APUSH Notes PDF

Period 3 1607-1800 France Finds a Foothold in Canada ○ Louis XIV established Quebec in 1608 St.Lawrence River ○ Good Relationship with local Huron tribes Got a relationship with the Huron by helping the Iroquois Confederacy Bad relationship with Iroquois PRevented French settlement of the Ohio Valley ○ Royal Colony Autocratic Government (Absolute Monarchy) ○ New France Grew Slowly 60,000 by 1750 much slower than English colonies which had 1.5 million people at the same time There were not many reasons for the French to emigrate Not a refuge for Huguenots because of the Absolute government Edict of Nantes (1589-1685) French Caribbean Colonies were more valuable because of crops and trade; mainly sugar. Modern-day Haiti was the most valuable colony anywhere in the world Rum as well New France Fans Out ○ Beaver pelt hats popular in Europe Coureurs De Bois (runners of the woods) Fur trappers Voyageurs Canoe rivers deep into the wilderness Established trading relationships with Native Americans Established better relationships with natives by marrying the women ○ Effects on Native Americans Gained European manufactured goods Alcohol and Disease Unintentionally spread the disease Mass slaughter of beavers violated the religious customs of the natives ○ Detroit founded 1701 Antoine Cadillac ○ Louisiana Claimed by France in 1682 Explored by Robert da La Salle ○ New Orleans founded in 1718 The Clash of Empires ○ War of Jenkins’s Ear 1739 Fight between British and Spanish over trading rights in the Caribbean James Oglethorpe beat the Spanish in Georgia Lawrence Washington served ○ King George’s War British vs France and Spain British colonists were successful, but the peace treaty returned the captured territory to France. French and Indian War 1754-1763 Washington Inaugurates War with France ○ France and Britain compete over the Ohio Valley ○ A group of FFVs “purchase” 500,000 acres ○ France builds forts along the Ohio River Fort Duquesne at the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers (Pittsburgh) ○ The Governor of Virginia sends in a 21-year-old Lt. Colonel with 150 men... (George Washington) ○ Washington opens fire on the first group of French soldiers he sees. This included a French diplomat Very baIt is a crime Even didn’t have orders to open fire on anyone ○ Fort necessity Built to defend supplies Built the fort at the bottom of a hill Built to protect against French Retaliation Poorly built Attacked by 600 French and 100 Indian allies Doesn't July well and Washington Surrendered on July 4, 1756 He and his men were allowed to return to Virginia ○ 400 Acadians forced out of Nova Scotia British feared they were loyal to France Some went to Louisiana ‘Cajun’ ○ Albany Congress (1754)- Intercolonial meeting near Iroquois territory. Secure alliance with the Iroquois 30 wagon loads of gifts for Chiefs Create Intercolonial unity Benjamin Franklin pushed for home rule Delegates accepted, but the colonies and London rejected them. ○ Edward Braddock- British General sent to capture Fort Duquesne in 1755. Hired George Washington as an aide de camp Despised Hide-behind-the-tree tactics Tried to cut a road through the forest to a small force of French and Indian soldiers who smoked him, soldiers. Braddock killed ○ Colonists were unable to defend the frontier ○ Washington soured against the British Global war and colonial disunity ○ French and Indian War (1756-1763)- Third Anglo-French colonial war Begna in the colonies Became part of the global Seven Years' War Britain and Prussia vs, France, Austria, Russia, Spain Frederick II of Prussia becomes Frederick the Great “America was won in Germany” -William Pitt Battle of Quebec 1759 ○ New Start- Attack cities, not wilderness forts ○ British take Louisbourg 1758 Protected the St.Lawrence River ○ Battle of Quebec British led by General Rolfe Sent soldiers straight up a cliff at night Was fought off the plains of Abraham British capture Quebec France Loses Again at the Peace talks ○ Treaty of Paris France lost Canada to Britain France kept west indian sugar colonies Gave Louisiana to its ally, Spain Including New Orleans ○ Spain ceded Florida to Britain In exchange for Cuba Aftermath ○ Native Americans Couldn’t play European Countries against each other Only British east of the Mississippi ○ Pontiac’s Uprising- Ottawa Chief Pontiac joined with French remnants to attack British settlements in the Ohio Valley. 