Human Anatomy Introduction PDF

Human Anatomy Introduction Asst. lecturer Ameer H. Gibreen M.Sc. Pathology  ‫قال ا‪3‬مام علي )عليه‬ ‫ال َقبر ا ْلعي ِ‬ ‫وب‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫‪:‬الس‪:‬م(‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫‪.‬ا‪3‬حتم ُ‬ ‫ُُ‬ ‫ُْ‬ ‫ْ َ‬ ‫نهج الب‪...

Human Anatomy Introduction Asst. lecturer Ameer H. Gibreen M.Sc. Pathology  ‫قال ا‪3‬مام علي )عليه‬ ‫ال َقبر ا ْلعي ِ‬ ‫وب‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫‪:‬الس‪:‬م(‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫‪.‬ا‪3‬حتم ُ‬ ‫ُُ‬ ‫ُْ‬ ‫ْ َ‬ ‫نهج الب‪#‬غة‬  What is Anatomy? Study of the STRUCTURE of the Human Body Closely related to PHYSIOLOGY! Physiology is the study of the FUNCTION of the human body  Divisions of Anatomy Gross Anatomy Microscopic Anatomy Structures that can be seen with Structures that cannot be seen the eye with the eye Muscles, bones, various organs Need to use a microscope Cytology = study of cells Histology = study of tissues  Ways to Study Anatomy A. Regional Anatomy – study one region of the body at a time and learn everything about the region B. Systemic Anatomy – study one body system at a time. This is the approach we will use in this course Anatomical Organization 1. Integument Organ Systems 2. Skeletal 3. Muscular 4. Nervous 5. Endocrine 6. Cardiovascular 7. Lymphatic 8. Respiratory 9. Digestive 10. Urinary 11. Reproductive  Directional Terms Directional terms describe the positions of structures relative to other structures or locations in the body. 1.Superior or cranial - toward the head end of the body; upper (example, the hand is part of the superior extremity). 2.Inferior or caudal - away from the head; lower (example, the foot is part of the inferior extremity). 3.Anterior or ventral - front (example, the kneecap is located on the anterior side of the leg). 4.Posterior or dorsal - back (example, the shoulder blades are located on the posterior side of the body).  Directional Terms 1. Medial - toward the midline of the body (example, the middle toe is located at the medial side of the foot). 2. Lateral - away from the midline of the body (example, the little toe is located at the lateral side of the foot). 3. Proximal - toward or nearest the trunk or the point of origin of a part (example, the proximal end of the femur joins with the pelvic bone). 4. Distal - away from or farthest from the trunk or the point or origin of a part (example, the hand is located at the distal end of the forearm). Anatomical Directional Terms  Anatomical Body Planes 1. Sagittal section – divides the body into right and left sides Mid-sagittal section = straight down the center of the body 2. Frontal section – divides the body into front and back sides 3. Transverse (cross) section – cut straight across the body Anatomical Body Planes  Body Cavities The cavities, or spaces, of the body contain the internal organs, or viscera. The two main cavities are called the ventral and dorsal cavities. The ventral is the larger cavity and is subdivided into two parts (thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities) by the diaphragm, a dome- shaped respiratory muscle. A. Thoracic cavity The upper ventral, thoracic, or chest cavity contains the heart, lungs, trachea, esophagus, large blood vessels, and nerves. The thoracic cavity is bound laterally by the ribs (covered by costal pleura) and the diaphragm caudally (covered by diaphragmatic pleura).  Body Cavities B. Abdominal and pelvic cavity The lower part of the ventral (abdominopelvic) cavity can be further divided into two portions: abdominal portion and pelvic portion. The abdominal cavity contains most of the gastrointestinal tract as well as the kidneys and adrenal glands. The abdominal cavity is bound cranially by the diaphragm, laterally by the body wall, and caudally by the pelvic cavity. The pelvic cavity contains most of the urogenital system as well as the rectum. The pelvic cavity is bounded cranially by the abdominal cavity, dorsally by the sacrum, and laterally by the pelvis.  Body Cavities C.Dorsal cavity The smaller of the two main cavities is called the dorsal cavity. As its name implies, it contains organs lying more posterior in the body. The dorsal cavity, again, can be divided into two portions. The upper portion, or the cranial cavity, houses the brain, and the lower portion, or vertebral canal houses the spinal cord.  Body Quadrants A. Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ) B. Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ) C. Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ) D. Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ) Thanks