01 INTRODUCTION.pdf

INTRODUCTION TO GROSS HUMAN STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY o Radiographic HSB: human anatomy TABLE OF CONTENTS knowledge is correlated with imaging A. Introducti...

INTRODUCTION TO GROSS HUMAN STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY o Radiographic HSB: human anatomy TABLE OF CONTENTS knowledge is correlated with imaging A. Introduction modalities B. Main Approaches to Study Anatomy (p.1) C. Living Vs Nonliving human Body (pp.1-2) Anatomy: science of the structure and function of D. Heredity and Environment (p.2) the body E. General Plan of Construction of the body (pp. 2-3) MAIN APPROACHES TO STUDY ANATOMY F. Anatomical terms (p. 3) Regional Anatomy G. Anatomic Position (pp. 3-4) o Considers organization of the human H. Anatomic Planes (pp. 4-5) body as major parts or segments I. Anatomical Terms Related to Position (pp. o Method of studying the body’s 5-6) structure by focusing attention on a J. Terms of Laterality (pp. 6-7) specific part K. Terms Related to Movement (pp.7-8) Systemic Anatomy L. Movements of the thumb (p.9) o Study of external anatomical M. Six Main Levels of structural organization features without dissection (pp.9-10) o Studying by organ system N. Organ system overview (p.10) Clinical Anatomy o Practical application of anatomical REFERENCES: Snell’s Clinical Anatomy 10th ed. & knowledge to diagnosis and Netter Atlas of Human Anatomy treatment LIVING VS. NON-LIVING HUMAN BODY HUMAN STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY VITAL SIGNS - point of differentiation between those Study of the normal structures of the living human who are alive and deceased body Living - signs of life and vitality o Gross HSB: uses “unaided senses” (touch, sight, hearing, etc.) Blood pressure o Microscopic HSB: aid of microscope o Sphygmomanometer and stethoscope ▪ Cytology: cells o 100/80 mmHg (systolic/diastolic pressure) ▪ Histology: macromolecular array of cells o Systolic pressure: first sound heard o Developmental HSB: study of changes o Diastolic pressure: last sound heard undergone by different parts of the living o Unit of measurement: mmHg human body from one-cell stage to birth, Heart rate after birth, and until death o Measure of times the o Neuroanatomy/Neural HSB: study of heart beats per minute anatomical structures of the NS o Apex beat o Auscultate (listening to the sound of the heart, lungs, and other organs using stethoscope) 1 ATON LAPID LOPEZ NACARIO PARCON SERVANDO VELASQUEZ  Respiratory rate Heart sound auscultation: o Number of breaths you take per minute Aortic area: 2nd right intercostal space o 1 inspiration + 1 expiration = 1 cycle Pulmonic area: 2nd left intercostal space o Cycles per minute (cpm) Tricuspid area: 4th left intercostal space Irritability Mitral area (Apex): 5th left intercostal space Movements (midclavicular) Secretions (saliva, tears, mucus, and milk) o Auscultation is in the 5th intercostal space, left HEREDITY AND ENVIRONMENT midclavicular line (usually below the nipples in Human traits: affected by both inherited and male (4th) acquired characteristics o Unit of measurement: beats per min (bpm) Hereditary traits: characteristics which are passed on from generation to generation, carried by the genes in the chromosomes e.g. Blood type, Eye color, Hair pigment, Shape of the nose Acquired characteristics: Acquired/learned from the people around you and your surroundings e.g Scar, Sense of humor, Love for cooking, Behaviors (saying “please” and “thank you”) Radial pulse rate How heredity and environment affect and o number of times per minute the arteries expand determine one’s physical, functional, mental, and and contract in response to the pumping action of spiritual self the heart Predisposition to diseases o location: frontal aspect of the forearm, o No family history + early exposure →possible thumb-side lung cancer o With strong family history + modified lifestyle→prevent hypertension Tendency to be at greater risk for schizophrenia or any psychological disorder No two individuals can be exactly alike. Treatment is different for each patient However, the general framework of the