Abnormal Psychology Phase 1: Introduction PDF

Abnormal Psychology Phase 1: Introduction Source: Barlow, Durand & Hofmann (2018), Comer & Comer (2017), DSM-V, DSM-V-TR Introduction ▪ To spec...

Abnormal Psychology Phase 1: Introduction Source: Barlow, Durand & Hofmann (2018), Comer & Comer (2017), DSM-V, DSM-V-TR Introduction ▪ To specify what makes the disorder different o Psychological Disorder – psychological from normal behavior dysfunction within an individual associated with o Prevalence – How many people in the distress or impairment in functioning and a population as a who have/had the disorder? response that is not typical or culturally o Incidence – how many new cases occurring expected during a given period ▪ Psychological Dysfunction – refers to a o Course – individual pattern of symptoms breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or ▪ Chronic – last a long time behavioral functioning ▪ Episodic – likely to recover a few months ▪ Distress or Impairment – individual is only to suffer re-occurrence extremely upset and cannot function ▪ Time-Limited – disorder will improve properly without treatment in a relatively short ▪ Atypical or Not Culturally Expected – period with little or no risk or recurrence deviates from the average or the norm of the o Onset – beginning of the disorder culture ▪ Acute – sudden o Psychopathology – scientific study of ▪ Insidious – gradually over an extended psychological disorders period of time o Clinical/Counseling Psychologist – received o Prognosis – anticipated course of the disorder Ph.D. and follow a course of graduate-level o Etiology – study of origins, why the disorder study lasting approx. 5 years begins o Psy.D. – focus on clinical training and de- o Ego-Syntonic – behaviors are aligned with your emphasize or eliminates research training personal values and self-image o Ph.D. – integrate clinical and research training o Ego-Dystonic – actions that are inconsistent o Psychiatrists – first earn an M.D. in med school, with your ego then specialize in Psychiatry History o Psychiatric Social Workers – earns master’s in Supernatural social work as they develop expertise in o During the last quarter of the 14th century, collecting information relevant to the social and Roman Catholic Church fought back against evil family situation of the individual in the world that is believed must have been o Scientist-Practitioners – they may keep up with behind these disorders the latest scientific developments in their field o People turned to magic and sorcery to solve and utilize the knowledge in their practice their problems because they also believed that ▪ Evaluate their own assessments and psych disorders were the works of the devil treatment procedures to see whether they and witches are effective o Treatments include exorcisms, shaving the ▪ Conduct research that produces new pattern of a cross in the hair of the victim’s head information about disorders or their and securing sufferers to a wall near the treatments, thus becoming immune to the church fads that plague our field, often at the o Mental depression and anxiety were expense of patients and their families recognized as illness, although symptoms such o Presenting Problem or Present – traditional as despair and lethargy were often identified by shorthand way of indicating why the person the church as a sin of acedia, or sloth came to the clinic o Common treatments was rest, sleep, and o Clinical Description – represents the unique health and happy environment (baths, combination of behaviors, thoughts, and ointments, and happy environment) feelings that make up a specific disorder o Nicholas Oresme – suggested that melancholy ▪ Clinical – refers both to the types of (depression) was the source of some bizarre problems or disorders that you would find in behavior, rather than demons a clinic or hospital and to the activities connected with assessment and treatment  Abnormal Psychology Phase 1: Introduction Source: Barlow, Durand & Hofmann (2018), Comer & Comer (2017), DSM-V, DSM-V-TR o Possession is not always connected with sin o Chinese focused on the movement of air or but may be seen as an involuntary and the “wind” throughout the body possessed individuals as blameless ▪ Unexplained mental disorders were caused o In the middle ages, if exorcism failed, some by blockages of wind or the presence of authorities resorted to confinement, beatings, cold, dark wind (yin) as opposed to warm, and other forms of torture as treatment life-sustaining (yang) (hanging people over a pit full of poisonous ▪ Treatment: acupuncture snakes o Advanced Syphilis – sexually transmitted o Mass Hysteria – whole groups of people were disease caused by a bacterial microorganism simultaneously compelled to run out in the entering the brain, include delusions streets, dance, shout, rave, and jump around in o General Paresis – psychotic patients patterns as if they were a particularly wild deteriorated steadily, becoming paralyzed and party (Saint Vitus’s Dance and Tarantism) dying within 5 years of onset o Paracelsus – rejected the notions of o John P. Grey – believed that the causes of possession and suggested that the movement insanity were always physical of moon and starts had profound effects on ▪ Invented rotary fan people’s psychological functioning ▪ Conditions in hospitals greatly improved o Johann Weyer – founder of modern psychiatry; o In the 1930s, the physical interventions of used compassion and pioneering approach in electric shocks and brain surgeries were often treating mental illness in Europe during the used time of witchcraft o Manfred Sakel – used large doses of insulin to Biological convulse and temporarily comatose patients o Hippocrates – Father of Modern Medicine (Insulin Shock Therapy) ▪ Hippocratic Corpus (Hippocratic Oath) o Benjamin Franklin – discovered that mild and ▪ Suggested that psych disorders should be modest electric shock to the head produced treated like any other disease brief convulsion and memory loss but ▪ Psych disorders might also be caused by otherwise did little harm brain pathology or head trauma and could be o Joseph von Meduna – schizophrenia is rarely influenced by heredity observed to individuals with epilepsy ▪ Brain is the seat