Introduction to Scientific Theory

Anthropometry History and Basics

• The concept of anthropometry was first introduced by Francis Galton, who wrote about the idea of fingerprint identification in his book "Finger Prints".
• Cesare Lombroso developed the concept of criminal anthropology, suggesting that certain physical characteristics, such as prominent jaws and long hands, were associated with criminal behavior.

Applications of Anthropometry

• Identification of repeated criminals: anthropometry was used to identify and track criminals, particularly in the context of criminal anthropology.
• Prevention of impersonation: anthropometry was used to verify the identity of individuals and prevent impersonation.
• Differentiation between the races: anthropometry was used to differentiate between races, with eugenicists using measurements to classify individuals as "Aryan" or "non-Aryan".
• Eugenics in Europe: anthropometry was used to support eugenicist policies, including the classification of individuals based on physical characteristics.

Problems with Anthropometry

• Cost and error of the instruments used: the measurement instruments used in anthropometry were prone to error and expensive.
• Education needed to take measurements: specialized education was required to take accurate measurements.
• Error in calculation and measurements: errors in calculation and measurement could lead to inaccurate results.
• Slow process: the process of taking measurements was slow and time-consuming.

Biometrics Applications

• Forensics: biometrics was used in criminal identification and prison security.
• Prevention of unauthorized access: biometrics was used to prevent unauthorized access to ATMs, cellular phones, and other devices.
• Automobiles: biometrics was used to replace keys with key-less entry and ignition systems.
• Border control and national ID cards: biometrics was used to verify the identity of individuals at borders and for national ID cards.

Biometrics Programs

• Fingerprint Identification: used to identify individuals based on their fingerprints.
• Hand Geometry: used to identify individuals based on the geometric shape of their hand.
• Face Location: used to identify individuals based on their facial features.
• Multibiometrics: integrates face recognition, fingerprint verification, and speaker verification to make a personal identification.