APUSH Final Exam Review 2024 PDF

APUSH l Final Exam Review 2024 ( Literally FINAL!!) Excerpts from Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun, NOAH Webster,Harriet Tubman, Frederick Douglass, Abraham Lincoln, and others… American nationalism and culture Nationalism- The spirit of nation-cons...

APUSH l Final Exam Review 2024 ( Literally FINAL!!) Excerpts from Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun, NOAH Webster,Harriet Tubman, Frederick Douglass, Abraham Lincoln, and others… American nationalism and culture Nationalism- The spirit of nation-consciousness ○ War of 1812 against Britain fostered a sense of unity and pride ○ Monroe Doctrine closed off the Western hemisphere from European colonization which asserted an independent and strong American role in international affaris Culture ○ Artists focused on romantic landscapes of the American frontier, celebrating the natural beauty of the United States and reinforcing the concept of Manifest Destiny. ○ Transcendentalism emphasized individualism, nature, and self-reliance, contributing to a unique American intellectual tradition. ○ The push for public education, led by figures like Horace Mann, aimed to create an educated citizenry essential for a functioning democracy. ○ The early 19th century saw various social reform movements, including temperance, abolition, and women's rights, reflecting a dynamic and evolving American society. ○ Fourth of July ○ Star Spangled Banner became a powerful symbol of American resilience and patriotism Effects of rise of manufacturing Industrialization: The rise of manufacturing led to the industrialization of society, with a shift from agrarian economies to industrial ones. Factories and urban centers grew rapidly, attracting workers from rural areas. Economic Growth: Manufacturing spurred economic growth by increasing productivity, generating wealth, and creating new jobs in factories and related industries. Wealth Disparities: While manufacturing created wealth for factory owners and industrialists, it also contributed to income disparities between the wealthy industrialists and the working class, leading to social tensions. American System Henry Clay wanted to promote industry in the US ○ He advocated for a strong baking system, a protective tariff, and a federally funded transportation network Rise of mass democracy (Why?) Democratic Ideals ○ The American Revolution and the principles of liberty, equality, and self-governance fostered a culture of democracy and civic engagement, encouraging greater participation in the political process. Expansionism and Nationalism ○ The belief in Manifest Destiny and the idea of American exceptionalism fueled a sense of national pride and unity, promoting the expansion of democratic principles throughout the nation. Market economy Predominantly Agricultural: ○ The economy was primarily agrarian, with the majority of Americans living and working on farms. Subsistence Farming ○ Many farmers practiced subsistence farming, growing crops for their own consumption rather than for sale in markets. Cash Crops ○ Some regions specialized in the production of cash crops like cotton, tobacco, and rice, which were sold for profit in domestic and international markets. Whig v. Democratic beliefs Whigs ○ wanted a strong federal government ○ Supported national banks and tariffs ○ Backed by industrialist and urban areas ○ Moderate about slavery ○ Puffing factory clouds Democrat ○ wanted limited federal government ○ Did not support national banks and tariffs ○ Backed by farmers and rural areas ○ Supported slavery  ○ We are farmers Immigration-where and reasons Many Germans and Irish people immigrated to the US because Europe was overpopulated ○ Irish people came over because of the Great Famine Many of them went to NYC, Boston, Philadelphia ○ Germans came over because of political unrest in Germany Went to NY, WI, TX, and PA Nativism in 1840’s-50’s Political and social movement in the United States characterized by a strong preference for the interests of native-born Americans over those of immigrants, particularly Irish and German Catholics ○ Know-Nothings advocated for anti-immigrant policies Know -Nothing (American) Party Party formed by Protestants who were alarmed by the increasing number of Irish and German immigrants Second Great Awakening/causes and effects A religious revival movement in the early 19th century United States, characterized by fervent evangelicalism and a focus on personal conversion and moral reform ○ Came about because of the Enlightenment Era and people thinking more scientifically rather than spiritually Made it so that many social movements like the woman’s rights movement and the temperance movement kicked off Higher education Seneca Falls Convention at Seneca Falls was where Elizabeth C. Stanton declared all men and women are created equal in the Declaration of Sentiments Manifest Destiny-reasons Manifest destiny- The belief that