body is the same o Arrangement according to depth Skeleton→Muscle→Deep fascia→Superficial fascia (hypodermis)→ Skin o Cavities Temperature GENERAL PLAN OF CONSTRUCTION OF THE BODY o oral, axillary, anal, tympanic membrane, surface temperature Skeleton: Framework o Unit of measurement: celcius Muscles Fascia: lies between the skin and underlying muscles and bones 2 ATON LAPID LOPEZ NACARIO PARCON SERVANDO VELASQUEZ o Superficial fascia: subcutaneous tissue. Mixture of ° peritoneal cavities. Lubricates surfaces of loose areolar and adipose tissue that unites the membranes and allows two layers to slide readily dermis of the skin to the underlying deep fascia on each other. o Deep fascia: membranous layer of CT that ANATOMICAL TERMS separates muscles from one another Universal Retinacula: thickened portion of the deep fascia To accurately discus/record that forms restraining bands in the region of the ○ Abnormal Functions of the Joint joints. Holds the underlying tendons in position or to ○ Actions of the muscles ○ Alteration of position of organs serve as pulleys around which the tendons may ○ Exact location of swellings and move tumors Skin ○ epidermis (superficial part, ANATOMICAL POSITION keratinized stratified squamous epithelium) ○ dermis (deep part, dense CT, innervated, vascular) Cavities (contain organs) Mucous Membrane ○ Lines organs or passages that communicate with the surface of the body ○ May or may not secrete mucus ○ Consists of layer of epithelium supported by a layer of CT (lamina propria) ○ Muscularis mucosa: present in CT of smooth muscles Serous Membrane ○ Lines cavities of the trunk and reflected onto mobile viscera lying within these cavities ○ Consist of smooth layer of mesothelium supported by a thin layer of CT ○ Parietal layer: serous membrane limiting the wall of the cavity ○ Visceral layer: covers viscera ○ Serous exudate: small amount of serous liquid found on slit-like intervals: pleural, pericardial, and 3 ATON LAPID LOPEZ NACARIO PARCON SERVANDO VELASQUEZ  ANATOMICAL PLANES Imaginary lines or planes used to study the deeper structures VERTICAL PLANES SAGITTAL PLANE - a vertical plane parallel to the longitudinal axis of the body; UNEQUAL right and left halves MIDSAGITTAL / MEDIAN PLANE - the plane passes exactly at the middle; EQUAL right and left halves midsagittal section of the skull A PERSON IS: standing upright face forward arms straight, adjacent to the sides palms face forward lower limbs are close together feet parallel toes pointing forward SUPINE OR PRONE PRONE position: lying on the abdomen, face downward SUPINE position: lying on the back, face upward PARASAGITTAL / PARAMEDIAN PLANE - a plane situated to one or the other side of the median plane, in close proximity and parallel to it 4 ATON LAPID LOPEZ NACARIO PARCON SERVANDO VELASQUEZ  LATERAL – a structure that lies farther away from the median plane than another – Away from the middle or center Ex: the eye is lateral to the nose, the thumb is lateral to the middle finger INTERMEDIATE – situated between a more medial and a Note: more lateral structure Sagittal planes that are uneven (not down – Somewhere in between of the body the midline) Ex: armpit is intermediate bet. the sternum and the In the picture, both are sagittal planes but shoulder green plane divides the body equally while orange plane - divides the body unequally ANTERIOR/VENTRAL – describes the front or direction toward the front CORONAL PLANE - situated at right angle to the of the body median plane; divides the body into back and front (posterior and anterior; dorsal and ventral) Ex: sternum is anterior to the spine, patella is located on HORIZONTAL / TRANSVERSE PLANE - at right angle to the anterior side of the leg the median and coronal planes; divides the body or structure into upper and lower half POSTERIOR/DORSAL – the back or direction toward ANATOMICAL TERMS RELATED TO POSITION the back of the body Ex: The heart is posterior to the sternum, BASED ON THE POSITION, ORIENTATION AND scapula is located on the posterior side of the bod DIRECTION - In describing the hand, PALMAR (front) and MEDIAL – structure is situated nearer to the DORSAL (back) surfaces median plane of the body than another is said to be medial to the other. - In describing the foot, PLANTAR (the underside of o Towards the center the foot) and DORSAL (the top side of the foot). Ex: the neck is medial to the shoulders, the nose is medial to the ears, the ring finger is medial to the thumb 5 ATON LAPID LOPEZ NACARIO PARCON SERVANDO VELASQUEZ  BASED ON THE RELATIVE DISTANCE OF SURFACE BASED ON THE LEVELS OF RELATIVELY HIGH OR FROM THE CENTER OF AN ORGAN OR CAVITY LOW W/ REFERENCE TO THE UPPER AND LOWER INTERNAL – inside ENDS OF THE BODY Ex: The internal carotid artery is found inside the cranial cavity SUPERIOR EXTERNAL - outside ( or Cranial/Cephalad) Ex: the external carotid artery is found - towards the head end or outside the cranial cavity upper part of a structure or the body; above TERMS OF LATERALITY Ex: the forehead is superior to the nose IPSILATERAL The same side of the body as another structure. INFERIOR (or Caudal) Two structures are on the same side - away from the head end or toward the lower part of the body. of a structure or the body; below Ex: umbilicus is inferior to the sternum Ex: The right arm is ipsilateral to the right leg BASED ON THE RELATIVE DISTANCE FROM THE ROOT OF THE LIMBS PROXIMAL - close to the origin of the body part or CONTRALATERAL the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk Ex: elbow is proximal to the wrist which Occurring on the opposite side of means that the elbow is closer to the the body relative to another structure. shoulder or the point of attachment of the arm than the wrist is Ex: The left elbow and the right knee are contralateral; the right DISTAL - farther from the origin of a body part of eye is contralateral to the left ear. the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk Ex: knee is distal to the thigh which means that the knee is farther from the point of attachment than the thigh UNILATERAL BASED ON THE RELATIVE DISTANCE OF STRUCTURES FROM THE SURFACE OF THE BODY When we refer to the structures SUPERFICIAL - toward or at the body surface occurring on one side only. Ex: skin is superficial to the skeleton Ex: We only have one spleen, located DEEP - away from the body surface; more internal on the left upper quadrant of the Ex: the muscles are deep to the skin body. 6 ATON LAPID LOPEZ NACARIO PARCON SERVANDO VELASQUEZ  Knee joint is exceptional: extension involves BILATERAL anterior movement When we refer to the paired structures having right and left members Ex: Pair of kidneys → When you refer to a procedure like, mastectomy (removal of the breasts) (e.g., bilateral mastectomy -removal of both breasts) Lateral Flexion: movement of the trunk in coronal TERMS RELATED TO MOVEMENT plane JOINT: site where two or more bones come together Some joints have no movement (synarthroses, fibrous joints) Teeth and mandible/maxilla articulation, sutures of the skull Some have only slight movement (amphiarthroses; connected by Hyaline cartilage and fibrocartilage) Abduction: movement of a limb away from the Vertebrae of the spine midline of the body in the coronal plane. In the Some are freely movable (diarthroses; synovial fingers and toes, abduction is applied to the joints) spreading of these structures Ball-and-socket (hip and shoulder) Adduction: movement of a limb toward the body in Saddle (trapeziometacarpal joint at the the coronal plane. The drawing together of fingers base of the thumb) and toes Hinge (fingers, toes, knees, elbows, ankles) Pivot (dens of axis-atlas, wrist) Condyloid (metacarpophalangeal joints at the base of fingers,radiocarpal joint in the wrist) Gliding (wrist and ankle) Flexion: movement that takes place in a sagittal plane Bending or decreasing that angle between the bones or parts of the body Usually an anterior movement, but occasionally posterior (knee joint) Extension: straightening or increasing the angle between the bones or parts of the body. Usually occurs in posterior direction 7 ATON LAPID LOPEZ NACARIO PARCON SERVANDO VELASQUEZ  the median plane Pronation of forearm: Medial Circumduction: circular movement that rotation of the forearm so that involves sequential the palm