Ancient, Middle and Modern Technologies in the World PDF

RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig MODULE 1: Ancient, Middle and Modern Technologies in the World and the Philippines Student Name Section Schedule Program College Professor Module Duration 1ST SEMESTER I 2021 - 2022...

RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig MODULE 1: Ancient, Middle and Modern Technologies in the World and the Philippines Student Name Section Schedule Program College Professor Module Duration 1ST SEMESTER I 2021 - 2022 2 0  RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig Ancient, Middle and Modern Technologies in the World and in the Philippines Learning Outcomes 1. Discuss the interactions between science, technology, and society throughout history. 2. Discuss how scientific and technological developments affect society and the environment. Topic Presentation INTRODUCTION “If we lived on a planet where nothing ever changed, there would be little to do. There would be nothing to figure out. There would be no impetus for science. And if we lived in an unpredictable world, where things change in random or very complex ways, we would not be able to figure things out. But we live in an in between universe where things change but according to patterns, rules, or as we call them, laws of nature. If I throw a stick up into the air, it always falls down. If the sun sets in the west, it always rises again the next morning in the east. And so, it becomes possible to figure things out. We can do science, and with it we can improve our lives.” (Carl Edward Sagan). From the beginning of time, man has tried to improve his way and quality of life. The caveman discovered how to make and used tools, developed a logical sequence of activities, and evolved processes that added value to his life. The totality of the use and the application of his knowledge, skills, tools, and materials, constitute what we today describe as “technology”. The development of Science and Technology does not only leave indelible impact in the history, but its trail can be traced by its influence in our society and country as a whole. The history of the development of science and technology is one of the important concerns in studying the subject Science, Technology, and Society. It reveals how the scientific and technological innovations have changed across time and explores its impacts on the prevailing social, cultural, political, and economic contexts. Moreover, it also shows the conditions that shaped it that pertains to the historical antecedents of science and technology development. Antecedents pertains to the precursor to the unfolding or existence of something. Meaning, historical antecedents in science and technology are the factors that paved the way for the presence of advanced and sophisticated innovations. Background insights in the history of science and technology allow us GE07 – Science, Technolo Technology, gy, and Society 1 2 0  RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig to assess these innovations. Understanding the causes (how previous generations influenced the innovations) and effects (how innovations influenced the previous generations), we can have proper decision and determine its appropriate application in our daily life. Necessity is the mother of inventions and innovations. Although science and technology affect the society through addition of existing knowledge and changing the view of how natural world works, society also influences the product of science and technology. I. Science and Technology in Ancient Times Ancient period (estimated 3000 BC to 500 AD) is the start of early civilization that also gave rise to the major advancement of science and technology. These advances also allowed the civilization to flourish through establishing better ways of transportation and navigation, communication and record keeping, mass production, security andprotection, as well as health, aesthetics and architecture, and of living in general. Science and Technology keeps on advancing in order to meet the growing needs of people along these areas. Due to the constant innovation introduced by Science and Technology, which has the end goal of improving lives and making the work easier, faster and efficient, oursociety respond by changing as well. These changes are evident as each ancient civilization keep on creating technology that has been modified and that is being usedtoday. Examples: a. Ancient Wheel - People from ancient civilization used animals as means of transportation. - The invention of ancient wheel is credited to the Sumerians. b. Paper - Around 3000 B.C., the ancient Egyptians began writing on a papyrus. - It is made up from a pith of plant called Cyperus papyrus. - Before the invention of papyrus, writing and record- keeping is done on stones and tablets. GE07 – Science, Technolo Technology, gy, and Society 2 2 0  RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig c. Shadoof - A tool used and invented by ancient Egyptians to irrigate land. - It is a hand-operated device used for lifting water - Its invention introduced the idea of lifting things using counterweights. d. Antikythera Mechanism - Discovered in 1902 and retrieved from the waters of Antikythera, Greece. - It is a mechanism similar to a clock for it has a circular face and rotating hands. - It is believed that this mechanism is used to predict astronomical positions and eclipses. e. Aeolipile - It is also known as the Hero’s engine. - It is a steam-powered turbine which spins as the water container at its center is heated. - At first, it doesn’t serve any practical purpose. It is believed to be one of the “temple wonders” at that time. II. Science and Technology in Middle Ages The start of the Middle Ages was marred by massive invasions and migrations. Wars are prevalent during this time. As such, great technology was needed in the fields of weaponry, navigation, food and farm production, and health. The wars haveresulted to population decline. However, in the later part of this period, there was significant increase in population. Trade and commerce among nations increased, which resulted in greater demands for transportation technology. The major advances in scientific and technological development took place in this period. Examples: a. Printing Press - Johann