Anthropology Introduction PDF

Anthropology Introduction to Anthropology and Sociology HSP3U1 Semester 1 - 2024/25  FIELDS OF ANTHROPOLOGY Physical Cultural Archaeology Anthropology Anthropology Archaeologists study the The study of the origins C...

Anthropology Introduction to Anthropology and Sociology HSP3U1 Semester 1 - 2024/25  FIELDS OF ANTHROPOLOGY Physical Cultural Archaeology Anthropology Anthropology Archaeologists study the The study of the origins Cultural anthropology physical remains of a of human beings, their refers to the study of the past culture through hominin ancestors, and cultural past and present; excavation and related non human what is passed down from reconstruction primates generation to generation. Archaeology Archaeology is study of human activity through the excavation and study of human cultural (material) remains. Ancient Pompeii (79 AD - 1700’s- Present Day) Excavation of new building sites  Physical Anthropology The study of human evolution and biology 01 02 Primatology Paleoanthropology The study of primates including The study of human and gorillas, chimpanzees, monkeys, primate evolution through the and lemurs study of fossilized remains 03 Forensic Anthropology the study of human remains 04 Human Variation The study of human variations and similarities of existing populations  Cultural Anthropology Ethnology 01 The study of origins and cultures of different races and peoples through fieldwork and Cultural anthropology has participant observation two sub- categories Linguistic 02 Anthropology The study of human languages and how language affects culture PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY Paleo- Anthropology Paleoanthropology is often known as the “bones and stones” branch of physical anthropology. It is the study of human ancestors based on evidence from the past evolution. That evidence includes skeletal remains, animal bones and even ancient tools.  Paleoanthropology Charles Darwin Raymond Dart The Leakeys Paranthopus Bosei Origin of the Species Tuang Child Homo Habilis Australopithicus Afarensis (Footprints) Charles Darwin Charles Darwin established the argument that animals evolve. He argued that Natural Selection allowed living things to adapt to their environment. This was in his famous work “The Origin of Species” In 1879 He wrote “On the Descent of Man” where he applied his theory of natural selection to humans - arguing that humans evolved over time. He also argued that Africa was likely the place where humans first evolved.  Raymond Dart In 1924 Raymond Dart found a skull in Africa. He realised that the skull looked more like a human skull than an ape skull. Anthropologists could also tell things about the owner of the skull, including the fact that he walked upright (because of the angle the pinal column connected to the skull) and that he had relatively smaller brain. This was the first located physical evidence of our human ancestors. The skull was named Tuang child (after where it was found) and supported Darwin’s theory that Human evolution began in Africa.  Louis and Mary Leakey The Leakey’s began leading expeditions to Olduvai, a river gorge in Tanzania, where they found important fossils and Stone Age tools. The first significant hominid fossil attributed to the Leakey’s was a large skull with huge teeth dated to 1.75 million years ago, found by Mary Leakey in deposits that also contained stone tools. Another important discovery was the 1964 reporting of Homo habilis which Leakey believed was the first member of the actual human genus as well as the first true toolmaker. Louis Leakey had a significant effect on not only the field of paleoanthropology but also primatology. He was responsible for initiating Jane Goodall’s long-term field study of CREDITS : This presentation template was created by Slidesgo , and chimpanzees in the wild, and he helped obtain and coordinate funding for similar projects such includes icons by Flaticon , and infographics & images by Freepik as Dian Fossey’s work with mountain gorillas in Rwanda.  Skeletal Discoveries Donald Johanson Zeresenay Alemseged LUCY SALEM  Donald Johanson Found a almost full skeleton in Africa, nicknamed Lucy. Determined to be Australopithecus Afarensis. She was more human-like than monkey-like and her skeleton gave the world insight into the earliest split from human and ape evolutionary lines. It was previously assumed this split happened approximately 15 million years ago - but Lucy’s Skeleton was closer to 3.2 million years old. Learning more about Lucy’s skeleton, she found that her pelvis gave her the ability to walk upright, while brains were still relatively small - going against what had previously been assumed.  Zeresenay Alemseged - Found skeleton named “Selam” - Was the same evolution species as Lucy (Australopithecus Afarensis) - Salem was a child, and the skeleton was 45% complete - The remains indicated Salem was 700,000 years older than Lucy, giving further evidence for our timeline on human evolution. - This makes Salem approximately 3.3 Million years old. PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY Primatology  Primatology Primatology is the study of the anatomy and behaviours of living primates. According to Louis Leakey - the study of Primatology is important because “if we found behaviour patterns similar or the same in our closest living relatives - the great apes - and humans today, then maybe those behaviours were present in the ape-like, human-like ancestor some 7 million years ago.”  Two Key Primatologists Dian Fossey Jane Goodall Studied Gorillas in Rwanda Studied Chimpanzees in Tanzania Significance Both women lived in damp, solitary conditions - waiting for months to be accepted by the primates they studied in order to gain their trust, so that they could get close enough to understand their social behaviours. Both worked tirelessly to preserve primate habitats.  