APUSH Study Guide - Early America (PDF)

1: Republican Motherhood Time Period: Late 1700’s (1780’s) What: Mothers being given a larger role in society, by being expected to teach children how to be moral and intelligent people with republican values. Where: Late 1700s United States (original 13...

1: Republican Motherhood Time Period: Late 1700’s (1780’s) What: Mothers being given a larger role in society, by being expected to teach children how to be moral and intelligent people with republican values. Where: Late 1700s United States (original 13 colonies and 1783 Treaty of Paris ) Why: To keep Republican ideals going through into new generations through mothers Who: American women (mostly mothers) Significance: Elevating the role of women within the United States, helped establish women's education, laid the groundwork for future women’s rights movements. 2: Virginia Plan vs New Jersey Plan Time Period: 1780’s What: Two different ideas on how U.S government should be set up. - Virginia Plan: representation based on state population - Favored bigger states - New Jersey Plan: equal representation for every state - Favored smaller states Where: Philadelphia, Constitutional Convention Why: To create a fair government that balanced the individual rights of a singular person and the equal rights of each state Who: Virginia Plan created by James Madison, New Jersey Plan created by William Paterson Significance: Great Compromise = two part congress: House of Representatives (population per state) and Senate (equal per state) 3: Alexander Hamilton Time Period: Late 18th Century (1790’s) What: Founding Father, first Secretary of Treasury, created a national bank, wrote 51 of the federalist papers Where: Early United States Why: Wanted a strong federal government and stable economy, was very passionate and pushed his way to power to execute these goals. Who: Born in Caribbean, rose to power as Washington’s “right hand man” and Founding Father Significance: Established U.S financial system, created national bank (was taken down by Andrew Jackson) helped shape US economy and government 4: Alien and Sedition Acts Time Period: 1790’s What: Laws passed by congress restricting immigrant rights and immigration against US, as well as stopping dissent against government Where: United States Why: Passed during a time with lots of dissent against the federal government (mainly regarding tensions w France) and fear of foreign immigrant influence  Who: Adams administration, Federalist Party Significance: Raised questions about free speech violations, began decline of Federalist party and rise of Democratic-Republican Party 5: Monroe Doctrine Time Period: 1820’s What: U.S Foreign Policy: Europeans out of Western Hemisphere Where: Western Hemisphere Why: Aimed to protect new Latin American countries and assert US dominance Who: Declared by Pres. James Monroe, written by Secretary of State John Quincy Adams Significance: Established precedent for when US could enforce it, warned European powers, contributed to American Exceptionalism 6: American Exceptionalism Time Period: 1830’s What: A belief that the U.S is destined to lead the world to democracy, so normal rules that govern internationally don’t apply to them. Where: United States Why: Started w the American Revolution (we beat the british we must be special), pushed through ideas like Manifest Destiny, an easy justification to do basically anything Who: Started by Alexis Tocqueville in his book “Democracy in America”, American political leaders and influential figures. Significance: Shaped US foreign policies and encouraged expansion, as well as intervention with other nations and a very high level of national pride 7: King Andrew Time Period: 1830’s What: A nickname given to President Andrew Jackson by opponents of his presidency, usually in political cartoons. Where: United States, usually in magazines Why: Critics of Jackson used King Andrew to relate him as to a British Monarch. This ideally would pull him out of favor with the people, as Americans wanted nothing to do with a king or British ideals in general. Who: Coined by opponents of Jackson’s Presidency, especially the Whig Party. Significance: Led to formation of Whig Party, started debates and questions over presidential authority limits. Test Prep: ID’s 1. Republican Motherhood: Republican motherhood is the idea that the new generation of people needed to carry on the republican values that are present in their current generation. Society gave the job to women, specifically mothers. This idea started in the 1780’s in the United States, and was an integral early start to women's rights. To have mothers teach, they needed to be educated. Therefore, women were put into schooling, and this slowly snowballed into the very similar rights they have today. Overall, it helped elevate the status of women within the United States, pushing towards the hope of our founding fathers that every citizen should be equal. NOTE: COPLEY FAMILY PORTRAIT 2. Virginia Plan vs New Jersey Plan: The Virginia Plan vs. the New