NS-001 Module 1: The Origin of the Universe PDF

EARTH SCIENCE HOME UNIVERSE SOLAR SYSTEM EARTH ABOUT THE UNIVERSE  EARTH SCIENCE HOME UNIVERSE SOLAR SYSTEM EARTH ABOUT OBJECTIVES At the end of this module, you are expected to: 1. Describe the different theories explaining the origin of the universe and the so...

EARTH SCIENCE HOME UNIVERSE SOLAR SYSTEM EARTH ABOUT THE UNIVERSE  EARTH SCIENCE HOME UNIVERSE SOLAR SYSTEM EARTH ABOUT OBJECTIVES At the end of this module, you are expected to: 1. Describe the different theories explaining the origin of the universe and the solar system. 2. Create a model to learn how the Universe expands over time. 3. Justify the uniqueness of Earth, being the only planet in the solar system with properties necessary to support life. EARTH SCIENCE HOME UNIVERSE SOLAR SYSTEM EARTH ABOUT SPACE QUIZ EARTH SCIENCE HOME UNIVERSE SOLAR SYSTEM EARTH ABOUT How old is the Universe? 10 Billion years old 13.8 Billion years old 12.3 Billion years old 16 Billion years old EARTH SCIENCE HOME UNIVERSE SOLAR SYSTEM EARTH ABOUT How old is Earth estimated to be? 450 million years old 6 billion years old 4.5 billion years old 7 billion years old EARTH SCIENCE HOME UNIVERSE SOLAR SYSTEM EARTH ABOUT Who was the first man in space? Neil Armstrong Alexei Leonov Yuri Gagarin Edwin Hubble EARTH SCIENCE HOME UNIVERSE SOLAR SYSTEM EARTH ABOUT What are comets mostly made of? Hot rocks Dirty ice and dusts Rusty metals Poisonous liquid  EARTH SCIENCE HOME UNIVERSE SOLAR SYSTEM EARTH ABOUT What is the most distant object visible to the naked eye? Moon Andromeda galaxy Polaris Sun EARTH SCIENCE HOME UNIVERSE SOLAR SYSTEM EARTH ABOUT What planet is closest to the Sun? JUPITER VENUS MERCURY EARTH EARTH SCIENCE HOME UNIVERSE SOLAR SYSTEM EARTH ABOUT How many moon does Uranus have? 24 26 25 27 EARTH SCIENCE HOME UNIVERSE SOLAR SYSTEM EARTH ABOUT What is the Sun mainly made from? Molten iron Hot rocks Liquid lava Gas EARTH SCIENCE HOME UNIVERSE SOLAR SYSTEM EARTH ABOUT How long does it take for sunlight to reach Earth? 1 minute 8 minutes 24 hours instantaneous EARTH SCIENCE HOME UNIVERSE SOLAR SYSTEM EARTH ABOUT Where is the Asteroid Belt located? Between Earth and Between Jupiter and Venus Saturn Between Earth and Between Mars and Mars Jupiter EARTH SCIENCE HOME UNIVERSE SOLAR SYSTEM EARTH ABOUT HOW DID THE UNIVERSE BEGAN? Click to know more  EARTH SCIENCE HOME UNIVERSE SOLAR SYSTEM EARTH ABOUT THE UNIVERSE The universe is everything that exists, including all matter, energy, planets, stars, galaxies and space. Cosmology It is the study of the origin universe. EARTH SCIENCE HOME UNIVERSE SOLAR SYSTEM EARTH ABOUT AGE OF THE UNIVERSE The universe is around 13.8 billion years old. How to know the age of the universe? 1. By estimating the age of the oldest looking star. 2. By measuring the rate of expansion of the Universe. EARTH SCIENCE HOME UNIVERSE SOLAR SYSTEM EARTH ABOUT THE UNIVERSE IS COMPOSED OF: 5% normal matter which make up stars and planets. 25% dark matter that does not emit light or energy. 70% dark energy which forces the Universe to expand. EARTH SCIENCE HOME UNIVERSE SOLAR SYSTEM EARTH ABOUT THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE CLICK TO KNOW MORE  EARTH SCIENCE HOME UNIVERSE SOLAR SYSTEM EARTH ABOUT NON-SCIENTIFIC Creationism Creation Myth CLICK TO KNOW MORE EARTH SCIENCE HOME UNIVERSE SOLAR SYSTEM EARTH ABOUT CREATIONISM The universe was created by God out of nothing, which took place in six days according to the Book of Genesis. EARTH SCIENCE HOME UNIVERSE SOLAR SYSTEM EARTH ABOUT CREATION MYTHS It is a cultural, religious or traditional myths which describes the earliest beginning of the world and are passed down from generation to generation.  