01 Introduction to Human Anatomy.pdf

INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY 1  Definition Human anatomy is the science which deals with the structures of the human body. OR It is the study of structures of human body mainly in relation with each other....

INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY 1  Definition Human anatomy is the science which deals with the structures of the human body. OR It is the study of structures of human body mainly in relation with each other. 2  Facts about Anatomy: The term anatomy is derived from the Greek word “anatome” meaning cutting up. The term dissection is a Latin equivalent of the Greek word anatome. However, dissection is a mere technique whereas anatomy is a wide field of study. Anatomy is conventionally divided into topographical or gross anatomy (including surface, endoscopic and radiological anatomy), histology, embryology and neuroanatomy. Anatomical language is one of the fundamental languages of medicine. Anatomy forms firm foundation of the whole art of medicine. It introduces student to the greater part of medical terminology. 3  PARTS OF HUMAN BODY LIMBS HEAD NECK TRUNK (UPPER AND LOWER) ABDOMEN + THORAX PELVIS 4  REGIONAL GROUPS:  HEAD and NECK – includes everything above the thoracic inlet.  UPPER LIMB – includes the hand, wrist, forearm, elbow, arm, and shoulder.  THORAX – the region of the chest from the thoracic inlet to the thoracic diaphragm.  HUMAN ABDOMEN to the pelvic brim or to the pelvic inlet. 5  The BACK – the spine and its components, the vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, and intervertebral disks.  PELVIS AND PERINEUM – the pelvis consists of everything from the pelvic inlet to the pelvic diaphragm. The perineum is the region between the sex organs and the anus.  LOWER LIMB – everything below the inguinal ligament, including the hip, the thigh, the knee, the leg, the ankle, and the foot. 6  Internal organs (by region) Head and neck  Parts of the Brain ◦ Amygdala ◦ Basal ganglia ◦ Brain stem  medulla  midbrain  pons ◦ Cerebellum ◦ Cerebral cortex ◦ Hypothalamus ◦ Limbic system  Eye  Nose  Ears  Oral Cavity  Pituitary  Thyroid and Parathyroids 7  Thorax  Heart  Lung  Esophagus  Thymus  Pleura 8  Abdomen and pelvis (both sexes)  Adrenals  Appendix  Bladder  Gallbladder  Large intestine  Small intestine  Kidney  Liver  Pancreas  Spleen  Stomach 9  Major organ systemS  Circulatory system: pumping and hannelling blood to and from the body and lungs with heart, blood, and blood vessels. 10 Musculoskeletal system : muscles provide movement and a skeleton provides structural support and protection with bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons. 11 12  Respiratory system: the organs used for breathing, the pharynx, larynx , trachea, bronchi, lungs, and diaphragm. 13 Digestive System: digestion and processing food with salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, intestines, rectum, and anus. SCOP YEAR-2011 14  Endocrine system: communication within the body using hormones ma de by endocrine glands such as the hypothalamus, pituitary or pituitary gland, pineal body or pineal gland, thyroid, parathyroids, and adrenals or adrenal glands SCOP YEAR-2011 15 Integumentary system: skin, hair and nails 16 Nervous system:collecting, transferring and processing information with brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and nerves. 17 Lymphatic system: structures involved in the transfer of lymph between tissues and the blood stream, the lymph and the nodes and vessel s that transport it. SCOP YEAR-2011 18 Reproductive system: the sex organs; in the female; ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands, and in the male; testes, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate , and penis. 19 Urinary system: kidney, ureters, bladder and urethra involved in fluid balance, electrolyte balance and excretion of urine. 20  Vestibular system: contributes to our balance and our sense of spatial orientation. SCOP YEAR-2011 21  How to study anatomy ?  Anatomy was studied mainly by dissection.  The main divisions of anatomy are: 1. Cadaveric anatomy 2. Living anatomy 3. Embryology ( developmental anatomy ) 4. Histology ( microscopic anatomy ) 5. Surface anatomy ( topographic anatomy ) 6. Radiography 7. Comparative anatomy 8. Physical anthropology 9. Experimental anatomy 10. Genetics 11. Applied anatomy ( clinical anatomy ) 22 Cadaveric anatomy: It is studied on dead bodies usually with naked eye. This can be done by two methods: 1.Regional anatomy 2.Systemic anatomy Regional anatomy: The body is studied in parts like upper limb, upper abdomen, lower limb, thorax, head, neck and brain. Systemic anatomy: The body is studied in systems like skeletal system, muscular system, articulatory system, vascular system, nervous system, endocrine system, etc. 23   Living anatomy:  Living anatomy is the skill of being able to identify specific landmarks on the body of a patient by touch (e.g. bony prominences, muscle bellies and pulses), and using those landmarks to identify the position of other structures such as organs within the body.  