Anthropometry PDF

Prof. Dr. Amir N Wadee  Anthropometry Anthropometry provides the data used in the indirect appraisal of body composition. Girths and skin folds can be entered into a number of equations to estimate the body density, total body fat and the overlying subcutaneous fat. Moreo...

Prof. Dr. Amir N Wadee  Anthropometry Anthropometry provides the data used in the indirect appraisal of body composition. Girths and skin folds can be entered into a number of equations to estimate the body density, total body fat and the overlying subcutaneous fat. Moreover, trunk and limb girths provide estimates of relative muscle mass. Assessment and monitoring of growth Growth in stature and weight are frequently used as markers of health, nutritional status and developmental progress. Both absolute and proportional changes in specific body measures may influence strength, movement mechanics and physiological parameters in addition to the effects of training or detraining.  Anthropometrical prototypes for a certain sport Assessment and monitoring of common physical characteristics of the athletes within any given sport. Such prototypes assist in talent identification, training protocol and equipment design.  Advantage of anthropometrical measurement 1. It is non- invasive. 2. It is relatively easy to carry out with a modest amount of training. 3. It is possible to become skilled at acquiring reliable measures. 4. Most techniques utilize inexpensive equipment that is generally portable.  Growth characteristics related to anthropometry Growth is a major, highly variable aspect of infancy, childhood and adolescence. Somatic growth is more regular than the increase of tissue mass in that it includes dramatic alterations in size and proportion.  Growth characteristics related to anthropometry The physique changes that accompany growth may affect the skill, exercise tolerance and injury potential of an individual overtone. These changes can have a profound influence on the mechanics of movement and the physiological capacities of the growing organism. One must consider the individual’s potentials and variations.  Growth characteristics related to anthropometry Heights and weights are available on specific tables of: 1. Height for age. 2. Weight for age. 3. Weight for height.  Measuring stature The recommended method for measuring the stature is to position the subject barefoot on a level directly against a vertical wall or door. The subject stands erect with heels and toes together and the arms hanging by the sides. The measurement is taken as “the maximum distance from the floor to the vertex of the head”, which is from the floor to the highest point on the skull.  Measuring stature To measure the stretch stature, gentle upward traction is applied from this position. Hair clips and ribbons must be removed before the stature is measured. A pencil mark is made on the level of the headboard. The subject then stands away from the wall and the vertical distance from the floor to the pencil mark is measured by a measuring tape.  Measuring sitting height “It is the distance from vertex to the surface on which the erect subject is seated”. There is no consensus as to whether the feet should hang freely or be supported. However, in either instance thighs should rest on a horizontal position, with knees flexed over the edge of the sitting surface.  Measuring sitting height The subject is directed to sit up straight. Care must be taken to ensure that the subject does not reposition or push upwards with hands or legs. Measurement is taken from posterior of the patient. “The sub-ischial height (the length of the lower limbs) is derived by subtracting sitting height from stature height”.  Measuring limb lengths Length of limb segments can be measured either directly between two skeletal landmarks or as vertical distance between a constant flat surface (as the floor) and a skeletal landmark. This latter is preferred as projected lengths, which through subtraction gives a number of derived segment lengths (e.g. trochanteric height minus total tibial height gives an estimate of the length of the femur or thigh; although not accurate).  Measuring limb lengths The use of tape measurement is the most valid tool for measuring limb length (long measurement). Upper limb length discrepancy affects the cosmetic appearance, while lower limb length discrepancy affects both cosmetic appearance and function. Inequality of lower limb length will 1. Affect gait pattern (function). 2. Create degenerative changes in weight bearing joints. 3. Cause deformities, which may be non- structural at first, then become structural. 4. Unilateral shortening of lower limb leads to pelvic tilt, scoliosis, dropping of shoulder and tilting of head.  Tape measurement is also used for round measurement or the contour 1. Muscle to detect atrophy or hypertrophy. 2. Joint to determine swelling. 3. Chest to determine its mobility.  