Introduction to Human Anatomy & Physiology PDF

Introduction to Human: Anatomy & Physiology Learning objective Define what is anatomy and physiology and their relations. Organ systems of the body and their functions. Interrelationship of various organ system. What are the human body’s functions to maintain life?? Survival needs??...

Introduction to Human: Anatomy & Physiology Learning objective Define what is anatomy and physiology and their relations. Organ systems of the body and their functions. Interrelationship of various organ system. What are the human body’s functions to maintain life?? Survival needs?? Homeostasis…. Negative & positive feedback?? Important Biological Suffixes and Prefixes 2  Anatomy and Physiology They are subdivisions of biology. They are explored many of these topics as they describe how our bodies are put together and how they work. 3 What is Anatomy ?? Greek words Ana…. apart Tomy… to cut It is the study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts and their relationships to one another. 4  Divisions of Anatomy Gross Microscopic Embryology and anatomy: large anatomy Development : the and easily (Histology): too study of unborn observable small body human, the structures like structures like development of heart, brain … cells, tissues… the human being. 5 What is Physiology ?? Greek words also Physio … nature Ology … the study of It is the study of how the body and its parts work or function. 6  Division of Physiology Defence Systems Evolutionary Cell physiology physiology physiology physiology and others.. 7  Relationship of Anatomy & Physiology Our body form a well-organized unit, and each of those parts has a job to do to make the body operate as a whole. Structure determines the functions of each organ. It is important to know the names and locations of body parts, and it is equally important to understand how they work. When we identify and locate the parts of an organ system such as the circulatory system, we should understand what this system does in our body. For example, we can learn about the anatomy of the heart and blood vessels in the body. Then, we should understand how the heart and blood vessels function for the body 8 Level of Organization 9  Major Systems of the Body (11) Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine Cardiovascular Respiratory Lymphatic Respiratory Digestive Urinary Reproductive 10  Integumentary System ◼ Forms the external body covering ◼ Protects deeper tissue from injury ◼ Synthesizes vitamin D ◼ Location of cutaneous nerve receptors ◼ Regulate body temperature  Skeletal System ◼ Protects and supports body organs ◼ Provides muscle attachment for movement ◼ Site of blood cell formation ◼ Stores minerals  Muscular System ◼ Allows locomotion ◼ Maintains posture ◼ Produces body heat  Nervous System Fast-acting control system (receive and interpret sensory information) Responds to internal and external change Activates muscles and glands  Endocrine System Secretes regulatory hormones: – Growth – Reproduction – Metabolism  Cardiovascular System Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart: – Oxygen – Carbon dioxide – Nutrients – Wastes  Lymphatic System Returns excess fluids to blood vessels Absorption of fats from the gastrointestinal tract to the bloodstream for metabolism or storage Enhance Immunity (body defense)  Respiratory System Gas exchange between air and blood: Supply blood with oxygen (Inhalation ) Removes carbon dioxide from blood (exhalation)  Digestive System Receive and break down food Allows nutrient absorption into blood Eliminates indigestible material  Urinary System Eliminates nitrogenous wastes Maintains acid – base balance Regulation of materials: – Water – Electrolytes Store and transport urine  Reproductive System Production of offspring Development of an embryos in female Production of sexual gametes (puberty) : Male – sperms Female – eggs Organ systems Interrelationships The integumentary system protects the body from the external environment. Digestive and respiratory systems, in contact with the external environment, take in nutrients and oxygen. 22  Nutrients and oxygen are distributed by the blood. Metabolic wastes are eliminated by the urinary, digestive and respiratory systems. 23  Necessary Life Functions Maintaining boundaries – the internal environment remains distinct from the external: a- Cellular level – accomplished by plasma membranes. b- Organismal level – accomplished by the skin. Movement – The action by and organism or some parts which causes a change in position or place (locomotion, propulsion, peristalsis) Sensitivity and Responsiveness – ability to sense changes in the environment and respond to them. Digestion – breakdown of ingested foodstuff. 