It is studied under (by) inspection, palpation, percussion, auscultation, endoscopy, radiography, electromyography, etc. 24   Embryology:  Embryology is the study of the prenatal developmental changes in an individual. 25 Histology:  Histology is the study of the microscopic anatomy of cells and tissues of plants and animals. It is performed by examining a thin slice (section) of tissue under a light microscope or electron microscope. The ability to visualize or differentially identify microscopic structures is frequently enhanced through the use of histological stains. Histology is an essential tool of biology and medicine. 26  Surface anatomy : Surface or superficial anatomy is a descriptive science dealing with anatomical features that can be studied by sight, without dissecting an organism. In particular, in the case of human superficial anatomy, these are the form and proportions of the human body and the surface landmarks which correspond to deeper structures hidden from view, both in static pose and in motion. It is also called "visual anatomy". Basically, it is the study of deeper parts of the body in relation to skin surface. 27  Radiology: Radiology is a medical specialty that employs the use of imaging to both diagnose and treat disease visualized within the human body. Radiologists use an array of imaging technologies (such as x-ray radiography, ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), nuclear medicine, positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)) to diagnose or treat diseases. CT SCAN 28  X-RAY ULTRASOUND 29 Comparative anatomy: Comparative anatomy is the study of similarities and differences in the anatomy of organisms. It is closely related to evolutionary biology and phylogeny (the evolution of species). It is the study of anatomy of other animals to explain changes in form, structure and function of different parts of the human body. Physical anthropology: It deals with external features and measurements of different races and groups of people, and with the study of prehistoric remains. 30 Experimental anatomy: It is the study of factors which influence and determine the form, structure and function of different parts of the body. Genetics: Genetics is a discipline of biology, the science of genes, heredity, and variation in living organisms. Applied anatomy: It deals with the application of anatomical knowledge to the medical and surgical practice. 31  Language of anatomy: POSITIONS ANATOMICAL SUPINE PRONE LITHOTOMY 32 Anatomical position: A person is ERECT, standing STRAIGHT with eyes looking FORWORD, both arms BY SIDE of the body, palms facing FORWARD, both feet TOGETHER. 33 Supine position: A person is lying on their BACK, arms BY SIDE, palms facing UPWARD, feet TOGETHER. 34 Prone position: A person is lying on his/her FACE, CHEST and ABDOMEN is said to be downwards. 35 Lithotomy position: A person is lying on her BACK with legs UP and feet supported in STRAPS. This position is assumed during delivery of a baby. 36  TYPES OF PLANES PLANES MEDIAN MID-SAGITTAL CORONAL HORIZONTAL 37 38  MEDIAN PLANE:  Also known as “ sagittal plane “  A plane passing through the CENTER OF THE BODY dividing it into two equal right and left halves.  Name is derived from suture between two parietal bones.  MID-SAGITTAL PLANE:  Also known as “ paramedian plane “  Plane parallel to median plane. 39  CORONAL PLANE:  Plane perpendicular to median plane.  Name is derived from the suture between parietal and frontal bones.  HORIZONTAL PLANE:  Also known as “ transverse plane “  A plane perpendicular to both median and coronal plane. OR Right angle to both the planes. 40   Uses of planes: To explain anatomical terminologies. To study different structures of any organs in different planes. To explain movements of different joints. 41  TERMINOLOGIES:  PLANES: MEDIAN: Centrally located. ANTERIOR: Ventral-front. When the structures are present in front of median plane, it is called anterior. POSTERIOR: Dorsal-back. When the structures are present at the back of median plane, it is called posterior. E.g. Sternum and heart Sternum is anterior to heart and heart is posterior to sternum. 