A. Long measurements Upper limb length 1. Whole upper limb length Measurement is taken from most superior lateral point of acromion process (acromial landmark) to the lower and lateral border of styloid process of radius (radial landmark). The arm is positioned in the anatomical position, relaxed at the side of the subject.  A. Long measurements Upper limb length 2. Segmental measurement i. Upper arm length With arm flexed at 90º, so that ulnar surface of forearm and hand are horizontal and palms facing medially with fingers extended, measurement is taken from acromial landmark to the posterior surface of olecranon process of ulna.  A. Long measurements Upper limb length 2. Segmental measurement ii. Forearm length It is the distance from the head of radius (upper radial landmark) to the most distal point of the styloid process of radius (or styloin).  A. Long measurements Upper limb length 2. Segmental measurement iii. Hand length With hand extended and the palm rested in the direction of the longitudinal axis of forearm, measurement is taken from styloid process at base of thumb to the tip of middle finger. Limb measurements: Arm measurements:  Upper arm length (Schultz 1929, primate standard): length from acromion (the most lateral point on the end of the acromial process of the shoulder blade) to radiale (most proximal point on the lateral side of the head of the radius). As the acromion is no part of the humerus, the arm should always be in the same position for exact measuring: close to the side of the chest. (See also under "length of brachium" (Osman Hill 1942). In connection with the length of the upper arm it may be found more practicable to measure to the most distal point on the capitulum humeri rather than to the radiale. This is best done by holding the forearm at right angles to the upper arm, when the capitulum of the humerus can be palpated very easily. With the forearm extended the radiale and the lowest point of the capitulum humeri coincide (Schultz 1929) Acromion-olecranon (Osman Hill, Phillips 1932): upper arm length from the acromial process of the shoulder blade to the proximal tip of the ulna (elbow tip), slightly longer than measument according to Schultz (1929).  Forearm length (Schultz 1929, primate standard): length of radius, from radiale (proximal point on the lateral side of the head of the radius) to styloid (most distal point on the styloid process of the radius).  Hand measurements: digits are permanently semiflexed at the first interphalangeal joint. This renders it impossible to straighten them out fully in preserved or freshly dead specimens (Osman Hill 1933).  B. Round (girth or circumference) measurement Upper limb girth 1. Mid-arm girth  B. Round (girth or circumference) measurement Upper limb girth 2. Forearm girth  B. Round (girth or circumference) measurement Upper limb girth 3. Wrist girth  B. Round (girth or circumference) measurement e. Lower limb girth 4. Ankle girth Upper Extremity GONIOMETRY  SCAPULOTHORACIC JOINT Type of joint: Movements relating to the scapula sliding over the thorax This is a “functional” joint in which there are no typical joint are intimately related to the sternoclavicular and acromioclavicular joints The best method for determining scapulothoracic joint movement is by the use of a tape measure.  Scapular Upward Rotation Planes/axis of movement: Motion occurs in the frontal plane around an anterior/posterior axis during glenohumeral abduction and flexion. The inferior angle of the scapula moves away from the vertebral column. Range of motion: Normal range of motion is determined by comparing the motion of one scapula to the other. Goniometric alignment points: The inferior angle of the scapula and the spinous process of the seventh thoracic vertebra T7 are palpated and identified. Scapular Upward Rotation  Scapular Downward Rotation Planes/axis of movement: Motion occurs in the frontal plane around an anterior/posterior axis. It occurs during shoulder adduction and extension across the posterior trunk. Range of motion: Normal range of motion is determined by comparing the motion of one scapula to the other. Goniometric alignment points: The inferior angle of the scapula and the spinous process of the T7 vertebra are palpated and identified. Scapular Downward Rotation  Scapular Abduction Planes/axis of movement: Motion occurs in the frontal plane and is translatory. The scapula moves laterally across the thorax as the shoulder is horizontally adducted in the transverse plane. Goniometric alignment points: The origin or “root” of the spine of the scapula is palpated and identified. The corresponding thoracic vertebra at that level Scapular Abduction  Scapular Adduction Planes/axis of movement: Motion occurs in the frontal plane and is translatory. The scapula moves medially across the thorax as the shoulder is horizontally abducted in the transverse plane. Goniometric alignment points: The origin or “root” of the spine of the scapula is palpated and identified. The corresponding thoracic vertebra at that level Scapular Adduction  Evidence- Based Practice for Therapeutic Exercise