2000 British soldiers and settlers killed British retaliated with Smallpox Infected Blankets Pontiac Killed by a rival Chief ○ The British stationed regular soldiers in former French forts. ○ Proclamation of 1763- Prohibited colonists from building settlements west of the Appalachians Meant to prevent conflict with Indians Colonists Furious Why did we fight the French? Ignored the Proclamation The Road to Revolution 1763-1775 The deep roots of revolution ○ Britain had 2 problems Protect new territories 10,000 soldiers Paid for by the protection by Raising taxes on the colonists Ends salutary neglect to enforce the navigation laws Also takes away political autonomy ○ New ideas in the new world ○ Republicanism- Political Theory of representative government, based on the principle, of popular sovereignty, with a strong emphasis on liberty and civic virtue ○ Radical Whig ideology- Saw corruption and arbitrary use of monarchical power as threats to individual liberty. Mercantilism and Colonial Grievances ○ Mercantilist- Economic theory that states that a nation's wealth is equal to its power. Wealth=Power Wealth=Gold and Silver Power=Military and Political ○ Mercantilists believe a country has to export more than it imports to increase its wealth ○ Navigation Laws- Prevented colonies from trading with other countries ○ Molasses Acts- Raised tariffs on non-British molasses ○ Suppressed colonial manufacturing ○ Colonial money shortage Printed inflationary paper money ○ Royal Veto- Parliament could nullify any colonial law 469/8563 colonial laws nullified Merits and Menace of Mercantilism ○ Navigation Laws were loosely enforced until 1763. Colonist ignored them ○ Colonists benefited from trade with Britain Tobacco monopoly Protection from the British Army and Navy ○ Colonials relied on British Creditors ○ Colonial economic growth was stunted. The Stamp Tax Uproar ○ British War Debt= 140 million Pounds ○ Strictly enforced the Navigation Laws in 1763 ○ Sugar Act of 1764- Increased tariff on foreign sugar from the West Indies Tariffs lowered after colonial protest ○ Quartering Act 1765- Required colonies to provide food and living quarters for British Troops ○ Stamp Act of 1765- Required certain documents to be stamped to signify that the tax was paid. Diplomas Marriage Licenses Bills of Sale Playing cards Newspapers ○ What are these taxes paying for? ○ How did these taxes compare to those in Britain? ○ Admiralty Courts- No Jury, Guilty until proven innocent. Ancient privileges of English subjects Tried violators of the Sugar Act and Stamp Act ○ “No taxation without representation” Representation in parliament ○ Virtual Representation The belief that all MPs represent all British Subjects Forced Repeal of the Stamp Act ○ Stamp Act Congress (1765)- Delegates from 9 colonies met in New York Created a statement of rights and grievances Asked Parliament to repeal the Stamp Act Mostly ignored in England Step toward colonial unity ○ Nonimportation Agreements- Boycott of British-made goods Colonists began making for themselves goods they would normally buy from Britain Clothing Allowed colonists to participate in unified protest. Cross-sectional and social lines. ○ Sons of Liberty and Daughters of Liberty- Agitated against the Stamp Act and enforced boycotts Tar and feather British Tax Collectors Merchants Shop keepers ○ All stamp agents were forced to resign The law could not be enforced Nullified ○ Boycotts hurt British industry Manufacturers Merchants Shipping America bought 25% of British exports ○ Parliament repealed the Stamp Act in 1766 ○ Declaratory Act- Parliament stated its right to govern and tax the colonies. Townshend Tea Tax and Boston “Massacre” ○ Townshend Acts (1767)- Import duty paid in American ports on the following goods: Glass White lead (Paint, Cosmetics, Manufacturing) Paper Paint Tea ○ Indirect Tax vs. Direct Tax Colonists opposed both without representation Indirect: Taxes on things that the merchant pays for and therefore the merchants raise taxes to pay for the new taxes Direct: The buyers directly pay for the new taxes ○ Tea Tax paid the salaries of Royal Governors and Judges Colonists used salary to coerce Governors ○ Parliament suspended the NY legislature in 1767 Failure to enforce the Quartering Act ○ 2 Million colonists in 1767 1 million drank tea twice a day ○ Used nonimportation agreements Less effective Boycott basically ○ Bought smuggled tea ○ Smuggling high in Massachusetts John Hancock was one of the main smugglers in Boston Became very rich by smuggling tea in ○ Britain sends two regiments to Boston to enforce the law of 1768 Drunken and profane Puritan Massachusetts ○ Soldiers got second jobs and put Bostonians out of work Soldiers could work for lower wages since they had two incomes meaning they were preferable. This made soldiers become public enemy number one ○ Boston Massacre March 5, 1770 ○ 60 Bostonians surround 10 soldiers Angry over the shooting of a boy 10 days earlier ○ Bostonians threw snowballs, rocks, and jeers at the soldiers ○ British Soldiers ﬁred without orders. Killed 5, Wounded 