1. Introduction to Human Anatomy.pdf

Introduction to Human Anatomy Dr. Mohamed Berika Dr. Amira Elagamy Subtitles  Definition of Human Anatomy.  Types of Human Body.  Regions of Human Body.  Organization of Human Body.  Anatomical Position.  Anatomical Planes.  Anatomical Axes....

Introduction to Human Anatomy Dr. Mohamed Berika Dr. Amira Elagamy Subtitles  Definition of Human Anatomy.  Types of Human Body.  Regions of Human Body.  Organization of Human Body.  Anatomical Position.  Anatomical Planes.  Anatomical Axes.  Anatomical Terminology.  Definition of Human Anatomy It is the science which is concerned with studying:  Structure and shape of human body.  Relations of human body parts to each other.  Types of Human Body Ectomorphs Endomorphs Mesomorphs (morph means body and ecto (endo means all energy is stored (meso means between or in means out) (all energy is inside): They are broad the middle): They are outgoing): They are slim individuals and more susceptible muscular individuals who have individuals and more to heart diseases. ideal bodies. susceptible to lung infections.  Regions of Human Body  Head and Neck contain brain, eyes, ears, mouth, larynx, pharynx…etc.  Trunk is divided into chest, abdomen, pelvis and perineum.  Limbs: Upper limb includes shoulder, pectoral region, arm, forearm and hand. Lower limb includes hip, thigh, leg and foot. Head and Neck Upper Limbs Chest Trunk Abdomen Pelvis Perineum Lower Limbs Organization of Human Body  Cells: The cell is the smallest living unit of human body.  Tissues are groups of cells working together.  Organs are composed of different types of tissues performing particular functions.  Systems are groups of organs performing an overall function.  Human Body is a total organism composed of all systems.  Anatomical Position  This is a fixed body orientation to ensure the same orientation all over the world and in all times by all doctors.  Human body is considered in an anatomical position when the followings are fulfilled:  The Individual is standing upright (erect).  The Head is directed forward with eyes looking forward in the primary position.  The Arms are by the sides.  The Palms are facing forwards.  The Legs are together.  The Feet are directed forewords.  Anatomical Planes Human body is described in 3 main planes.  Sagittal Planes  Mid-sagittal plane is a vertical plane which divides the body into 2 halves, right and left. It extends between anterior and posterior mid- lines of the body.  Para-sagittal planes are vertical planes which are parallel to the mid-sagittal plane. Any of them divides the body into 2 unequal parts, right and left.  Coronal Planes  Mid-coronal plane: Vertical plane which divides the body into 2 equal parts, anterior and posterior.  Coronal planes: Vertical planes which are parallel to the mid-coronal plane. Any of them divides the body into unequal parts, anterior and posterior.  Transverse planes  Mid-transverse plane is a horizontal plane which divides the body into two equal parts, upper and lower.  Transverse planes are horizontal planes which are parallel to the mid-transverse plane. Any of them divides the body into unequal parts, upper and lower.  Anatomical Axes Axis is a line produced by the intersection of 2 planes. Vertical Axis Antero-posterior Axis Bilateral Axis At the intersection between At the intersection between At the intersection the mid-sagittal and the mid- mid-sagittal and mid- between the mid-coronal coronal planes. transverse planes. and the mid-transverse planes.  Anatomical Terminology A.Anatomical Names  Definitions are designed to describe a structure according to shape, size, color…etc.  Examples:  Erythrocyte: Erythro means red and cyte means cell. It means red cell.  Biceps Brachii muscle: Bi means two, ceps means head and brachii means arm. Biceps Brachii means a muscle with two heads and moves the arm. B. Anatomical Terms 1. General Anatomical Terms. 2. Anatomical Terms related to Position. 3. Anatomical Terms Related to Movement.  General Anatomical Terms  They are designed to describe a structure or a process. They are usually (Latin roots) preceded by a prefix or followed by a suffix.  Examples:  Subcutaneous: Cutin is a Latin root means skin and sub is a prefix means under. This shows that subcutaneous means under the skin.  Tonsillitis: Tonsil is a root which describes a specific organ and itis is a suffix means inflammation. Tonsillitis means an inflammation of the tonsil. Anatomical Terms Related to Position 1. Anterior and Posterior (according to the distance from the front of the body ):  Anterior is a point which is nearer to the front of the body than another point which is posterior.  Posterior is a point which is farther from the front of the body than another point which is anterior. There are other words giving the same meaning:  Ventral and dorsal: Ventral is a point which is nearer to the front of the body than another point which is dorsal (used in Embryology). palmar  Palmar and dorsal are used in the hand. Palmar is a point which is nearer to the front dorsal of the hand (the ventral surface of the hand) than another point which is dorsal.  