Basics of Anatomy PDF

‫‪Basics of Anatomy‬‬ ‫اضغط علي اللوجو عشان تروح لشرح‬ ‫الملف علي يوتيوب‬  Anatomical Position 1. Standing erect 2. Eyes looking forwards 3. Arms straight by the sides 4. Palms facing forwards 5. Thumb directed laterally Lithotomy position Anatomical Terms ...

‫‪Basics of Anatomy‬‬ ‫اضغط علي اللوجو عشان تروح لشرح‬ ‫الملف علي يوتيوب‬  Anatomical Position 1. Standing erect 2. Eyes looking forwards 3. Arms straight by the sides 4. Palms facing forwards 5. Thumb directed laterally Lithotomy position Anatomical Terms  Anatomical Planes Sagittal plane Coronal plane It is the vertical plane the body vertically into which passes in the It is the plane which cuts middle line of the body the front of the body and dividing it into equal an anterior part towards halves, right and left a posterior part towards the back Transverse plane It is the transverse plane which runs horizontally cutting the body into an upper (superior) and lower (inferior) parts. Deep fascia It is a membrane formed of compact and regular collagen fiber Parts and Formation ❑Formation of broad sheets ❑ Formation of intermuscular septa and interosseous membrane ❑Formation of retinacula ❑Formation of palmar aponeurosis (in palm) planter aponeurosis (in sole) ❑Formation of fibrous sheaths around big vessels The skeleton is formed of 206 bones  Classification of Skeleton 1.According to their position in the body ❑ Axial skeleton Bone in the midline in body ❑ Appendicular Skeleton Bones of the limb & their girdles Axial Skeleton 1.Skull 2.Ribs (12 pairs) 3.Sternum 4.Vertebral column 5.Hyoid bone Vertebral column Formed of 33 vertebrae 7 cervical vertebrae 12 thoracic vertebrae 5 lumbar vertebrae 5 sacral vertebrae fused to form sacrum 2-4 coccygeal vertebrae Fused to form coccyx  Appendicular Skeleton ❖ Free upper limb + shoulder girdle ❖ Free lower + pelvic girdle  2-According to shape Long Bone (2 ends & a shaft) femur, humerus The metacarpals, metatarsals, phalanges are considered as small models of long bones as they have 2 ends and shaft Short bone Carpal &tarsal bones Flat bone Scapula Sternum Bones of skull cap Irregular bone Vertebrae & hip bone Pneumatic bone Air filled spaces inside some skull bones) maxilla &frontal bones Sesamoid bone Patella & pisiform bone  Functions of Bones 1- it gives the body its shape. 2-enters in the formations of joints. 3-it gives attachment to muscles and ligaments. 4- it forms rigid support for movements and weight. 5- formation of blood elements. 6- the big store for calcium and phosphorus 7-Protects the organs, the skull protects the brain, and thoracic cage protects the heart and lungs.  Joints A joint is the the contact between 2 or more bones Types of joints A. Fibrous joints B. Cartilaginous joints C. Synovial joints Fibrous joints ❑ They are fixed immobile joints in which the surface of the bones are connected together by a fibrous tissue Types A. Sutures B. Gomphoses C. Syndesmoses  Suture Present in the skull The bones of skull are connected together by a thin layer of fibrous tissue called sutural ligament Gomphoses Present in the teeth. The roots of teeth are connected to their sockets in the mandible and maxilla by a fibrous tissue called periodontal ligament. Syndesmoses ▪ Present in the inferior - tibio fibular ▪ The lower end of tibia and fibula are connected together by a fibrous tissue called interosseous ligament  Synovial joint Axis Non axial ❖ Flat articular Uniaxial surfaces in which bones slide over each other Ex- Biaxial 1-intercarpal 2-intertarsal polyaxial uniaxial ❑Hinge joint (frontal axis) 1. Elbow joint 2. Ankle joint 3. Interphalangeal joint ❑ Pivot joint (vertical axis ) 1. Superior radioulnar joint Biaxial ❑ Condylar ex- knee joint ❑ Ellipsoid ex-wrist joint ❑ Saddle joint ex- carpometacarpal joint at the base of the thumb Polyaxial joint ❑ Ball and socket Allow all type of movement head of humerus into glenoid cavity of scapula (shoulderr joint) head of femur into acetabulum of hip bone (hip joint) Movement of joint ❑ Flexion approximate two anterior surface ❑ Extension two anterior surface away from each other ❑ Abduction moving a limb away from midline ❑ Adduction moving a limb towards the midline ❑ Rotation: Medial or lateral rotation of the limb around a vertical axis  Muscles Type of muscles 1- skeletal muscle is voluntary 2- smooth muscle is involuntary 3-cardiac muscle is involuntary