6 Crispus Attucks ﬁrst to die ○ John Adams defended the British soldiers at trial 8 acquitted 2 convicted of manslaughter and branded on the hand ○ Massacre? Seditious Committees of Correspondence ○ Lord North appointed Prime Minister Repeals Townshend Acts One year made 295 Pounds British colonial Garrison cost 170,000 pounds Leaves the tax on Tea as a symbol ○ Committees of Correspondence- Political committees in Massachusetts that wrote letters to one another exchanging goals and ideas about how to resist British laws that infringed on colonial rights Established by Samuel Adams Spread to Virginia in 1773 Standing Committee on the House of Burgesses Became an intercolonial system of resistance Boston Tea Party ○ They taxed our team, so we threw it in the harbor ○ The End ○ The British East India Company faced Bankruptcy in 1773 ○ 17 million pounds of Tea They couldn’t sell it all they were in debt ○ Parliament saved them by granting the company a monopoly on tea sales in the Americas. ○ The price of tea in the Americas dropped considerably Parliament still charged 3 pence tax BEIco stayed in business British government gained tax revenue Colonists paid lower prices for tea Everyone wins right? ○ Colonists felt Britain was trying to trick them into accepting tax No taxation without representation was more important than cheaper tea Protests in Philadelphia and New York prevented BEIco ships from unloading Protests in Maryland burned a BEIco ship and its cargo Merchants In South Carolina refuse to accept BEIco tea ○ Why was Boston different? ○ Governor Thomas Hutchinson The home was burned during Stamp Act protests Ordered BEIco ships not to leave until they unloaded Called for “abridgment of what are called English liberties” Conﬁrmed colonial conspiracy theories ○ Boston Tea Party (December 12, 1773)- About 100 Bostonians (sort of) disguised as Indians Boarded BEIco ships in Boston Harbor and dumped 342 chests of tea into the harbor. Hundreds cheered from the shore. $2,023,328 of property damage in 2021 USD Parliament Responds to the Boston Tea Party ○ The Intolerable Acts (1774)- a series of laws passed by Parliament as retribution against Boston and Massachusetts for the Boston Tea Party ○ Closed Boston Harbor until Tea Party damages were paid ○ Oﬃcials who killed colonists were tried in Britain Previously tried in the colonies Colonists assumed they would not be punished ○ Town meetings limited ○ British soldiers could be housed in private homes Always watching ○ The Quebec Act (1774)- Was written to run conquered French territory more eﬃciently, but colonists interpreted it as further punishment for the Boston Tea Party. Former French settlers could practice Catholicism. Allowed trial by jury in civil cases Allowed Quebec to have a local legislature The border extended to the Ohio River Colonial Response to the Intolerable Acts ○ The First Continental Congress (1774)- 55 delegates from 12 colonies met in Philadelphia to discuss how the colonies should respond to the intolerable acts. Declaration of rights They declared that their rights were being violated Appeals to the British King, Colonies, and People Sees Parliament as the problem First Continental Congress does not call for independence Not a main idea ○ The Association- A complete boycott of British goods until the Intolerable Act was repealed No importation No exportation No consumption of British goods Violators were tarred and feathered ○ The First Continental Congress resolved to meet again in 1775 if the intolerable acts were repealed. The shot was heard around the World. ○ Lexington and Concord (1775)- British commander in Boston sent to capture Samuel Adams, John Hancock, and rebel gunpowder. Sam Adams and John Hancock are warned and start planning for the British attack Paul revere warns all the minutemen that the British are coming “Minutemen” militia refused to disperse at Lexington after the British commander asked him to Shots were ﬁred. 8 Americans were killed and more wounded At Concord, the Minute Men forced the British to retreat to Boston after they crossed a bridge they were warned against 70 British soldiers were killed and 300 wounded “By the rude bridge that arched the ﬂood, Their ﬂag to April’s breeze unfurled, Here once the embattled farmers stood, And ﬁred the shot heard round the world.” - Ralph Waldo Emerson “Concord Hymn” British Strengths and Weaknesses Strengths Weaknesses 50,000 Man professional Army Ireland required soldiers to prevent rebellion Largest Navy in the world France wanted to avenge the French and Indian War. France wants and does help the United States 30,000 hired soldiers (Hessians Ineffective leadership, (German State)) King was special All other leaders were just bad 50,000 American