Earth and Life Science: Universe and the Solar System PDF

Earth and Life Science ABM&HUMSS 11 The Universe and the Solar System THEORIES THAT CAN EXPLAIN THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE Divine Creation – This theory states that God created the universe, including all life...

Earth and Life Science ABM&HUMSS 11 The Universe and the Solar System THEORIES THAT CAN EXPLAIN THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE Divine Creation – This theory states that God created the universe, including all life Steady State Theory forms. Pulsating Theory In the beginning God created the Nebular Theory heavens and the earth. Now the earth Big Bang Theory was formless and empty, darkness was over the surface of the deep, and the Spirit of God was hovering over 2 FIRST ELEMENTS FORMED IN THE the waters. And God said, 'Let there UNIVERSE AND ACT AS THE be light' and there was light. Genesis INGREDIENT OF THE STAR. 1:1-3 HYDROGEN HELIUM WHAT IS THEORY? STEADY-STATE THEORY It is a principle that has been formed as an attempt to explain things that have already was the most popular scientific explanation been substantiated by data. It is used in the about the origin of the universe from the names of a number of principles accepted in 1940s to the 1960s. It was proposed by Fred the scientific community, such as the Big Hoyle, Hermann Bondi, and Thomas Gold. Bang Theory. It explains that the universe did not originate from an explosive beginning, because it did WHAT IS UNIVERSE? not have a beginning. The number of galaxies in the universe is constant and new All existing matter and space are considered galaxies are being created continuously out as a whole which is called the cosmos. The of the empty space which fills up the gaps universe had been evolving for several caused by the galaxies which have crossed billions of years before the solar system and the boundary of the observable universe. the Earth began to form. It is thought to have At the heart of the Steady State theory is the formed around 13.7 billion years ago which Perfect Cosmological Principle. generated space, time, energy, and matter according to Big Bang Theory. PULSATING THEORY means that our universe is supposed to be expanding and contracting alternatively. This theory was first proposed as a possible explanation as early as 1879, was applied to Cepheids in 1914, and was further developed by Arthur Eddington in 1917–1918. This theory explains that at the present time, our universe is BIG BANG THEORY expanding but it will not keep on expanding at all times. With time, this Proposed by George Lemaitre in 1927. contraction will come to the point where the This theory states that all of the current and explosion of the universe again takes place past matter in the Universe came into and another expansion of the universe will existence at the same time, roughly 13.8 start. The theory states that the universe is billion years ago. “living” and keeps pulsating in and out This whole matter of the universe was once concentrated in an extremely dense and hot fireball at the beginning of the universe. Big Bang states that our universe is expanding and will keep on expanding. In short, our universe began with an explosion of space itself Starting from extremely high density and temperature, space expanded, the universe cooled, and the simplest elements formed. Gravity gradually drew matter together to form the first stars and the first galaxies. NEBULAR THEORY considered the best theory that describes the formation of the solar system. The idea that the Solar System originated from a nebula was first proposed in 1734 by Swedish scientist and theologian Emanual Swedenborg. states that the solar system developed out of an interstellar cloud of dust and gas called a nebula. This could have been the result