ANA 308 History and Basics of Anthropometry PDF

21/01/2023 WHAT IS ANTHROPOMETRY?...

21/01/2023 WHAT IS ANTHROPOMETRY? ANA 308: Greek HISTORY AND BASICS OF Anthro- : man ANTHROPOMETRY -pometry: measurements Literal meaning: “measurement of humans” Dr. Royhaan Folarin PhD FASLN The study of measurements or proportions of the Department of Anatomy, human body according to sex, age, etc. for Olabisi Onabanjo University, Nigeria identification purposes [email protected]; Dimensions of bones, muscles, and adipose (fat) tissues Anthropometry History and Basics... Dr. Folarin 2 1 2 ALPHONSE BERTILLON: HISTORY OF ANTHROPOMETRY FORENSIC ANTHROPOMETRY 1883- Alphonse Bertillon: system of identification depending on the unchanging character of certain measurements of parts of the human body 1884: 241 multiple offenders were identified “Bertillonage”- first adapted by the French police 1887: introduced in the United States by Major McClaughry, the translator of Bertillon's book, when he was the warden of the Illinois State Penitentiary at Joliet. Anthropometry History and Basics... Dr. Folarin 3 Anthropometry History and Basics... Dr. Folarin 4 3 4 GALTON’S DISCOVERY BECAUSE HISTORY OF ANTHROPOMETRY OF ANTHROPOMETRY? “My attention was first drawn to the ridges in 1888 when preparing a lecture on Personal Identification for the Royal Institution, which had for its principal object an account of the anthropometric method of Bertillon, 1888: Francis Galton starts research on “Finger Prints” to then newly introduced into the prison administration of France. Wishing to treat the subject generally, and having a vague knowledge of the value further anthropometry sometimes assigned to finger marks, I made inquiries, and was surprised to find, both how much had been done, and how much there 1892: Francis Galton publishes Finger Prints remained to do, before establishing their theoretical value and practical utility. 1894: England adopted the system. Enough was then seen to show that the subject was of real importance, and I resolved to investigate it; all the more so, as the 1903: Will West & William West modern processes of photographic printing would enable the evidence of such results as might be arrived at, to be presented to the reader on an enlarged and easily legible form, and in a trustworthy shape. Those that are put forward in the following pages, admit of considerable extension and improvement, and it is only the fact that an account of them seems useful, which causes me to delay no further before submitting what has thus far been attained, to the criticism of others.” Excerpt from Galton’s Finger Prints Anthropometry History and Basics... Dr. Folarin 5 Anthropometry History and Basics... Dr. Folarin 6 5 6 1  21/01/2023 APPLICATIONS OF ANTHROPOMETRY DEBATE OVER Identification of repeated criminals ANTHROPOMETRY Cesare Lombroso's Criminal Anthropology (1895): “murderers have prominent jaws and pickpockets have long hands and scanty beards”. General Problems with Anthropometry: Eugene Vidocq: identification of criminals by facial characteristics Cost and error of the instruments used Prevention of impersonation Education needed to be able to take the measurements Differentiation between the races Error in calculation and measurements Eugenics in Europe Slow Aryans from Jews: The Bureau for Enlightenment on Population Policy and Racial Welfare recommended the classification of Aryans and non-Aryans on Will West Case the basis of measurements of the skull and other physical features, “craniometric” certification, required by law. The consequences for not meeting requirements included denial of permission to marry or work, and for many it meant the death camps Intelligence tests became associated with Anthropometry Anthropometry History and Basics... Dr. Folarin 7 Anthropometry History and Basics... Dr. Folarin 8 7 8 ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASURING BODY IDENTIFICATION USING TOOLS Tape ANTHROPOMETRY Anthropometer/Bone Caliper Goniometer Bertillon used 5 basic measurements: head length head breadth length of middle finger Length of left foot Sliding Calipers: large length from the elbow to the extremity of the middle finger and small