loyalists Whig party opposed war with the colonists British army poorly supplied after a while American Geography and bad infrastructure American Strengths and Weaknesses Strengths Weaknesses Amazing leadership Disorganized 1. Washington was an amazing tactical leader 2. Franklin was a good diplomatic person in France Received much foreign aid - Military - Constant supply shortages - Inﬁghting between oﬃcers - Militias refused to leave their state Foreign oﬃcers helped train the soldiers 1. Lafayette (just a dude with power), Von Steuben, and Casimir Pulaski Only have to play a defensive war - Just have to survive long enough for the British to quit Moral conviction, the soldiers believed what they were doing was right. Historical precedence for success The American Revolution 1775-1783 The Second Continental Congress (May 10, 1775) ○ Represented all 13 colonies and served as a defacto central government through most of the revolution No call for independence Drafted pleas to the King and British people Raised money for an army and navy Named George Washington commander-in-chief Was appointed due to a political decision George Washington ○ Master of tactical retreat Good at retreating Fabian strategy Wait till they make a mistake then beat them ○ Moral Authority Respected by many people ○ Spymaster Washington code name 711 ○ Took no salary For military and presidential service Kept detailed expense accounts ○ Political appointment Proves Virginia's commitment to the fight Bunker Hill and Hessian Hirelings ○ Fort Ticonderoga (May 1775)- Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold capture gunpowder and cannons ○ Bunker Hill (June 1775)-3,000 British attacked 1,500 Americans from the front. Half of the British killed our wounded 400 Americans killed or wounded Americans were forced to retreat when gunpowder ran out. Fought on Breed's Hill, not on Bunker Hill ○ Olive Branch Petitions (July 1775)- Continental Congress begged the king to end further hostilities George proclaimed the colonies were in rebellion in August 1775 Continued fighting was treason ○ Hessians- 30,000 German mercenaries hired by George III in September 1775. They came primarily from the German province of Hesse The deal shocked the colonists Failed Conquest of Canada ○ Americans believed the conquered French hated the British ○ 2000 American soldiers involved in two columns ○ Obvious invasion ○ Battle of Quebec December 31, 1775-General Montgomery killed, Benedict Arnold wounded. Arnold led a retreat to Lake Champlain ○ Quebec Act of 1774 made a difference Thomas Paine Common Sense ○ British burning of Norfolk, VA, and Falmouth, Maine drove colonists towards independence. ○ British forced to evacuate Boston in March 1776 ○ Washington had Aura ○ Common Sense (January 10, 1776)- Written by Thomas Paine, this pamphlet makes a case for American independence by stating that just governments derived their authority from the consent of the governed. Sold 120,000 copies in a few months Convinced Americans that they were not fighting for reconciliation ○ Paine called for “Republicanism” Power flowed up from the people as opposed to flowing down from the monarch. All government officials should derive power from the consent of the masses. America Declares Independence ○ June 7, 1776, Richard Henry Lee motions for independence ○ Congress appoints the “Committee of Five” to write and edit the Declaration of Independence Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Livingston, Sherman Lee’s Motion adopted July 2, 1776 On July 4, 1776, the Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence Lists reasons for American independence Written by Jefferson Based on the philosophy of Locke and Bolingbroke Contained obvious hypocrisies “All men are created equal” WE MUST ALL HANG TOGETHER OR WWE ALL HANG SEPARATELY Patriots and Loyalists ○ Patriots- American rebels against the British empire ○ Loyalists- Americans loyal to the British empire Also called tories 80,000 fled the colonies Fairfax 50,000 fought for Britain ○ 1/3 patriots 1/3 Loysists 1/3 didn't care Battle of Long Island ○ British sends 500 ships into New York harbor 35,000 soldiers “All London Afloat” ○ 18,000 patriots ○ Battle of Long Island- British Commander Howe route Washington's army Washington's army escaped into New Jersey Battle of Trenton (December 26, 1776) ○ Continental Army crossed the Delaware River on Christmas day. Surprised the Hessians the next morning Thousands of Hessians were killed or captured ○ He did the same to the British at Princeton a week later Hamiltons revenge The Road to Saratoga ○ British Goal=Isolate New England New England is the problem ○ Howe Push Up the Hudson ○ “Gentleman Johnny” Burgoyne to push down from Lake Champlain Buddy