24  Necessary Life Functions-Cont Metabolism – all the chemical reactions that occur in the body. Excretion – removal of wastes from the body. Reproduction – The ability to make more of the same type of organisms: cellular and organismal levels: a- Cellular – an original cell divides and produces two identical daughter cells. b- Organismal – sperm union with the egg to make a whole new person. Growth – increase in size of a body part or of the organism. 25 26  Survival Needs ❖Nutrients – chemical substances used for energy and cell building. ❖Oxygen – needed for metabolic reactions. ❖Water – provides the necessary environment for chemical reactions. ❖Maintaining normal body temperature – necessary for chemical reactions to occur at life-sustaining rates. ❖Atmospheric pressure – required for proper breathing and gas exchange in the lungs. 27  Homeostasis Homeo- “the same “ , Stasis- “ condition” Homeostasis is the ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in an ever-changing outside world. The internal environment of the body is in a dynamic state of equilibrium. Chemical, thermal, and neural factors interact to maintain homeostasis. 28  Homeostatic Control Mechanisms Variable ( stimulus): internal conditions that could change. Generally, the stimulus indicates that the value of the variable has moved away from the set point or has left the normal range. (body levels of acid, blood pressure, blood sugar, electrolytes, energy, hormones, oxygen, proteins, and temperature). Receptor (sensor): monitors the environments and monitors the values of the variable and responds to changes (stimuli) by sending data on it to the control center. 29  Control center: matches the data with normal values. If the value is not at the set point or is outside the normal range, the control center sends a signal to the effector Effector: provides the means to respond to the stimulus. Organ, gland, muscle, or other structure that acts on the signal from the control center to move the variable back toward the set point What organ in our body is responsible for the control of homeostasis? The Brain There are two main types of messengers in our bodies: 1. Nerves. (neuron transmitters). 2. Hormones. 30 31 32 Negative Feedback mechanisms In negative feedback systems, the output shuts off the original stimulus. Example: Regulation of blood glucose levels 33 34  Positive Feedback mechanisms In positive feedback systems, the out put enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus. Example: Regulation of blood clotting. 35 36  Important Word parts Word Part Meaning Example af- ≠ ef Toward ≠ Away afferent ≠ efferent Anterior ≠ front side ≠ back side Posterior Anti Against Antibacterial An- Without Anaerobic: Without air or oxygen Auto aqua-, hydr-, Water Aquatic, Hydration arthro- Joint Arthropod, Arthritis : Jointed foot, Joint inflammation -cide Kill Herbicide, Insecticide Plant killer, Insect killer -cyte Cell Erythrocyte, Osteocyte Red blood cell, Bone cell derm Skin Epidermis, Ectoderm: Top skin layer, Outer layer of tissue/skin during embryo development 37 Word Part Meaning Example epi- Upon, Over, Atop Epidermis, Epicardium, Epiphytes: Upon the dermis (skin), Over the heart, Atop a plant Equ-, iso- Equal, Same Isotonic, Equilibrium Solute levels are equal on both sides of a membrane (inside & outside the cell) Extra- ≠ Intra Outside ≠ Inside Extracellular ≠ Intracellular Cardio- Heart Cardiovascular Gastr- Gastrointestinal (GI) gastritis dent teeth dentin -emia , hema or Blood Anemia , Hemoglobin , Hematology hemo Homo ≠ Hetero- Same ≠ Different, Homozygous ≠ Heterozygous Other hyper- ≠ More, Excessive ≠ Hypertension ≠ hypo-, sub- Less, Below Hypotension, Subatomic 38 Word Part Meaning Example hepato- Liver Hepatitis inter- Between Intercellular : Between cells patho-pathy Disease Pathogens pneumo-, pulmo- Lungs Pneumonia, Pulmonary artery post- After Post mortem: After death pre-, pro- Before, Forward Prenatal: Before birth Para- Beside , accessory to parasympathetic pseudo- False Pseudopodium: False foot (found in amoeba’s) Neur- nerve Neuron Osteo- bone Osteocytes Uro- Urine Urology Vaso- Vessels vasoconstriction 39 Word Part Meaning Example semi-, hemi- One-Half Semipermeable, Hemispher: Allows some (1/2), but not all things through, One-half a sphere (ball-shape) therm Heat Thermophile, Thermometer -philic ≠ -phobic Love ≠ hate hydrophilic ≠ hydrophobic 40