42  MEDIAL: Structures nearer to median plane. LATERAL: Structures away from the median plane. E.g. Heart and lungs. Heart is medial to lungs and lungs are lateral to heart. 43 44 HEART AND STERNUM 45  Trunk: PROXIMAL: Near root of the limb. DISTAL: Lower part of the limb. SUPERIOR: Structures near the head. INFERIOR : Structures near the foot. 46 CRANIAL or ROSTRAL: Is close to upper end or head end. CAUDAL: Is close to lower end or near to foot. 47 SUPERFICIAL: Outer side/towards the surface of the body/close to skin. DEEP: Inner side/away from surface of the body/away from skin. internal external EXTERNAL: Outer part of an organ. e.g. STOMACH INTERNAL: Inner part of an organ. 48 INVAGINATION: Is projection inside. EVAGINATION: Is projection outside. VENTRAL or ANTERIOR: Is the front aspect. DORSAL or POSTERIOR: Is the back aspect. 49 PALMAR OF HAND: Front side of the palm. DORSAL OF HAND: Back side of the palm. 50 DORSAL OF FOOT: Is the front side of foot. DORSAL PLANTAR PLANTAR OF FOOT: Is the back side of foot. 51 RADIAL: Near the median plane. ULNAR: Away from the median plane. TIBIAL: Tibia of foot. FIBULAR: Fibula of foot. 52  COMBINATION: 1. Anterolateral: Anterior and lateral. Front-side and away from the mid-line. 2. Posteromedial: Posterior and median. Back-side and towards the mid-line. 3. Ipsilateral: Located on or affecting the same side of the body. e.g. right hand and right foot or Left hand and left foot. 4. Contralateral: Located on or affecting the opposite side of the body. e.g. right hand and left foot or Left hand and right foot. 53  Terminology for Movement and Locomotion: LOCOMOTOR APPARATUS BONE MUSCLES JOINTS OSTEOLOGY MYOLOGY ARTHOPOLOGY 54   Joints: (articulations) When one bone is connected with another bone, it is called Joint. or When one born articulates with the other, it is called Joint. Uses of Joint:  Provide movement.  All movements takes place at joints and may occur in any plane but are usually described in sagittal and coronal planes. 55  MOVEMENTS OF THE TRUNK TRUNK SAGITTAL CORONAL PLANE PLANE LATERAL FLEXION EXTENSION FLEXION 56 Lateral Flexion: Sideward movement Flexion: Forward bending OR Bending Anteriorly. Extension: Backward bending OR Bending Posteriorly. 57  MOVEMENTS OF UPPER LIMB 1. Shoulder joint: 2. Elbow joint: 3. Wrist joint: 4. Metacarpophalangeal joint: 5. Interphalangeal joint: 6. Thumb: 7. Movements of forearm: 58  1. Flexion. 2. Extension. Sagittal plane 3. Adduction. Coronary plane Shoulder Joint 4. Abduction. A.k.a. Glenohumeral joint 5. Medial rotation. Rotation 6. Lateral rotation. 7. Circumduction.  Shoulder joint is more mobile but it is less secure. It can easily be dislocated. 59 60 Elbow joint 1. Flexion. Sagittal plane 2. Extension. A.k.a. Humeroulnar Joint Humeroradial Joint 61  1. Flexion. Sagittal plane. 2. Extension. Wrist joint A.k.a 3. Abduction. ( radial deviation) Coronal Radiocarpal 4. Adduction. ( ulnar deviation ) plane. Joint.  At the wrist, where abduction (radial deviation) refers to movement of the hand towards the radial (thumb) side.  Also at the wrist, where adduction (ulnar deviation) refers to movement of the hand towards the ulnar (little finger) side. 62 63  1. Flexion. Sagittal 2. Extension. plane. Metacarpophalageal Joint 3. Adduction. Coronal MCP 4. Abduction. plane. Total 40 joints are formed between metacarpals and phalanges which are known as Metacarpophalangeal joint. 64  Abduction Adduction This movement is either away from or towards the middle finger. 65  1. Flexion. Interphlangeal Joint Sagittal plane. 2. Extension. 66  1. Flexion. Sagittal 2. Extension. plane. Thumb 3. Abduction. Coronal 4. Adduction. plane. 5. Opposition. 67  Supination Movements of Forearm Radio-ulnar joints. Pronation 68  MOVEMENTS OF LOWER LIMB: 1.Hip joint: 2.Knee joint: 3.Ankle joint: 4.Joints of foot: 69  1. Flexion. 2. Extension. 3. Adduction. 4. Abduction. Hip joint 5. Medial rotation. 6. Lateral rotation. 7. Circumduction.  Hip joint is more compact, more stable and more secure joint but it is less mobile. 70 Flexion and extension of hip Abduction and adduction of hip 71 72  1. Flexion. 2. Extension. Knee joint 3. Medial rotation. 4. Lateral rotation. 73 74 Ankle joint 1. Dorsiflexion. A.k.a. 2. Plantar flexion. Talocrural joint 75  1. Inversion Joints of foot 2. Eversion 3. Supination 76  THANK YOU..!!! Special appreciation goes to Sharmin Chisty Susiwala Netter, Frank H. Atlas of human anatomy. 6th Philadelphia, PA: Saunders/Elsevier, 2014. Moore, Keith L., et al. Clinically Oriented Anatomy. 8th ed., Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2017 77