liked to party slowing him down Benedict also slowed Burgoyne down Forces Burgoyne to winter in Montreal in 1776-1777 Burgoyne restarts invasion in the spring of 1777 Is harassed by Arnold ○ Howe moves toward Philadelphia ○ How wanted to destroy Washington Battle of Brandywine Creek (September 11, 1777) Battle of Germantown (October 4, 1777) ○ Washington heads Forge Baron Von Steuben Very prestigious German militant Helps train the American soldiers which helps them get through winter Changes the continental army over a whole winter ○ Howe settles in Philadelphia Continental Congress Flees “Philadelphia captures Howe” Turning Point ○ Battle of Saratoga- A series of battles that prevents Burgoyne from retreating or advancing Patriots led by Benedict Arnold and Horatio Gates Burgoyne surrendered to the gates on October 17, 1777 Gates gets all the glory for the battle Benedict Arnold gets court martial ○ France begins to offer aid Decisive victory convinces them that the Americans can win France wanted to use this as a win against the British because the Americans could win Revolutionary Diplomacy ○ Model Treaty- Treaty of “Alliance” to France based on enlightenment principles of free enterprise No political or military attachments Only commercial attachments Advocated free trade and the abolishment of the mercantilist system ○ John Adams- ineffectual diplomat ○ British offered Americans, Home Rule, after Saratoga ○ Ben Franklin used this to secure the French Aud IF Americans accepted home rule then France would lose everything ○ France offers America a treaty Traditional Military alliance Recognition of independence World War ○ French (1778) and Spanish (1779) fleets outnumbered the British navy Conflicts in West Indies and off the coast of the British Isles ○ Armed Neutrality (1780)- A system of passive hostility toward Britain by continental European powers that lacked powerful navies. Organized by Catherine the Great Battle of Monmouth Courthouse ○ Britain forced to change strategy ○ British Evacuate Philadelphia for New York due to not enough room for ships ○ Americans attack retreating British at Monmouth Courthouse, NJ Origin of Molly Pitcher 800+ killed combined on both sides Many wounded Indecisive battle British retreat but controlled New York City Revolutionary Espionage ○ General Comte de Rochambeau arrived with 6000 soldiers in 1780 Americans and French begin planning an assault on New York ○ Benedict Arnold betrays his country (1780) Peggy Shippen Arnold and Major Andre to help Arnold The British government is willing to pay 6,300 pounds and a General's commission in exchange for West Point (Fort) Andre gets captured by regular guards at the border when he is returning to the British Washington, Hamilton, and Layfette are coming to Arnold's house and Peggy stalls for Arnold so he can escape Washington doesn’t believe Peggy had anything to do with ARnold's betrayal The Southern Campaign ○ British action in the South relied on Southern loyalists ○ The British captured Georgia in 1778-1779 ○ British captured Charleston SC in 1780 A bigger loss for the Americans than Burgoyne was for the British ○ Patriot Militias fought Loyalist Militias Francis Marion “The Swamp Fox” Would run to swamps if scared ○ Patriots won victories at Kings Mountain (1780) NC and Cowpens (1781) SC ○ Nathaniel Greene led American forces in the South The “Fighting Quaker” ○ Carolina Campaign 1781- Greene cleared most of Georgia and South Carolina of British control. Stand and Retreat tactics General Charles Cornwallis is not retreating The New York Campaign ○ Cornwallis retreated to Yorktown, Virginia, and asked GEneral Henry Clinton for aid ○ Washington marched 300 miles from NY to VA and besieged Cornwallis's camp ○ French Admiral De Grasse cut off the British escape by sea ○ After weeks of fighting, Cornwallis surrendered his force of 7,000 soldiers The world turned upside down when the British surrendered After Yorktown ○ Washington returned the Continental Army to New York 10,000 British soldiers in NYC 32,000 total in the U.S. Newburgh Conspiracy Kept the army together Washington says going blind because of war brings many officers to tears because of their selfishness. ○ Fighting continued in the South Patriot and Loyalist militias ○ Whig Government replaced Lord North in 1782 “My god it's over”- Lord North ○ Three American negotiators were sent to Paris John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, and John Jay ○ France could not satisfy Spain and the U.S. France would have to choose one or the other ○ Jay secretly signed a separate treaty with Great Britain A Cganist Congress orders Treaty of Paris (1783) ○ Britain acknowledged U.S. independence ○ Official borders- Great Lakes in the