Jersey Plan was an argument between the United States’s Founding Fathers in the 1780’s during the Continental Congress. While creating a new government, the issue of how to vote nationally came up as a large issue. The main two ideas were as follows: Virginia Plan, proposed by James Madison. The Virginia Plan made sure that every person had a vote on issues, but therefore supported the larger states that had more population. The New Jersey Plan was proposed by William Paterson. It made sure that every state had the same amount of votes, but therefore supported the smaller states. The issue was only resolved through the Great Compromise, where they gave each plan a piece of the two part house: House of Representatives (Virginia Plan) and the Senate (New Jersey Plan). This created the basis for the government we have today. 3. Alexander Hamilton Alexander Hamilton was an incredibly influential part of American politics, economy, and government. Hamilton came to the United States from a tough upbringing in the Carribean, and quickly started working his way into power. He gained influence as Washington’s “Right hand man” in the Revolutionary War era, then fought through politics on his own. He was the most influential in the 1790’s, when he created the National Bank and was the first Secretary of Treasury. He believed that a good democracy and a strong country came from a strong central government with a stable and highly effective economy. Hamilton was killed by Aaron Burr in a duel in the 1800’s, but he leaves a legacy that can still be seen today through our stable government and the ideas behind our government.  4. Alien and Sedition Acts The Alien and Sedition Acts were laws passed by the Adams administration limiting the right to speak against the government and limiting the rights of immigrants in 1790’s United States. President John Adams was facing lots of criticism after problems with the French with piracy, declaring neutrality, getting on better terms with Britain (and therefore dropping the alliance they had with the French), and their lack of aid during the French revolution. Therefore, he created these acts to stop the haters in the United States from speaking out and undermining his power, as well as to quell his fears of foreign influence on American ideals. These laws created lots of free speech questions. They served as the beginning of the end for the Federalist Party, and made way for Jefferson’s Democratic Republicans. 5. Monroe Doctrine The Monroe Doctrine was a verbal declaration in the 1820’s, given by President James Monroe. Written by his Secretary of State, John Quincy Adams, the Monroe Doctrine was aimed at European powers encroaching on the Western Hemisphere. It stated that the United States would attack any European power that increased its current land prowess in the Americas. This was declared to help the United States fulfill Manifest Destiny, as it would be a lot easier to gain land nobody controlled. Another reason is to protect the many Latin American countries gaining their independence around the time, of which would be easy conquering territory for most European countries. This declaration helped promote the idea of American Exceptionalism, as well as established a precedent that would be followed through with as soon as the United States were powerful enough to enforce it. 6. American Exceptionalism American Exceptionalism is an idea started taking off in the 1830’s, coined by Alexis Tocqueville in his book “Democracy in America”. When Tocqueville came to America to write on what France could learn from American democracy, he discovered a phenomenon he described as “American Exceptionalism”. This was the idea that Americans believed they are a chosen people to lead the world to democracy, so international laws that govern everybody else don’t apply to them. This can be seen in many instances, such as issues regarding nuclear missles: America gets to have plenty of these world-threatening weapons, while countries like iran or Cuba aren’t allowed to have any. It can also be seen influencing other US foreign policies, encouraging expansion, and giving reason to a very high level of national pride. 7. King Andrew King Andrew was a term coined by the Whig Party in the 1830’s to describe President Andrew Jackson. This term was often pushed through political ads in United States newspapers. He was given the nickname because of his aggressive use of his presidential powers, most of which were constitutional (He did defy the supreme court completely, but his second term ended before impeachment could take place). The reasoning for this name was him using the veto more than all the previous presidents combined, ending the national bank, disobeying the supreme court, and his “spoils system” of giving his loyal supporters the cabinet. His aggressive use of his presidential powers and campaigns aimed at tarnishing his reputation by the Whig Party led to concerns about how much power the president should have. These concerns led to the precedent still in place today