EARTH SCIENCE HOME UNIVERSE SOLAR SYSTEM EARTH ABOUT SCIENTIFIC THEORIES Big bang theory Oscillating Universe theory CLICK TO KNOW MORE EARTH SCIENCE HOME UNIVERSE SOLAR SYSTEM EARTH ABOUT BIG BANG THEORY Alexander Friedman & Georges Lemaitre (1929) The universe began with a massive (big) and rapid expansion around 13.8 billion years ago. Click to know more EARTH SCIENCE HOME UNIVERSE SOLAR SYSTEM EARTH ABOUT BIG BANG THEORY It states that the universe expanded from a very tiny, extremely hot and dense energy compacted in a single point called singularity. The expansion sent space, time and energy in all directions.  EARTH SCIENCE HOME UNIVERSE SOLAR SYSTEM EARTH ABOUT BIG BANG THEORY 1. The Big Bang is an expansion of space. 2. As the universe expands, it cools. 3. The more energetic the particles are, the higher their temperature will be. 4. The identity of element depends on how many protons it has.  EARTH SCIENCE HOME UNIVERSE SOLAR SYSTEM EARTH ABOUT EVIDENCE OF THE BIG BANG THEORY 1. Expanding Universe: Redshift In 1992, Edwin Hubble discovered that almost all galaxies are moving away from us. The further the galaxy was, the faster it was moving away from us. By using this observation, he concluded that the universe was expanding.  EARTH SCIENCE HOME UNIVERSE SOLAR SYSTEM EARTH ABOUT 1. Expanding Universe: Redshift When the light emitted by a distant object moves toward the red end of the visible spectrum, the object is moving away from the observer  EARTH SCIENCE HOME UNIVERSE SOLAR SYSTEM EARTH ABOUT EVIDENCE OF THE BIG BANG THEORY 2. Primordial Elements Hydrogen, helium and lithium make up nearly all of the nuclear matter in the universe. The most abundant element, hydrogen, accounts for 74% of the mass while helium contributes 25%. Heavier elements comprise less than 1% of the total.  EARTH SCIENCE HOME UNIVERSE SOLAR SYSTEM EARTH ABOUT EVIDENCE OF THE BIG BANG THEORY 3. Cosmic Microwave Background It is a leftover radiation or afterglow from the Big Bang or the time when the universe began that can still be observed today. This was proposed by Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson in 1964. EARTH SCIENCE HOME UNIVERSE SOLAR SYSTEM EARTH ABOUT 3. Cosmic Microwave Background One percent of your old TV's static comes from CMBR (Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation). EARTH SCIENCE HOME UNIVERSE SOLAR SYSTEM EARTH ABOUT OSCILLATING UNIVERSE THEORY Richard Tolman (1930) It states that the universe passes through successive cycles of expansion (big bang) and contraction (big crunch). EARTH SCIENCE HOME UNIVERSE SOLAR SYSTEM EARTH ABOUT WHAT IS THE ULTIMATE FATE OF THE UNIVERSE? CLICK TO KNOW MORE  EARTH SCIENCE HOME UNIVERSE SOLAR SYSTEM EARTH ABOUT What is the ultimate fate of the Universe? Open Universe If the average density was not high enough then the rate of expansion would slow down but not stop. The universe would just expand forever at a slower rate.  