of a passing star, or shock waves from a supernova, but the end result was a gravitational collapse at WHAT IS HYPOTHESIS? the center of the cloud. Due to the collapse pockets of gas and dust began to collect into A hypothesis is something proposed for the denser regions. sake of argument so that it can be tested to see if it might be true. It is usually tentative, TIDAL HYPOTHESIS an assumption or suggestion made strictly for the objective of being tested. This was proposed by Jean and Jeffrey in 1925. DIFFERENT HYPOTHESES AND The central idea of this hypothesis is that the THEORIES large stars passed near the sun and due to gravitational pull a gaseous tide was raised Nebular Hypothesis on the surface of the sun and the star. Tidal Hypothesis As the Star came nearer, the tide increased Planetesimal Hypothesis in size and this gaseous tide was detached when the star moved away and this gaseous Binary Star Hypothesis tide later formed a planet in our solar Gas Dust Cloud Hypothesis system. This hypothesis explains why the planets revolve around the sun in the same direction NEBULAR HYPOTHESIS and why the inner planets are denser than the gaseous planets. This was proposed by the German Philosopher Kant and French mathematician Laplace. The central idea of this hypothesis of the origin of the solar system is that the Earth, Planets, and sun originated from a Nebula, or a spinning cloud of dust that collapsed on its own gravity which is caused to spin faster. A gaseous ring was separated from the nebula which later became the planets we have today while a dense clump of matter was formed at the center called a proto-star which became PLANETESIMAL HYPOTHESIS the star. This was proposed by Chamberlin and Moulton in 1904. The planetesimal hypothesis centers on the idea that a disk- shaped cloud of gas and dust which was a remnant after the formation of the sun began to clump together forming bodies of planetesimals. When these planetesimals reached the size of about 1km they began attracting other floating bodies due to their gravity Eventually these planetesimals got larger enough to form planets.  became flattened like a disk with its center being dense and its edges being thin. The center became the sun while the outer part of the disk broke up into smaller swirls, which condensed separately to become the planets. BINARY STAR HYPOTHESIS This was proposed by an American astronomer H.N Russel in 1937 to solve the question raised on the tidal hypothesis. He proposed that at the beginning a companion star was revolving around our sun. suggests that in the early stages of the solar EARTH SUBSYTEM system's formation, there were two stars near the primitive Sun. THE SOLAR SYSTEM CONSISTS OF This hypothesis implies that our Sun was not THE SUN AND EVERYTHING THAT initially alone; it had a companion star. ORBITS OR TRAVELS AROUND THE According to this theory, this companion SUN. THIS INCLUDES THE EIGHT star orbited the Sun, and this binary system PLANETS AND THEIR MOONS, played a role in the formation and evolution DWARF PLANETS, AND COUNTLESS of our solar system. ASTEROIDS, COMETS, AND OTHER SMALL, ICY OBJECTS. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE EARTH 1. NOT TOO CLOSE OR FAR FROM SUN, THUS PREVENTING LIFE FROM FREEZING OR FRYING 2. NOT TOO CLOSE OR FAR FROM SUN, THUS PREVENTING LIFE FROM FREEZING OR FRYING 3. TEMPERATURE RANGE TO GAS DUST CLOUD HYPOTHESIS ALLOW WATER TO EXIST IN LIQUID (VERY IMPORTANT) AS This was proposed by the scientist Harold C. WELL AS GASEOUS, AND Urey in 1952 This states that the universe is SOLID FORMS. composed of dust and gas. This very large amount of dust and gas began to condense and began to spin. As it spun faster it  ATMOSPHERE Members of the Solar System THE INVIIBLE LAYER OF GASES THAT THE ORDER OF THE PLANETS IN THE SURROUNDS THE