Plantar and dorsal are used in the foot. Plantar is a point which is nearer to the sole of the foot (the under surface of the foot) than dorsal another point which is dorsal. plantar 2. Proximal, Intermediate and Distal (according to the distance from the origin of a structure):  Proximal is a segment or a point which is nearer to the origin of a structure than another segment or point which is distal. For example, the arm is proximal to the forearm, and the forearm is distal to the arm. Proximal, intermediate and distal may be used as well to describe points or structures on a duct. For example, in gastrointestinal duct, esophagus is proximal to stomach.  Distal is a segment or a point which is farther from the origin of a structure than another segment or a point which is proximal.  Intermediate describes the position of a segment or a point in between the proximal and distal points. For example, the forearm is intermediate between the arm and the hand.  Proximal Intermediate Distal Proximal Intermediate Distal 3. Superficial (External) and Deep (Internal) (according to the distance from the surface of the body):  Superficial (External) is a point which is nearer to the surface of the body than another point which is deep or internal.  Deep (Internal) is a point which is farther from the surface of the body than another point which is superficial or external. 4. Superior and Inferior (according to the distance from the head):  Superior (Cranial) (Cephalic) is a point which is nearer to the head than another point which is inferior or caudal.  Inferior (Caudal) (Rostral) is a point which is farther from the head than another point which is superior or cranial. 5. Median, Medial and Lateral (according to the distance from the mid-line of the body):  Median is a point or a structure which lies within the mid-line of the body.  Medial is a point or a structure which is nearer to the mid-line of the body than another point or a structure which is lateral.  Lateral is a point or a structure which is farther from the mid-line of the body than another point or a structure which is medial.  Anatomical Terms Related to Anatomical Movements 1. Flexion and Extension (Bending and Straightening):  Flexion: An approximation of ventral surfaces (like bending the upper limb at the elbow).  Extension: Moving away from ventral surfaces (like straightening of a bended limb). There are special words to describe foot flexion and extension:  Dorsi-flexion: An upward extension of the foot like someone walking on heals.  Plantar-flexion: A true foot downward flexion (Ballerina standing on toes). 2. Abduction and Adduction (moving away or towards the midline of the body):  Abduction: Moving away from the midline of the body like moving the arm away from the trunk.  Adduction: Moving towards the midline of the body (moving the abducted arm to the trunk). Adduction and abduction are different in fingers, toes and in hand:  In Fingers: Abduction and adduction is moving away or towards the middle finger respectively.  In Toes: Abduction and adduction is moving away or towards the second toe respectively.  In Hand: Abduction and adduction on the wrist joint are called radial and ulnar deviation respectively. Abduction and Adduction Primary Position Adduction and Abduction 3. Medial and Lateral Rotations (rotating away or towards the midline of the body):  Medial Rotation: Rotating towards the midline of the body (rotating the flexed arm to chest).  Lateral Rotation: Rotating away from the midline of the body (rotating the head laterally). Special words to describe medial and lateral rotations of the forearm are:  Pronation: A medial rotation of the forearm (the palm faces backwards).  Supination: A lateral rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces forwards.  Kings pronate and Beggars supinate. There are special words to describe medial and lateral rotations of foot :  Inversion: A medial rotation of the foot so that the sole faces inwards.  Eversion: A lateral rotation of the foot so that the sole faces outwards. Special words are to describe medial and lateral rotations of the thumb:  Opposition: A medial rotation of the thumb so that the tip of the thumb touches the tips of the other fingers like in a counting.  Reposition: A lateral rotation of the thumb so that the tip of the thumb moves away from the tips of the other fingers. 4. Elevation and Depression (moving upwards and downwards):  Elevation: Moving a structure upwards like elevating the upper limb Depression above the head.  Depression: Moving a structure downwards like lowering the upper Elevation limb from above the head. 5. Protraction and Retraction (moving forwards and backwards):  Protraction: Moving a structure forwards or anteriorly like protruding the tongue outside the mouth cavity.  Retraction: Moving a structure backwards or posteriorly like withdrawing the protracted tongue inside the mouth cavity. Tongue Protraction 6. Circumduction is a combination of pairs of movements such as flexion and extension in association with abduction and adduction. They occur usually around big joints like the shoulder and the hip. Thank You