's potential: memory, reasoning, aesthetic sense, physical capacities and communication skills. ILDEFONSO C. VERGARA JR.