the United States was destined to expand across the continent became a unifying national ideology, promoting a sense of shared purpose and destiny. Slavery’s effect on Southern culture South became overly reliant on slave labor ○ Cotton was the main thing they produced and shaped their society Sectionalism  Political, economic, and social divisions between different regions of the country, primarily the North, South, and West Abolitionism Abolitionism was a social and political movement dedicated to the immediate emancipation of enslaved people and the end of slavery. American Colonization Society An organization founded in 1816 with the primary goal of relocating free African Americans to Africa. Popular sovereignty Notion that the sovereign people of a given territory should decide whether or not to allow slavery 1850s events Compromise of 1850- ○ California was admitted to the Union as a free state, tipping the balance against the South in the Senate. ○ Although the resolution did not favor slave owners, the boundary issue between Texas and Mexico was resolved by ceding Texas to become a part of the New Mexico territory. In return, Texas will receive $10 million from the federal government as compensation. ○ Slave Trade was abolished in the District of Columbia. ○ The territories of Utah and New Mexico were determined by popular sovereignty ○ A more stringent fugitive slave law was introduced, which was viewed as the most controversial. Uncle Tom’s Cabin- A book published by Harriet Beecher Stowe that displayed the horrors of slavery to the North Bleeding Kansas- Violent clashes between pro-slavery and anti-slavery settlers in the Kansas Territory, stemming from the Kansas-Nebraska Act's provision for popular sovereignty. Charles Sumner- Senator Charles Sumner, an abolitionist, was beaten by Representative Preston Brooks on the Senate floor after Sumner delivered a fiery anti-slavery speech. This incident highlighted the deep divisions and increasing violence over the slavery issue.  Lincoln-Douglas Debates- Lincoln challenged Douglas to seven debates during the Illinois Senate race. The debates focused heavily on the issue of slavery, increasing Lincoln's national profile. John Brown’s Raid on Harper’s Ferry- Abolitionist John Brown led a raid on the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia, intending to incite a slave rebellion. The raid failed, and Brown was captured and executed, but the event heightened sectional tensions. Kansas-Nebraska Act This act created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska and allowed for popular sovereignty to decide the issue of slavery in these territories, effectively repealing the Missouri Compromise. Dred Scott Decision Dred Scott, a slave, attempted to sue his master of 5 years ○ Sued on the basis of his long residence on free soil ○ Supreme Court ruled that Scott was a black slave therefore he was not a citizen and could not sue in federal courts Said he was private property that could be taken anywhere Causes of Civil War Slavery States’ rights Ineffective Compromises (Compromise of 1850 and Missouri Compromise) Lincoln was elected president South seceded Lincoln’s response to secession Lincoln declared secession impractical ○ South and North were not geographically divided ○ National debt ○ Federal Territories ○ Fugitive slave laws Union v Confederate forces The Union had more money Better technology More volunteers/African Americans Railroad network Strong navy Stable government Border states  Confederates had more training Home field advantage Resourceful Reaction to the draft There was a lack of volunteers, so Congress passed a federal draft in 1863. ○ People could purchase substitutes for $300 ○ Men on the poorer side expressed that the government was asking them “$300 or their lives” ○ Riots broke out (underprivileged/ and antiblack Irish American men screamed down with Lincoln) Antietam Landmark battle in the Civil War that demonstrated the Union’s power. General McClellan halted General Lee’s forces from moving northward. ○ Stalled foreign intervention ○ Pushed Lincoln to release the Emancipation Proclamation Emancipation Proclamation-effects- 1. The proclamation led to slavery being the main reason for the war a. North had a moral cause; save the Union and free the slaves 2. People thought Lincoln was trying to start a slave rebellion 3. Made European countries reluctant to support the South 4. African Americans were allowed to enlist 5. Led to the 13th Amendment being passed (Banned slavery) African American soldiers in Civil War- When white manpower got low, African Americans (in the North) were allowed to fight in the war. The South followed soon after, but by the time they did, it was too late. Gettysburg Address- Abraham Lincoln’s often-quoted speech was delivered at the dedication of the cemetery at Gettysburg battlefield. In the address, Lincoln framed the war as a means to uphold the values of liberty.