Week 1 - YR1 Lecture 1H - Anatomy of the Human Body - Prof John Morley 2022.pdf

Human Anatomy John Morley Professor of Anatomy & Cell Biology Learning objectives: Identify anatomical directions (superior and inferior, anterior and posterior, dorsal and ventral, proximal and distal, medial and lateral) and how they relate to the axial and appendicular regions of the body Identif...

Human Anatomy John Morley Professor of Anatomy & Cell Biology Learning objectives: Identify anatomical directions (superior and inferior, anterior and posterior, dorsal and ventral, proximal and distal, medial and lateral) and how they relate to the axial and appendicular regions of the body Identify human body planes (coronal, transverse, sagittal, median, frontal) and apply them appropriately to anatomical descriptions of the body Suggested resources: Text Gray’s Anatomy for Students (Drake, Vogl and Mitchell, 3rd Ed) Clinically Oriented Anatomy (Moore, Dalley and Agur, 7th Ed) Colour Atlas of Anatomy (Rohen, Yokochi, Lutjen - Drecoll, 8th Ed) Media Acland’s Video Atlas of Human Anatomy Netter’s 3D Interactive Anatomy Visible Body Essential Anatomy 3D4Medical Egyptian embalming Hippocrates (460 - 377 BCE) Aristotle (384 – 322 BCE) Herophilus (330 – 260 BCE) Galen (129 – 216? CE) Author: Mansur ibn Ilyas (fl. ca. 1390). Title: Tashrih-i badan-i insan. [Anatomy of the Human Body]. Iran, ca. 1390. Anonymous Persian Anatomical Illustrations Iran or Pakistan Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp, Rembrandt 1632 Andreas Vesalius (1514 – 1564) Anatomy - is the study of structure (word anatomy is derived from Greek and means “to cut up”) - anatomists study the relationships among parts of the body along with the structure of individual organs - often the anatomy of specific body parts suggests their functions Physiology – is the study of the function of body structures. Structure and function cannot be completely separated – special relationship exists between anatomy and physiology Anatomy is an extremely broad field of study that includes a number of subdisciplines. -commonly grouped under the headings of: microscopic anatomy - cytology and histology gross anatomy – developmental anatomy embryology regional anatomy surface anatomy systemic anatomy Specialized branches of anatomy include: pathologic anatomy radiographic anatomy surgical anatomy Levels of organisation All figures from McKinley & O’Loughlin, Human Anatomy, McGraw Hill System Name Representative organs or tissues Digestive stomach, intestines, liver Cardiovascular heart, blood vessels, blood Respiratory lungs, airways Musculoskeletal skeletal muscles, bones Integumentary skin Urinary kidneys, bladder Nervous brain, spinal cord Endocrine pituitary, thyroid and adrenal glands Immune Reproductive thymus, spleen, lymph nodes ovaries & uterus, testes Functions ingestion and processing of foodstuf fs for distribution and use by cells, elimination of waste transport of materials between cells exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between internal and external environments support and movement protection from external environment maintaining water and solute balance, elimination of some waste coordination of body function through electrical signals and release of regulatory molecules coordination of body function through synthesis and release of regulatory molecules defence against foreign invaders perpetuation of the species Anatomical Terminology Anatomic position is a specific body position in which an individual stands upright with the feet parallel and flat on the floor. The head is level, and the eyes look forward toward the observer. The arms are at either side of the body with the palms facing forward and the thumbs pointing away from the body. Body Regions The human body is partitioned into two main regions, called the axial and appendicular regions. – the axial region includes the head, neck, and trunk which comprise the main vertical axis of our body – our limbs, or appendages, attach to the body’s axis and make up the appendicular region Body Cavities cranial cavity vertebral canal thoracic cavity abdominal cavity pelvic cavity Body Cavities and Membranes The median space in the thoracic cavity is called the mediastinum. It contains the heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and major blood vessels that connect to the heart. Abdominopelvic regions Abdominopelvic regions Four quadrants Four quadrants of the abdominal cavity (right and left upper and lower quadrants) are defined by two readily defined planes: (1) the transverse transumbilical plane, passing through the umbilicus (and the intervertebral [IV] disc between the L3 and L4 vertebrae), dividing it into upper and lower halves, and (2) the vertical median plane, passing longitudinally through the body, dividing it into right and left halves. Nine regions delineated by 4 planes: 2 sagittal and 2 transverse. The two sagittal planes are usually the midclavicular planes that pass from the midpoint of the clavicles (approximately 9 cm from the midline) to the midinguinal points (midpoints of the lines joining the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) and the superior edge of the pubic symphysis). Most commonly, the transverse planes are the subcostal plane, passing through the inferior border of the 10th costal cartilage on each side, and the transtubercular plane, passing through the iliac tubercles (approximately 5 cm posterior to the ASIS on each side) and the body of the L5 vertebra. Both of these planes have the advantage of intersecting palpable structures. Others use the transpyloric and interspinous planes to establish the nine regions. The transpyloric plane, extrapolated midway between the superior borders of the manubrium of the sternum and the pubic symphysis (typically the L1 vertebral level), commonly transects the pylorus (the distal, more tubular part of the stomach) when the patient is supine. Because the viscera sag with the pull of gravity, the pylorus usually lies at a lower level when the individual is standing erect. The transpyloric plane is a useful landmark because it also transects many other important structures: the fundus of the gallbladder, neck of the pancreas, origins of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) and portal vein, root of the transverse mesocolon, duodenojejunal junction, and hila of the kidneys. The interspinous plane passes through the easily palpated ASIS of each side.