Origin and Structure of the Earth PDF

Origin and Structure of of The Earth The Big Bang – Alexander Friedman, Georges Lamaitre (1920) – Universe appeared 13.8 billion years ago – 4 fundamental forces: gravity, electromagnetic, strong nuclear force, weak nuclear force Timeline of the Big Bang Planck Time ○ Beginning...

Origin and Structure of of The Earth The Big Bang – Alexander Friedman, Georges Lamaitre (1920) – Universe appeared 13.8 billion years ago – 4 fundamental forces: gravity, electromagnetic, strong nuclear force, weak nuclear force Timeline of the Big Bang Planck Time ○ Beginning of time ○ All matter is in a singularity Grand Unification ○ Gravity separates first ○ First elementary particles form Inflationary ○ Strong nuclear force separates ○ Universe’s size increases drastically ○ Elementary particles distribute Electroweak ○ Exotic particles form (WZ Bosons, Higgs Bosons) Quarks ○ Quarks, neutrinos, and electrons form ○ Universe cools down ○ The fundamental forces then are as they are now Hadron ○ Quarks combine into Hadron ○ Electrons collide with protons to form neutrons Lepton ○ Leptons and antileptons dominance Nucleosynthesis ○ Atomic nuclei form ○ Protons and neutrons form (nuclear fission) ○ Nuclear fission stopped after 20 minutes Photon ○ Filled with plasma ○ Photon dominated Recombination ○ Density falls Dark Age ○ Dark matter Galaxy Formation then Solar System Formation Supporting Evidences of the Big Bang — Cosmic Background Radiation (Arno Penzias, Robert Wilson): shockwave from the Big Bang — Elemental Composition of the Universe: hydrogen and helium domination supports the predictions of the Big Bang model — Doppler Red Shift: discovery of the galaxies receding (Vesto Slipher), then proved through mathematical modeling that the universe is expanding (Edward Hubble) Other Theories — Steady State Theory (Hermann Bondi, Thomas Gold, Fred Hoyle - 1948): the universe is expanding but has a constant density due to the creation of matter — Inflation Theory (Alan Guth, Andre Linde, Paul Steinhart, Andy Albrecht - 1981): similar to the big bang, but the expansion was rapid during the first few moments — String Theory (Gabriele Veneziano - 1968): all the universe’s objects are composed of vibrating strings — M-Theory (Edward Witten - 1995): similar to the string theory Origin of the Solar System Theories — Vortex Theory (Rene Descartes): a stable vortex will eventually make the body continue orbiting until no end. — Collision Theory (Georges-Louis de Buffon): planets were formed by a collision of the sun and a giant comet. — Nebular Theory (Emanuel Swedenborg, Immanuel Kant, Pierre-Simon Laplace): gas and dust orbiting around the sun eventually clump together to form planets — Tidal Theory (James Hopwood Jeans, Harold-Jeffreys - 1916): involves a second sun Celestial Bodies — Solar System: composed of planets revolving around the sun counterclockwise. — Asteroids: rocky, airless remnants. Most asteroids are in between Mars and Jupiter in the Asteroid Belt — Comets: frozen leftovers of dust, rock, and ice. — Kuiper Belt: behind Neptune, home to dwarf planets and comets. — Meteoroids: rocks in space — Meteor: rocks in atmosphere — Meteorite: space rocks on Earth — Galaxies: collection of gas, dust, and stars held by gravity – Spiral Galaxy: wide flat discs – Elliptical Galaxy: oblong and lacks structure – Peculiar Galaxy: unusual size, shape, and composition – Irregular Galaxy: these don’t fall under any category Extra Information — Bode’s Law: unit of measurement of the distance between the sun and the planets — Ceres is the first known asteroid (Giuseppe Piazzi) — Our galaxy is the Milky Way — The supermassive blackhole in our galaxy is Sagittarius A*