EARTH SCIENCE HOME UNIVERSE SOLAR SYSTEM EARTH ABOUT What is the ultimate fate of the Universe? Closed Universe If the average density of matter in the Universe was high enough, then the expansion would stop and the Universe would start contracting eventually collapsing. If that happens, the entire Universe would cease to exist. EARTH SCIENCE HOME UNIVERSE SOLAR SYSTEM EARTH ABOUT THE SOLAR SYSTEM EARTH SCIENCE HOME UNIVERSE SOLAR SYSTEM EARTH ABOUT THE SOLAR SYSTEM Our planetary system is called “the solar system” because we use the word “solar” to describe things related to our star, which is the Sun. It is located in the Milky Way Galaxy and is 4.6 billion years old.  EARTH SCIENCE HOME UNIVERSE SOLAR SYSTEM EARTH ABOUT GEOCENTRIC MODEL According to Ptolemy, the Earth is the center of the Solar System, while the Sun, the moon and other planets rotates around it.  EARTH SCIENCE HOME UNIVERSE SOLAR SYSTEM EARTH ABOUT HELIOCENTRIC MODEL According to Copernicus, the Sun is the center of the Solar System, while the moon and other planets rotates around it. EARTH SCIENCE HOME UNIVERSE SOLAR SYSTEM EARTH ABOUT THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM Click to know more  EARTH SCIENCE HOME UNIVERSE SOLAR SYSTEM EARTH ABOUT BUFFON’S COLLISION THEORY According to Leclerc and Buffon, the planets were formed by the collision of the sun with a giant comet. The resulting debris formed into planets.  EARTH SCIENCE HOME UNIVERSE SOLAR SYSTEM EARTH ABOUT SOLAR NEBULAR THEORY Solar system was formed as a result of the condensation of hydrogen gas and dust cloud. An explosion of a supernova might have caused the cloud to collapse forming the sun and planets. EARTH SCIENCE HOME UNIVERSE SOLAR SYSTEM EARTH ABOUT FORMATION OF PLANETS Grain-sized Planetesimals particles Planets Protoplanets EARTH SCIENCE HOME UNIVERSE SOLAR SYSTEM EARTH ABOUT CLASSIFICATION OF PLANETS CLICK TO KNOW MORE EARTH SCIENCE HOME UNIVERSE SOLAR SYSTEM EARTH ABOUT WHAT IS A PLANET? It must orbit around a star. It must be big enough to have enough gravity to force it into a spherical shape. It must be big enough to cleared away any other objects of a similar size near its orbit around the Sun. Neptune Saturn Jupiter Uranus Mars Earth Sun Venus Mercury Asteroid Belt  EARTH SCIENCE HOME UNIVERSE SOLAR SYSTEM EARTH ABOUT CLASSIFICATION OF PLANETS The planets can be classified based on their: Composition Position relative to the Sun Position relative to the orbit of the Earth  EARTH SCIENCE HOME UNIVERSE SOLAR SYSTEM EARTH ABOUT TERRESTRIAL PLANETS They are made of dense, rocky, and metallic materials. MERCURY VENUS EARTH MARS  EARTH SCIENCE HOME UNIVERSE SOLAR SYSTEM EARTH ABOUT JOVIAN PLANETS They are made of helium, hydrogen, nitrogen and sulfur. URANUS NEPTUNE JUPITER SATURN EARTH SCIENCE HOME UNIVERSE SOLAR SYSTEM EARTH ABOUT CLASSIFICATION OF PLANETS TERRESTRIAL Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars JOVIAN Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune INNER Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars OUTER Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune INFERIOR Mercury, Venus SUPERIOR Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune EARTH SCIENCE HOME UNIVERSE SOLAR SYSTEM EARTH ABOUT WHAT IS A DWARF PLANET? It must orbit around a star. It must be big enough to have enough gravity to force it into a spherical shape. It hasn’t cleared away any other objects of a similar size near its orbit around the Sun. EARTH SCIENCE HOME UNIVERSE SOLAR SYSTEM EARTH ABOUT THE EARTH EARTH SCIENCE HOME UNIVERSE SOLAR SYSTEM EARTH ABOUT DESCRIBE EARTH in ONE WORD  EARTH SCIENCE HOME UNIVERSE SOLAR SYSTEM EARTH ABOUT OUR HOME PLANET While scientists continue to hunt for clues of life beyond Earth, our home planet remains the only place in the Universe known to host life. EARTH SCIENCE HOME UNIVERSE SOLAR SYSTEM EARTH ABOUT FACTS ABOUT THE EARTH It is the third planet from the Sun, and is the fifth largest planet in the Solar System. Aside from that, it’s shape is oblate spheroid.  