Gutenberg managed to invent the printing press after the Chinese invented woodblock printing, a more efficient method of printing using a cast type. a. Telescope - Invented by Galileo Galilei that can magnify 20 times larger than a regular glass. - This is used to discover important astronomical discoveries such as craters and mountains in moon. GE07 – Science, Technolo Technology, gy, and Society 3 2 0  RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig b. Compound Microscope - Invented by a Dutch Zacharias Janssen in 1590’s - Nowadays, microscope is used in many scientific studies in the area of medicine, forensics and genetics. c. Heavy plough - “The heavy plough turned European agriculture and economy on its head. The fields with heavy, fatty soil became those that gave the greatest yields.” - Prof. Thomas Andersen - Because of the invention of heavy plough, northern Europe saw rapid economic prosperity. d. Gun powder - Around 850 A.D., Chinese alchemists accidentally invented the gunpowder. - Prior to the invention of gunpowder, swords and spears were used in battles and wars. - The invention of gunpowder has allowed advanced warfare such as fiery arrows, cannons, and grenades. e. Paper Money - Paper money was first used by Chinese in 17th century. - Before the introduction of paper money, merchants and traders used precious metals such as gold and silver. - They realized that using paper money brought advantages because it is easier to keep and transport. f. Mechanical clock - The development of mechanical clock helped the people in accurately keeping the track of time. - The sophistication of clockwork technology drastically changed the way of spending the day and work patterns were established. III. Science and Technology in Modern Ages The booming world population during the nineteenth century onwards demanded that more goods be produced at faster rate. People needed efficient means of transportation to trade more goods and cover a larger distance. Machinesthat required animals to operate must thus be upgraded. Faster and easier means to communicate and compute should be developed to establish connections between and among nations. All these needs resulted in the development of industries. However, due to massive industrialization, the modern GE07 – Science, Technolo Technology, gy, and Society 4 2 0  RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig times again faced more complicated problems. Food processing and medicine posed some of the bigger challenges since health was of great concern. Examples: a. Pasteurization - Louis Pasteur, a French biologist, microbiologist and chemist invented pasteurization, the process of heating dairy products to kill the harmful bacteria that allow them to spoil faster. - Through this process, milk could be stored and consumed for a longer period. - Other contributions of Pasteur to Science and Technology and Medicine included his works on molecular asymmetry, fermentation, and vaccination. b. Telephone - The more people got acquainted through trade and discovery, the more they wanted a way to keep these links securely and communicate with each other in real time. - Thus, Alexander Graham Bell 's telephone development was one of the most significant developments at the time. c. Engine powdered airplane - Invented by Orville Wright and Wilbur Wright. - They demonstrated that slightly tilted wings are the key features of a flying aircraft. d. Television - Invented by Scottish engineer John Logie Baird in 1920s. - British Broadcasting Corporation used this for its earliest television programming in 1929. - This first television is mechanical and not the same as the television we have nowadays. Discussion / Forum Black Death Plague is one of the deadliest diseases in history. This disease killed over thousands of people during the middle age. One of the best and effective techniques that the people did during those time to prevent and lessen the spreading of disease is the quarantine technique. GE07 – Science, Technolo Technology, gy, and Society 5 2 0  RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig Today, as we face the covid-19 pandemic, we still use the quarantine technique because of its effective and efficient result in preventing the transmission of virus. Aside from this technique, the government also mandated to wear protective gears such as facemask, face shield and PPE to prevent the contamination and the spread of virus. What are the differences between how modern people combat covid-19 pandemic and how people during middle age faced the Black death plague? Also, share your opinions on what we could have been doing wrong to stop the spread of the virus. Assignment 1. Form a small group (maximum of 3 members per group). 2. Make review/research about the history of science in the Philippines and make a timeline (horizontal or vertical) highlighting the major discoveries and developments in science. 3. Identify 10 scientific discoveries and developments from 1500 (16th century) up to present. 4. For each event in your timeline, write the following about each discovery or the development: a. Date b. name and description c. proponent/advocate or inventor d. way(s) on how it transformed the society 5. You may do it using pen and paper or any digital application, but the final output should be in word file or PDF. Rubrics for Grading: Category 4 3 2 1 Included events are Most of the Some events Many major important and included events included are trivial, events are Quality of interesting. No are important or and major events excluded, and too Content major details are interesting. One or are missing. many trivial events excluded. two major events are included. may be missing. GE07 – Science, Technolo Technology, gy, and Society 6 2 0  RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig The timeline The timeline The timeline The timeline contains 10 events contains at least 5 contains at least 4 contains fewer Quantity of related to the topic events related to events related to than 3 events. facts being studied. the topic being the topic being studied. studied. Facts are accurate Facts are accurate Facts are accurate Facts are often for all events for almost all for most (~75%) of inaccurate for Accuracy reported on the events reported on the events events reported on timeline. the