Today that list is more extensive: Gender Medical scale Spreading Caliper Height Weight Age Bicep circumference, buttock depth, chest breadth, elbow circumference, eye height, forearm to hand, ear breadth, head circumference, head length, hip breadth sitting, hip breadth standing, sitting height, waist depth, wrist breadth, wrist circumference to name a few…there are currently 107 measurements Anthropometry History and Basics... Dr. Folarin 9 Anthropometry History and Basics... Dr. Folarin 10 9 10 “STRETCH OF THE MEASURING” JOHANN WOLFGANG VON GOETHE, 1779 ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASURING Weight TECHNIQUES Stature Posture: Standing Frankfort Sitting Arm Span Head Length Head Breadth Ear-to-Head Height Nasal Length Nasal Breadth Skeletal Index = Sitting Height x 100/Stature Cephalic Index = Head Breadth x 100/Head Length Nasal Index = Nasal Breadth x 100/Nasal Length Span/Stature Index = Arm Span x 100/ Stature Cranial Capacity Anthropometry History and Basics... Dr. Folarin 11 Anthropometry History and Basics... Dr. Folarin 12 11 12 2  21/01/2023 ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASURING TECHNIQUES ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASURING TECHNIQUES Anthropometry History and Basics... Dr. Folarin 13 Anthropometry History and Basics... Dr. Folarin 14 13 14 Basic Chart of Basic What is Areas of Measured Where to Measure Anthropometry History and Basics... Dr. Folarin 15 Anthropometry History and Basics... Dr. Folarin 16 15 16 BASIC ANTHROPOMETRIC BASIC ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASURING EXAMPLES MEASURING EXAMPLES Anthropometric Measurements (cont.) Anthropometric Measurements 200 80 70 175 Male 1 60 Male 1 Male 2 150 Male 3 Male 2 Male 4 Measurements (in cm) Male 3 50 Male 5 Male 4 Measurement (in cm) Male 5 Male 6 125 Male 6 Female 1 40 Female 1 Female 2 Female 2 Female 3 Female 3 100 Female 4 30 Female 4 Female 5 Female 6 Female 5 20 Female 6 75 10 50 21 22 23 0 Anthropometry History and Basics... Dr. Folarin 17 Category 18 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Cate gory Anthropometry History and Basics... Dr. Folarin 17 18 3  21/01/2023 ANTHROPOMETRY TODAY BIOMETRICS Biometrics the automatic identification of a person based on his/her Nutrition and wellness physiological or behavioral characteristics Weight Training Verification vs. identification Ergonomics dynamic anthropometry: Measurements taken on and around Verification: Am I whom I claim I am? involves confirming or the figure when it is in any position other than the fixed ones. denying a person's claimed identity Everyday life Identification: Who am I? Evolutionary Significance Changes in humans overtime Monitor growth in children Cranial Anthropometry Anthropometry History and Basics... Dr. Folarin 19 Anthropometry History and Basics... Dr. Folarin 20 19 20 BIOMETRICS APPLICATIONS BIOMETRICS PROGRAMS Forensics: criminal identification and prison security Fingerprint Identification Hand Geometry: geometric shape Prevention of unauthorized access to ATMs, cellular phones, of the hand for authenticating a smart cards, desktop PCs, workstations, and computer user's identity networks Face Location: an arbitrary black and white, still image, find the Automobiles: replace keys with key-less entry and key-less location and size of every human ignition face Multibiometrics: integrates face Border control and national ID cards recognition, fingerprint verification, and speaker verification in making a personal identification Anthropometry History and Basics... Dr. Folarin 21 Anthropometry History and Basics... Dr. Folarin 22 21 22 BIOMETRICS IN USE BenGurion Airport: Hand Geometry Heathrow Airport- Iris FacePass: Face Verification Grocery Store Payment: Anthropometry History and Basics... Dr. Folarin 23 Fingerprint 24 INSPASS: Hand US- Visit Program Anthropometry History and Basics... Dr. Folarin Geometry 23 24 4  21/01/2023 CRANIAL ANTHROPOMETRY TERMINOLOGY Also known as Craniometry measurement of the skull and face Frankfort Horizontal (FH) 3 ways to categorize the skull 1.A plane passing through three points of the right and left dolichocephalic: long and thin porion and the left orbitale. brachycephalic: short and broad 2.First proposed at the Craniometric Congress held in Munich, Germany, 1877. mesocephalic: intermediate length and breadth 3.An orientation of skull in a consistent and reproducible position. 