Jane Goodall National She Speaks Geographic Jane Chimpanzee A Jane Goodall A 2017 Documentary Earth is the only planet that retrospective harbors life  Dian Fossey National Geographic Gorillas in the Mist Gaining the trust of Gorillas “Oh, It’s just a Bluff” Gorillas in the Mist National Geographic Befriending a Gorilla Dian Fossey’s legacy CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY Ethnology  Important concepts in Ethnology Participant Observation Informants Interviews Statistics and Mapping Ethnography Objective Subjective Reflexivity Ethnocentrism Cultural Relativism Cultural Relativism: Is the theory that states that it is natural for others to view or study a different culture through the lens of their own. However - Cultural Relativism urges Anthropologists to try to understand cultures on their own terms and avoid snap judgements. Famous People and Responses Napoleon Chagnon Yanomamo Referred to them as fierce and aggressive Patrick Tierney Response Claimed Chagnon created violent environment through giving goods which created disturbance with trade partners. and his vaccines made the Yanomamo ill Margaret Mead Coming of Age in Samoa argued that Adolescence was not a tumultuous time like it is in North America, but rather a smooth transition to adulthood Derek Freeman Response visited Samoa and found the teenage girls experienced many of the same challenges as in North America especially regarding sexual identity PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY Linguistics  Linguistics Field that explores how language shapes culture and society. It examines how language is used, how it evolves over time, and how it influences human interaction. Historical Linguistics Structural Linguistics Anthropologists compare similarities Structural Linguistics is the study of how and differences of language structures sounds are put together to make a so they can understand how languages meaning. It looks at language as part of a are related and how they changed over structure that depends on other parts in a time system in order to have meaning. Schools of Thought In Anthropology Functionalism Functionalists believe that each part of society has a function, a job to do, to make sure that society runs smoothly and everything stays in harmony. Everything in society works together just like every organ in the human body. Each organ is different and performs a different function but each one is necessary in maintaining CREDITS health. template : This presentation Functionalists was createdbelieve by Slidesgo , and everything includes icons byinFlaticon society, and is necessary infographics &to a society’s images health. by Freepik Cultural Materialism Materials or conditions within an environment influence how a culture develops. (Climate / Food Supply / Geography) Happens on a trial and error basis - if something is not of value to the society it will eventually disappear.  Cultural Materialism Example: Cows are Sacred Superstructure Values, Beliefs, Spirituality Example: Plows pulled by Cows Structure Institutions, government, schools, hospitals Example: Agricultural Society Infrastructure Economics, means of production, technology Feminist Anthropology Feminist anthropologists are scholars within the field of A feminist anthropologist studying a anthropology who employ feminist culture might examine how gender perspectives and methodologies to norms and biases affect the world of study societies and cultures, with a work. They might look at hiring and particular focus on understanding promotion decisions. They could and addressing issues related to investigate whether women are gender, power, and inequality. They disproportionately excluded from seek to uncover and challenge leadership roles and how this traditional biases and gender-based impacts overall workplace dynamics. hierarchies in anthropological This approach aims to uncover and research, aiming to promote gender challenge gender-based inequalities equality and social justice in their within the organization. studies and in broader society. To reinforce the concept, use an image Images reveal large amounts of data, so remember: use an image instead of a long text. Your audience will appreciate it 150,000 Big numbers catch your audience’s attention 9h 55m 23s Jupiter's rotation period 333,000 The Sun’s mass compared to Earth’s 386,000 km Distance between Earth and the Moon World heritage movement Canada Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun Brazil Venus is the second planet from the Sun Australia Earth is the only planet that has life  The history of the concept Middle Ages Encyclopedic collections Mercury is the smallest planet in the Solar System 19th century National museums Venus is the second planet from the Sun 20th century World heritage Earth is the third planet from the Sun 21th century Cultural heritage Despite being red, Mars is actually a cold place  World heritage sites Europe (50%) Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and the smallest of them all Asia (30%) Venus has a beautiful name and is the second planet from the Sun Others (20%) Earth is the third planet from the Sun and Follow the link in the graph to modify its data and then paste the new one here. For more info, click here the only one that harbors life  04 Activities You can enter a subtitle here if you need it  Answer the questions Instructions: Using what you have learned, answer the following questions 01 What is natural heritage? You can write your answer here… 02 What is digital cultural heritage? You can write your answer here… 03 Name five world heritage sites: You can write your answer here…  Write a short essay Instructions: Choose a cultural heritage, answer the questions and write a short essay Name the cultural heritage you have You can write your essay here… chosen and describe what it looks like When was it build/created? When was it named a World Heritage Site? Is it cultural property, intangible culture or natural heritage? Tell us some special things about it Thanks! Do you have any questions? 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