EARTH SCIENCE HOME UNIVERSE SOLAR SYSTEM EARTH ABOUT SHAPE OF THE EARTH: OBLATE SPHEROID Earth is not a perfect sphere. Its shape is an oblate spheroid. This just means that it flattens at the poles and widens out at the equator.  EARTH SCIENCE HOME UNIVERSE SOLAR SYSTEM EARTH ABOUT FACTS ABOUT THE EARTH Earth revolves around the Sun for 365.25 days. An extra leap day every four years account for the difference. Earth rotates on its axis every 23.9 hours, defining day and night.  EARTH SCIENCE HOME UNIVERSE SOLAR SYSTEM EARTH ABOUT EARTH’S ROTATION AND REVOLUTION The axis of rotation is tilted 23.4 degrees away from the planet’s orbit around the Sun, giving us seasons. EARTH SCIENCE HOME UNIVERSE SOLAR SYSTEM EARTH ABOUT WHAT MAKES A PLANET HABITABLE? CLICK TO KNOW MORE EARTH SCIENCE HOME UNIVERSE SOLAR SYSTEM EARTH ABOUT FACTORS THAT MAKE A PLANET HABITABLE Temperature Water Atmosphere Energy Nutrients EARTH SCIENCE HOME UNIVERSE SOLAR SYSTEM EARTH ABOUT CHARACTERISTICS OF EARTH ESSENTIAL TO LIFE CLICK TO KNOW MORE EARTH SCIENCE HOME UNIVERSE SOLAR SYSTEM EARTH ABOUT Our location is far from many hazards. The earth is located in the Orion arm of the Milky Way galaxy, which is a life-favorable spot. There are also relatively few stars near the Sun, reducing the risks to Earth gravitational tugs, gamma-ray bursts, or collapsing stars. EARTH SCIENCE HOME UNIVERSE SOLAR SYSTEM EARTH ABOUT Our Sun is a stable and long lasting star. Stars that are more massive than the Sun tend to burn hotter and usually don’t live long enough. Meanwhile, less massive and younger stars are often unstable and are prone to blasting their planets with their bursts of radiation. EARTH SCIENCE HOME UNIVERSE SOLAR SYSTEM EARTH ABOUT We’re at just the right distance from the Sun. Earth orbits in the so-called goldilocks zone, where the planets receives enough energy from the Sun to allow water to exist in liquid on its surface. Too far, water will freeze. Too close, water will evaporate in the atmosphere. EARTH SCIENCE HOME UNIVERSE SOLAR SYSTEM EARTH ABOUT We have the right stuff to host a dynamic core. The interstellar cloud of gas and dust that gave rise to Earth contained enough radioactive elements to power a churning core for billion of years. This create a magnetic field that protects the planet from dangers like solar flares. EARTH SCIENCE HOME UNIVERSE SOLAR SYSTEM EARTH ABOUT We have a big moon to stabilize our axial wobble. Earth is titled with respect to the Sun, and it teeters as it spins. This tiny wobble can shift the climate from hot to icy every 41,000 years – and might vary more without the moon’s stabilizing pull. EARTH SCIENCE HOME UNIVERSE SOLAR SYSTEM EARTH ABOUT We have an ozone layer that blocks harmful rays. Ancient plant-like organisms in the ocean added oxygens to the atmosphere and created a high altitude layer of ozone that shielded every organisms from lethal radiation. EARTH SCIENCE HOME UNIVERSE SOLAR SYSTEM EARTH ABOUT THE END