north, Mississippi River in the west, and Florida in the south France and Spain aren’t included in these deals which does not make them happy. ○ Americans get fishing rights in Newfoundland Canadians don’t like this ○ Loyalists could not be persecuted ○ Congress had to recommend that states confiscated loyalist property. ○ U.S. agreed to hold legal debts owed to British creditors ○ France also agreed to the terms France favored this because it got them out of a bad deal with Spain The Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1784) ○ The peace agreement between the United States and the Iroquois nation ○ Ended hostilities between the Americans and the Indians ○ Forced Iroquois to give up most of their land Articles of Confederation and the Constitution A Shaky Start Toward Union ○ British merchants flooded the U.S. with cheap goods ○ The common enemy was gone, leading to state conflicts coming back. ○ State conditions were very similar ○ Great leadership Washington, Adams, Jefferson, Hamilton, and Madison State Constitutions ○ Continental Congress told states to draft constitutions in 1776 Masschutes drafted and signed it first ○ Massachusetts called a constitutional convention The Constitution was ratified by a public referendum Could only be changed by convention Oldest constitution in the world ○ State Constitutions have many similarities Contracts that defined government powers Contracts that define government powers Fundamental law above the level of normal legislation Many state constitutions had a Bill of Rights Yearly elections of legislators Weak executive and judicial branch Legislatures were given broad powers Economic Crosscurrents ○ States confiscated former crownlands States used this to sell and then help pay off debt Many small landowners benefited from this ○ Pre-war boycotts and the war economy boosted manufacturing But was hindered by cheap British products ○ Mostly an Agricultural country ○ Trade after independence Mercantilist policies kept American Ships out of British ports New international markets opened to us slowly ○ Market Speculation Land was a big part of economic gain Some profits as high as 300% ○ High inflation due to overborrowing by state governments Creating a confederation ○ Continental Congress almost had no power over the states The state of Virginia signed its treaty with France Interstate tariff barriers States creating treaties with other countries may lead to disputes between states. ○ Congress called for the drafting of a Constitution in 1776 Completed in 1777 (Articles of Confederation) ○ Articles of Confederation- Linked the states as a loose confederation under a weak congress. Congress could not regulate commerce or collect taxes ○ States argued over claims to western lands Delayed ratification until 1781 Some states have massive land claims and shared none States with western lands could sell them to pay war debts Other states did not like this ○ Solution: Congress will govern western lands until they are ready to claim equal statehood with the original 13 Unified the country Established supremacy and income for the national government Articles of Confederation ○ No executive branch ○ The judicial branch left up to each state ○ Congress was the only branch of the national government Each state had one vote in Congress 68K Rhode Islanders = 600K Virginias 9 states required to pass major legislation 13 states required to amend the Articles of Confederation Many political people thought that a weak national government was more important than the rights of the people ○ Congress was intentionally weak to protect rights Could not regulate commerce States set their own tariffs and navigation laws Congress could not enforce its taxation Congress could set quotes for each state ○ Some loved the articles Wanted a weak central government Thomas Jefferson was one of these people ○ Weakness highlighted the need for a strong centralized government Landmarks in Land Laws ○ The old northwest- Northwest of the Ohio River, East of the Mississippi River, South of the great lakes. Congress acquired this land form the states ○ Land ordinance of 1785- Measured and surveyed the old northwest, and sold the land to pay off the national debt Created an orderly process for western expansion (Set prices low to encourage migration) 16th section of each township set aside to fund public schools Parcels of land could be divided up to allow for large and small farms ○ The northwest ordinance-Created a two-step process for governing the northwest territory. First, the territory would be governed by congress. Second, once a portion of the territory reached 60k inhabitants, it could petition for statehood Forbid the expansion of slavery into the Northwest Territory Included a