timeline. reported on the the timeline. timeline. Events are placed in Almost all events Most (~75%) of Most events are Sequence of proper order. are placed in the events are incorrectly placed content proper order. placed in proper on the timeline. order. An accurate, An accurate, An accurate date Dates are complete date has complete date has has been included inaccurate or Dates been included for been included for for almost every missing for several each event almost every event. events. event. Events are clearly Events are Events are not Events are described using described well, but described well, described using Sentence accurate and vivid language is and language is vague language or fluency language. sometimes vague often vague or inaccurate or inaccurate. inaccurate. information. Punctuation, Punctuation, Punctuation, There are too spelling, and spelling, and spelling, and many capitalization are capitalization are capitalization are punctuations, Mechanics correct throughout. mostly correct. mostly incorrect spelling, and capitalization errors. References Aldea K., Caronan H., Candido M. (2018) Science, Technology, and Society(OBE Ready). Mnadaluyong City: Books Atbp, Publishing Corp. McNamara, D., Valverde, V., & Beleno, R. (2018). Science, Technology, and Society (1st ed., pp. 1-128). Quezon City: C&E Publishing Inc. Ratnasiri, N., 2006. The role of Science and Technology in nation building. Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka, 34(3), p.113. DOI:http://doi.org/10.4038/jnsfsr.v34i3.3640 Sample output submissions from previous semester Note that the timeline is for the scientific discoveries and developments in the world and not in the Philippines only. GE07 – Science, Technolo Technology, gy, and Society 7 2 0  RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig Submitted by: Basig, Jhon Rick Javillo, Eunice Jade Leyson, Dexhter Jahn SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERIES AND DEVELOPMENT 1530 SATELLITE NAVIGATION Helps to revolutionize navigation with better mapmaking. Helped mankind accurately track time, accurately pinpoint distances and placements of the countries, accurately predict 1590 weather and etc. MICROSCOPE Powerful microscopes shed new light on the teeny tiny and make the invisible, visible. They've played an 1600 enormous part in science by taking us deep into worlds we've come to think of as "microscopic." THERMOMETER Thermometers are simple scientific instruments based on the idea that metals change their behavior in a very precise way as they get hotter (gain more heat energy). It is also an easy 1701 way is to m easure the temperature wi th a thermometer on both days and TRACTOR compare the readings. The word "tractor" is related to words like "traction" and "tractive," from the Latin word "tractus" meaning 1770 drawing (pulling): a tractor is essentially a machine designed to pull things along, usually very slowly BRIDGES and surely. It is a structure carrying a road, path, railroad, or canal across a river, ravine, road, railroad, or other obstacle. It helps connect roads for an easy access and transportation. 1826 PHOTOGRAPH It is the art of capturing with a camera to create an image. Photography is for keeping pictures as memories. It 1831 could a lso be a proof/evidence in any kind of situation. ELECTRICITY With the rise in electricity usability, now it stands as backbone of modern industrial society. It has become the basic need for day to day life. This innovation really did change the 1927 society, people’s live became a lot REFRIGIRATOR better and easier. Over the last 150 years, refrigerator offered us ways to preserve food, medicines, and other perishable 1950 substances. It helped to rev up industrial processes. CREDIT CARDS It can be used to make purchases, balance transfers and/or advances and requiring that you pay back the loan amount in the future. While technology continues to advance, the 1994 idea of paying for daily purchases wi th QR CODES a card has now become a norm. A QR code (abbreviated from Quick Response code) is a type of matrix barcode (or two-dimensional barcode). QR codes often contain 16TH CENTURY - data for a locator, identifier, or tracker that points to a website or 21st CENTURY application. Nowadays, these helps people to a faster and easy transactions. GE07 – Science, Technolo Technology, gy, and Society 8 2 0  RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig Thomas Savery (1650-1718) w as an English inventor and engineer He invented the first commercially used steam powered device, a steam pump which is often referredtoasan"engine" Steam engines were then perfected in the late 1700'sbyJamesWatt,and went on tofuel oneof the most momentous technological leaps in humanhistoryduring theIndustrial Revolution. Cars,airplanes and train would not be possible if not fortheearlybreakthroughofthesteamengine René Laennec (1781–1826) was a French physician and musician. He invented the stethoscope because he was not comfortable placing his ear directly onto a woman’schest tolistentoher heart. The Stethoscope is an acoustic medical device forauscultation,or listeningtointernal soundsof ananimal or humanbody. In today’s regeneration, the Stethoscope give moreimportanceespeciallytothemedical field, theyareabletolisten totheinternal soundsof a humanbodyeasily. M ichael Faraday ( 1791-1861) w as an English scient ist w ho cont ribut ed to t he study of electromagnetism and electrochemistry. Electricity is the set of physical phenomena associatedwiththepresenceandmotion of matter that hasapropertyof electriccharge. Electricity issomething we cannot live without. It’s become a part of modern life, a world without electricityisunimaginable. Electricityplaysabigroleinour life,without it we can’t beabletousethetelevision,radioandeven our cellphones. Dmitri Mendeleev (1834-1907) was a Russian chemist. Periodic Table, also known as periodic table of elements, is a tabular display of the chemical elements, which are arranged by atomic number, electron configuration, and recurring chemical properties. Hisdiscoveryisoneofthemost important tools inthehistoryof chemistry thetableisuseful for modernstudentsandscientists, ithelpspredict thetypesof chemical reactionsthat a particular element islikelytoparticipatein. GE07 – Science, Technolo Technology, gy, and Society 9 2 0