that a president shouldn’t use their constitutional powers so aggressively, (veto as a last resort, spoils system frowned upon.) Test Prep: Essay Outline Essay Outline 1. - Achievements of the Articles of Confederation (2) - Land Ordinance of 1785 - Small land prices, cheap enough for average person to buy - Northwest Ordinance (1787) - Established rules for statehood, keeps new states equal to original 13, no slavery in new states of Northwest territory, two new universities founded (OU and Miami U) - Weaknesses of Articles of Confederation (3) - No judicial branch - No ability to tax - Every state gets a vote, not every person. - Things That Exposed Weakness of Articles of Confederation (2) - Shay’s rebellion (1780’s) - Had no militia, so they couldn't put down rebellion for months - Barbary Pirates (1780’s) - US had no money (no taxes) to bribe, no army to defend ships being pirated in Mediterranean Sea - Key Differences Between Articles of Confederation and Constitution (3) - Standing militia - Taxes - Stronger national government - Strong Exercise of Power Under New Constitution (3) - Whiskey rebellion (1790’s) - Western Pannsylvanians mad at Hamilton for 7 cent tax on whiskey - Start rebellion, get put down immediately by a 13,000 man militia led by GW - Alien and Sedition Acts (1790’s) - Acts restricting dissenting speech against the government, especially from immigrants. While certainly unconstitutional, it was an aggressive  exercise of power that wouldn't even be thought of with the Articles of Confederation making it so that all or almost all the states had to agree. - Indian Removal Act of 1830 - Supreme Court deems unconstitutional, Jackson does it anyways. Would not be possible without standing militia, as this was peacetime and under the AOC, US government has no standing militia. Essay Outline 2. - North vs South differences during Antebellum Period (2 needed) - North was industrial, textile industry. South was agrarian (farm oriented), cotton and tobacco industry - Slavery being fazed out in north, abolitionist movement vs slavery seen as a “way of life” in the South, something sacred that couldn't be taken away. - Causes leading to Civil War (10 needed) - Nullification Crisis (1830’s) - South Carolina declares protective tariffs void (affecting cotton exportation), shows SC willingness to defy federal government, threatened secession.0/” - Nat Turner’s Rebellion (1830’s) - Slave named Nat Turner believes he has been chosen by God to lead slaves in a rebellion, gathers many nearby virginia slaves and kills 60 whites before rebellion is put down by - Wilmot Proviso (1840’s) - Bill outlawing slavery in land gained from Mexico - South got mad at North for trying to void missouri compromise - Compromise of 1850 - North gains California, South gets the fugitive slave act. Northerners (specifically abolitionists) pissed about this act, as it makes slaves lives a lot harder and underground railroad workers a lot more scared. Pushes Northerners to hate the south for proposing the act, widening the rift between the two countries in one. - Kansas-Nebraska Act / Bleeding Kansas (1850’s) - Government made the decision of Kansas being slave or free a vote, so radicals from each side flocked to Kansas, murdering and attacking each other and starting their own little Civil War. Widened the gap between northerners and southerners, as each saw the others as the perpetrator. - Harriet Beecher Stowe’s book Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1850’s) - Harriet Beecher Stowe (white woman in North) writes book on slavery called Uncle Tom’s Cabin, which called many in the North to action and pushed the Abolitionist movement farther. South hated this, starting really considering secession as an option. - Harpers Ferry Attack (John Brown) (1850’s) - After killing many during the events of Bleeding Kansas, Brown gathered a few loyal supporters to lead a slave rebellion, starting by capturing a federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia. Slaves never came to fight with him as he had no means of communication, and he was captured and hung for treason, as well as many other death sentencing crimes. South hated him, North loved him. Ignited flames not there before when he was killed. - Preston Brooks Attacks Charles Sumner (1850’s) - Sumner making accusations of southerners raping slaves. Brooks, believing his home state has been dishonored, leaps at Sumner and attacks him. Southerners support the attack, Northerners horrified. These are the people deciding on war or not, and they're fighting amongst themselves. - Dred Scott Decision (1850’s) - Slave that became free and was kept as slave, sued and went all the way up to the Supreme Court. Supreme Court said that he wasn't a person and therefore couldn't sue. Outraged northern abolitionists, blamed south. - Election of Abraham Lincoln (1860) - Southerners see Abraham Lincoln election as final straw, believe that he will end slavery, so they secede. It begins with South Carolina, quickly expands to 11 confederate states.