of the hand faces flexion, abduction, posteriorly and its dorsum extension, and faces anteriorly. adduction (or in Supination of the Forearm: opposite lateral rotation of the order) in such a way forearm from the pronated that the distal end of position with the palm the part moves in a of the hand facing anteriorly circle. Inversion: moves sole Protrusion: movement of the foot anteriorly (forward) toward the median as in protruding the plane, sole mandible (chin), facing medially lips, or tongue Eversion: moves sole of Retrusion: movement the foot away posteriorly from the median plane (backward), as in turning the detruding the sole laterally mandible, lips, or tongue Dorsiflexion: refers to lifting the top of Protraction: to move forward the foot superiorly, Retraction: to move backward toward the shin Used commonly for movements of the scapula Plantarflexion: refers to the moving of the sole of the foot inferiorly, as in standing on the toes Rotation: involves turning or revolving a part of the body around its longitudinal axis Medial (Internal) Rotation: Elevation: movement in a superior direction movement that results in the Depression: movement in an inferior direction anterior surface of a limb facing medially Lateral (External) Rotation: movement that results in the anterior surface of the part facing laterally, away from 8 ATON LAPID LOPEZ NACARIO PARCON SERVANDO VELASQUEZ  MOVEMENTS OF THE THUMB Flexion o the movement of the thumb across the palm in such a manner as to maintain the plane of the thumbnail at right angles to the plane of the other fingernails Opposition o the movement of the thumb across the palm in such a manner that the anterior surface of the tip comes into contact with the anterior surface of the tip of any other fingers Extension Reposition o the movement of the thumb in a lateral or o The movement of the thumb from the position of coronal plane away from the palm in such a opposition back to its anatomical position manner as to maintain the plane of the thumbnail at right angles to the plane of the other fingernails Abduction o the movement of the thumb in an anteroposterior plane away from the palm, the plane of the thumbnail being kept at right angles to the plane of SIX MAIN LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION the other nails Adduction o the movement of the thumb in an anteroposterior plane toward the palm, the plane of the thumbnail being kept at right angles to the plane of the other fingernails 9 ATON LAPID LOPEZ NACARIO PARCON SERVANDO VELASQUEZ  Endocrine - secretes regulatory System hormones 1. Chemical Level ❖ Growth - Atoms are combine to form ❖ Reproduction molecules ❖ Metabolism 2. Cellular Level - Cells are made of molecules Cardiovascular - Transport materials in body 3. Tissue Level System via blood pumped by heart - Tissue consist of similar types of cells ❖ Oxygen 4. Organ Level ❖ Carbon Dioxide - Organs are made up of different ❖ Nutrients types of tissues ❖ Wastes 5. Organ System Level - Organ System consists of different Lymphatic - returns fluids to blood vessels types of organs that work together System - Dispose debris closely - involved in immunity 6. Organismal Level - Human organism made up of many organ system Respiratory - Keeps blood supplied with ORGAN SYSTEM OVERVIEW System oxygen - Removes carbon dioxide Integumentary - forms the external body Digestive - Breaks down food System covering System - Allows for nutrients - protects deeper tissue from absorption into blood injury - eliminates indigestible - Synthesizes Vitamin D materials - Location of cutaneous nerve receptors Urinary System - eliminates nitrogenous wastes Skeletal - protects and support body - maintains acid-base System organs balance - provides muscle for - Regulation of materials attachment for movement ❖ Water - site of blood cell formation ❖ Electrolytes - stores minerals Reproductive - production of offspring Muscular - allows locomotion System System - maintains heat - produces heat Nervous - fast acting control system System - responds internal and external change - activates muscle and glands 10 ATON LAPID LOPEZ NACARIO PARCON SERVANDO VELASQUEZ