fugitive slave clause Said that enslaved people from a place where slavery was legal could not run away to a place where slavery was illegal and free themselves Foreign policy ○ London refused to send an ambassador “If we sent one, we would have to send 13” ○ Britain refused to make a trade agreement Navigation laws now exclude the U.S. The U.S. responded by smuggling ○ British refused to give up trading posts in the U.S. frontier Continued fur trade with Native Americans ○ America's neglected British debts and Loyalists Opposite of the Requirements under the Treaty of Paris ○ Spain was hostile to the U.S. Closed the Mississippi River to the U.S. commerce in 1784 Claimed parts of Florida given to the U.S. in the Treaty of Paris Maintained close relationship with Native Americans Maintained a fort of disputed land at Natchez (Mississippi) ○ After the war, France was less friendly when we didn’t pay back a lot of the money France demanded the repayment of loans Restricted trade in the West Indies ○ Barbary Pirates Demanded tribute from the national government to trade in the Mediterranean. Various North African states Attacked U.S. shipping in the mediterranean Enslaved American soldiers European countries paid bribes to prevent piracy The U.S. was too poor to pay the bribe Economic Woes ○ The weak government made it easy for other countries to push us around ○ The U.S. faced economic problems related to public and private finance ○ Rapid inflation due to states being able to see taxes ○ Inefficient taxation for the same reason ○ Inability to pay war debts meaning we couldn't borrow more money ○ Bade credit ○ States placed tariffs on one another making life hard Many poor farmers in MA lost their farms because of this Shays Rebellion ○ Western farmers were losing farms Mortgage foreclosure Tax delinquency due to gold and silver was rare and that's what you had to pay taxes in A lot of these farmers were military vets from the Revo war ○ Captain Daniel Shays led a group of farmers to Boston to confront the government about the tax/land repositioning problem Many farmers followed Shay Shays and his Rebels demanded from the government to: Lower taxes Stop foreclosures Print paper money ○ Many rich folks don’t like being pushed around by the average people ○ MA's response to this was raising an army to “fight” the rebels The governor donated to wealthy citizens to produce a militia ○ Skirmish at Springfield Resulted in 3 rebels killed and one wounded. Rebel’s disintegrated ○ Daniel Shays was arrested and sentenced to death Shays was a hero for many MA people so the governor pardoned him ○ MA’s legislature gave the rebels what they wanted Results of Shays rebellion ○ Scared wealthy landowners Many rich and influential folks called this “Mobocracy” ○ Some citizens called for a strong centralized government due to the threat of a rebellion could overthrow the government Some people got so scared that they said they needed a monarchy ○ Argument over how to balance state vs central government authority Jefferson said that a rebellion is good for liberty ○ Due to all the arguments Washington called a rewriting of the AoC The Constitutional convention ○ Made a list of things they needed to fix in Annapolis MD in 1786 ○ Didn’t have enough representatives to actually do anything ○ Goals DEal with commerce ○ Hamilton called for Congress to convene a convection in Philadelphia the next year to amend the article of confederation ○ Congress only agreed after 6 states had already chosen delegates Real convention ○ Delegates chosen by state legislatures People elected were best of best RI sent no delegates (This is a problem) 55 delegates total ○ Hamilton and many other political leaders thought of this and knew that a new constitution had to be made Someone called these delegates “demigods” Meaning these people are compelling and smart ○ Demigod convention Washington was elected chairman due to his dedication Ben Franklin James Madison, walked in as nerd came out father of constitution Took perfect notes Alexander Hamilton is very young Spoke for 5 hours about a plan no one liked (He was a yapper) Hamilton made monarchy ideas into republican names Some historians think that Hamilton was saying bad ideas to other people so Madison’s plan would be better ○ Sessions were kept secret Armed Guards guarded the convention ○ Founding Fathers not present at the Convention ○ In Europe: John Adams (British ambassador) Thomas Jefferson (French Ambassador) Thomas Paine (Wrote Common Sense) ○ Not elected:e John Hancock Samuel Admas ○ Patrick Henry refused to go to the convection because he smelled a rat (knew they were making something new) Supported articles of confedeartion

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