4.Comparisons: natural head position; horizontal visual axis; and horizontal plane. Anthropometry History and Basics... Dr. Folarin 25 Anthropometry History and Basics... Dr. Folarin 26 25 26 CRANIAL ANTHROPOMETRY FRANKFORT HORIZONTAL FACIAL ZONES Maximal cranial breadth Maximal cranial length Anthropometry History and Basics... Dr. Folarin 27 Anthropometry History and Basics... Dr. Folarin 28 27 28 CRANIAL ANTHROPOMETRY: TERMINOLOGY 16 FACIAL ZONES en (endocanthion) Basion: the midpoint of the anterior margin of the foramen magnum. eu (eurion) Gnathion: the most anterior and lowest median point on the border of the mandible. ex (exocanthion) ft (frontotemporale) Glabella: the most forward projecting point in the midline of the forehead at the level of the supra-orbital ridges and above the nasofrontal suture. fz (frontozygomaticus) Opisthocranion: the most posterior point on the skull not on the external g (glabella) occipital protuberance. It is the posterior end point of maximum cranial gn (gnathion) length measured from glabella. It is determined instrumentally. obi (otobasion inferius) Euryon: the two points on the opposite sides of the skull that form termini of the lines of greatest breadth. The two points are determined op (opisthocranion) instrumentally. po (porion) Zygion: the most lateral point of the zygomatic arch. It is determined n (nasion) instrumentally. sn (subnasale) t (tragion) Orbitale: the lowest point in the margin of the orbit; one of the points used in defining Frankfort Horizontal. tr (trichion) v (vertex) zy (zygion) Anthropometry History and Basics... Dr. Folarin 29 Anthropometry History and Basics... Dr. Folarin 30 29 30 5  21/01/2023 TERMINOLOGY 3- D ANTHROPOMETRY 3D anthropometry, the measure of humans, can be greatly aided by the use of accurate digital humans. We'll take a look at Porion: the uppermost lateral point in the margin of the external auditory meatus. The right and left porion with the left orbitale how to create these types of accurate digital humans and how define the Frankfort Horizontal they can be used for the measurement of entire populations Mastoidale: the lowest point of the mastoid process Programs: Gonion: the midpoint of the angel of the mandible between body and ramus. Cyberware Bregma: the intersection of the coronal and sagittal sutures in the DigiSize midline. CySlice Lambda: the intersection of the sagittal and lambdoidal sutures in Ear Impression 3-D Scanner the midline. SizeUSA: 3D measurement system, a body scanner feeding data Nasion: the intersection of the nasofrontal suture with the into measurement extraction software. midsagittal plane. Nasion is the uppermost landmark for the measure of facial height. CAESAR: generate a database of human physical dimensions for Menton: the lowest median point of the chin. men and women of various weights, between the ages of 18 and Pogonion: the most anterior point in the midline of the chin. 65 Virtual Models: virtually try on clothes, makeup etc. Anthropometry History and Basics... Dr. Folarin 32 Anthropometry History and Basics... Dr. Folarin 31 31 32 FUTURE ENDEAVORS OF STANDING HEIGHT ANTHROPOMETRY? Anthropometry History and Basics... Dr. Folarin 33 Anthropometry History and Basics... Dr. Folarin 34 33 34 SITTING UPPER LEG HEIGHT LENGTH Anthropometry History and Basics... Dr. Folarin 36 Anthropometry History and Basics... Dr. Folarin 35 35 36 6  21/01/2023 ARM LENGTH KNEE HEIGHT Anthropometry History and Basics... Dr. Folarin 37 Anthropometry History and Basics... Dr. Folarin 38 37 38 SKIN Subscapular CIRCUMFERENCES FOLD Buttock Triceps Abdominal/waist Suprailiaca Anthropometry History and Basics... Dr. Folarin 39 Anthropometry History and Basics... Dr. Folarin 40 39 40 ANTHROPOMETRY AND THE WORLD OF PRECISION Credits: Meghan Hunt (2006) Erskine College , Dead Men Do Tell Tales. J-Term FK Unsri (2008) Anthropometry History and Anthropometry History and Basics... Dr. Folarin 41 Basics... Dr. Folarin 42 41 42 7