PLANET. SOLAR SYSTEM, STARTING NEAREST THE SUN AND WORKING OUTWARD EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE SERVES AS THE IS THE FOLLOWING: FF: PROTECTION FROM METEORITES, Sun ULTRA VIOLET RAYS AND SOLAR Mercury flare Venus TEMPERATURE AND WEATHER Earth REGULATOR Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto OUR SOLAR SYSTEM IS MADE UP OF A STAR, EIGHT PLANETS, AND COUNTLESS SMALLER BODIES SUCH AS DWARF PLANETS, ASTEROIDS AND COMETS. Four Subsystem ATMOSPHERE BIOSPHERE Layers of the Atmosphere HYDROSPHERE GEOSPHERE ( LITOSPHERE) TROPOSPHERE IS THE LOWEST LAYER OF EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE. IS WEATHER LAYER OF THE EARTH WHERE CLIMATIC CHANGES TAKES PLACE. IT IS WHERE WEATHER DISTURBANCES AND WATER TAKES PLACE.  ESSENTIALLY ALL OF THE ATMOSPHERE STRATOSPHERE ABOVE THE MESOSPHERE. IS THE EARTH NATURAL SUNBLOCK AS THE “ HEAT LAYER” AURORAS CAN THE OZONE LAYER PROTECTS US FROM ALSO BE FOUND HERE. THE HARMFUL ULTRA VOLATE RAYS. THE SECOND LAYER OF THE ATMOSPHERE IS WHERE YOU’LL FIND THE VERY IMPORTANT OZONE LAYER. MESOSPHERE THE THIRD LAYER OF THE ATMOSPHERE IONOSPHERE IS IMMEDIATELY ABOVE THE STRATOSPHERE, AND IS IT IS COMPOSED OF ELECTRICALLY CHARACTERIZED BY DECREASING CHARGE PARTICLES CALLED IONS. TEMPERATURES WITH HEIGHT. THE COLDEST LAYER OF THE ATMOSPHERE BURNS AND MELTS THE FALLING METEORITES. THIS IS THE FALLING STARS THAT WE SEE FALLING FROM THE SKY IN DARK NIGHT. EXOSPHERE THE HIGHEST REGION OF THE ATMOSPHERE, WHERE THE AIR DENSITY IS SO LOW THAT A FAST MOVING AIR MOLECULE IS MORE THAN 50 PERCENT LIKELY TO ESCAPE FROM THE ATMOSPHERE INSTEAD OF HITTING OTHER MOLECULES. THERMOSPHERE THE FIRST LAYER OF DEFENSE FROM THE REGION OF THE UPPER ULTRA VIOLET RAYS. ATMOSPHERE IN WHICH TEMPERATURE INCREASES, CONTINUOUSLY WITH ALTITUDE, ENCOMPASSING  FRESHWATER LAKES, PONDS, RIVERS, AND STREAMS ARE FRESHWATER HABITATS. SO TOO ARE SWAMPS, BOGS, AND MARSHES. AMOUNTS TO PRECIOUS LITTLE WATER, LESS THAN HALF A PERCENT OF THE WORLD'S WATER SUPPLY. THE DISTRIBUTION OF FRESH WATER IS UNEVEN GLOBALLY. YET IT IS ESSENTIAL TO A WIDE VARIETY OF LIFE ON EARTH HYDROSPHERE THE WATER SPHERE OF THE EARTH,MORE THAN 70% IS COMPOSED OF WATER BUT ONLY SMALL PORTION OF THAT IS FRESH WATER AND 97% IS SALT WATER WATER IS AN INDICATION OF LIFE. SALTWATER WITHOUT WATER PHOTOSYNTHESIS WOULD NOT BE POSSIBLE. THE WATER OF THE SEAS AND OCEANS WATER PLAYS A HUGE FACTOR IN IS SALTY BECAUSE OF THE VAST KEEPING THE TEMPERATURE OF THE QUANTITY OF MINERAL SALTS EARTH AND IN THE DISTRIBUTION DISSOLVED IN IT. OF ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS BIOSPHERE THE LIFE SPERE OF THE EARTH.IT CARBON DIOXIDE IS USED BY REFERS TO THE SPHERE WHERE ALL CYANOBACTERIA IN THE THE LIVING ORGANISMS FOUND. PROCESSOF PHOTOSYNTHESIS. THE BIOSPHERE IS MADE UP OF THE PARTS OF EARTH WHERE LIFE EXISTS. THE BIOSPHERE EXTENDS FROM THE DEEPEST ROOT SYSTEMS OF TREES TO THE DARK ENVIRONMENT OF OCEAN TRENCHES, TO LUSH RAIN FORESTS AND HIGH MOUNTAINTOPS THE BIOSPHERE IS A COMPLEX INTERACTION AND INTERDEPENDENT RELATIONSHIP OF DIFFERENT LIFE FORMS WHICH ALL THE EARTH’S SUBSYSTEM IS CO-EXIST. WHERE MATTER AND ENERGY FLOW TO MAKE LIFE ON EARTH POSSIBLE. ONE CANNOT OVEREMPHASIZE OVER THE OTHER AS EACH WORK IN HARMONY AND BALANCE. THESE FOUR SUBSYSTEMS ARE INTERCONNECTED WITH PROCESSES THAT INVOLVES THE TRANSFER OF MATTER AND ENERGY SUCH AS NUTRIENT CYCLE , HYDROLOGIC CYCLE AND ETC. LITHOSPHERE It is the solid part of the Earth and is also one of the spherical layers of the Earth. The lithosphere is the rocky outer part of Earth. It is made up of the brittle crust and the top part of the upper mantle. The lithosphere is the coolest and most rigid NOTE: TO AVOID COMPARISON, THIS part of Earth. HANDOUT IS THE SAME FOR ALL ABM AND HUMSS STUDENTS. PREPARED BY: MS. IVY CAPILITAN MR. JUNVIE MALUBAY