of wisdom, consciousness, o Emil Kraepelin – founding fathers of modern intelligence, and emotion psychiatry ▪ Also coined the word Hysteria to describe a ▪ Contributed to the diagnosis and concept he learned about from the Egyptians classification of disorders (now Somatic Symptoms Disorders) ▪ Dementia Praecox ▪ Wandering Uterus Psychological o Galen – adopted the ideas of Hippocrates and o Aristotle – emphasized the influence of social developed Humoral Theory of Disorders environment and early learning on later a. Blood – heart; sanguine – cheerful and psychopathology optimistic o Moral Therapy – basic tenets included treated b. Black Bile – liver; melancholic – depressed institutionalized patients as normally as and sentimental possible in a setting that encouraged and c. Yellow Bile – spleen; choleric – apathetic reinforced normal social interaction and chill ▪ Philippe Pinel and Jean-Baptiste Pussin – d. Phlegm – brain; phlegmatic – hot-tempered Moral Therapy in Framce ▪ Two treatments: Bloodletting and induced ▪ William Tuke – Moral Therapy in England vomiting ▪ Benjamin Rush – Moral therapy in US ▪ Robert Burton – recommended eating ▪ Dorothea Dix – mental health movement tobacco and half-boiled cabbage to induced o Franz Anton Mesmer – suggested to his vomiting patients that their problem was caused by an  Abnormal Psychology Phase 1: Introduction Source: Barlow, Durand & Hofmann (2018), Comer & Comer (2017), DSM-V, DSM-V-TR undetectable fluid found in all living organisms o Anna Freud – Ego Psychology (defensive called animal magnetism reactions of ego, determines our behavior) o Jean-Martin Charcot – demonstrated some o Heinz Kohut – focused on a theory of formation techniques of mesmerism were effective with a of self-concept and the crucial attributes of the number of psychological disorders, and he did self that allow individual to progress toward much to legitimize the fledgling practice of health (Self-Psychology) hypnosis o Object Relations – study of how children o Freud partnered with Josef Breuer to incorporate the images, the memories, and experiment different hypnotic procedure and sometimes the values of a person who was discovered “Unconscious” mind important to them (introjection) o Catharsis – release of emotional material o Carl Jung – introduced the concept of collective o Structure of Mind: unconscious, which is wisdom accumulated by ▪ Id - pleasure society and culture that is stored deep in ▪ Ego - reality individual memories and passed down from ▪ Superego – morality generation to generation o Defense Mechanisms – unconscious protective o Alfred Adler – created the term Inferiority processes that keep primitive emotions Complex associated with conflicts in check so that the o Free Association – patients are instructed to ego can continue its coordinating function say whatever comes to mind without the usual socially required censoring o Dream Analysis – therapist interprets the content of dreams o Transference – patients come to relate to the therapist much as they did to important figures in their childhood o Countertransference – therapist project some of their own personal issues and feelings, usually positive, onto the patient Humanistic o Self-Actualizing – highest potential, in all areas of functioning o Abraham Maslow – postulated Hierarchy of Needs o Carl Rogers – originated Person-Centered Therapy o Unconditional Positive Regard – the complete and almost unqualified acceptance of most of the client’s feelings and actions o Psychosocial Stages: Oral, Anal, Phallic, o Empathy – sympathetic understanding of the Latency, Genitals individual’s particular view of the world o Fixation – if we did not receive appropriate o Thomas Szasz – societies invented the concept gratification during a specific stage of mental illness so that they can control o Castration Anxiety – fear of losing penis people whose unusual patterns of functioning o Oedipus Complex – battle of lustful impulses upset or threaten social order towards his mother and castration anxiety on o Joseph Wolpe – Systematic Desensitization other o Hans Selye – developed General Adaptation o Electra Complex – young girl wanting to Syndrome (GAS) replace her mother and possess her father ▪ three-stage process that describes the (penis envy) physiological changes the body goes o Neuroses – disorders of the nervous systems through when under stress  Abnormal Psychology Phase 1: Introduction Source: Barlow, Durand & Hofmann (2018), Comer & Comer (2017), DSM-V, DSM-V-TR ▪ Stage 1: Alarm – refers to the initial situations they feared so that their fear could symptoms the body experiences when extinguish under stress o Operant Conditioning – behavior changes as a ▪ Stage 2: Resistance – After the initial shock function of what follows the behavior (rewards of a stressful event and having a fight-or- or punishment) flight response, the body begins to repair ▪ B.F. Skinner itself. It releases a lower amount of cortisol, ▪ Edward Thorndike – Law of effect (behavior and your heart rate and blood pressure can be strengthened or weakened) begin to normalize. ▪ Reinforcement – reward ▪ Stage 3: Exhaustion - result of prolonged or ▪ Shaping – process of reinforcing successive chronic stress; no longer have energy to approximations to a final behavior or set of fight stress behaviors Genes o Genes – long molecules of DNA at various locations on chromosomes, within cell nucleus o 46 Chromosomes, 23 Pairs, 22 Pairs of Autosomes, 1 pair Sex Chromosomes o XX – female, XY – male o Dominant and Recessive o Adverse life events can overwhelm the influence of genes o Erik Kandel – speculated that the process of learning affects more than behavior; environment may occasionally turn on certain genes Behavioral o Diathesis-Stress Model – individuals inherit o Classical Conditioning – type of learning in tendencies to express certain traits or which neutral stimulus is paired with response behaviors, which may then be activated under until it elicits that response conditions of stress ▪ Unconditioned Stimulus – natural stimulus ▪ Diathesis – a condition that makes someone ▪ Unconditioned Response – natural or susceptible to developing disorder unlearned response (vulnerability) ▪ Conditioned Stimulus – newly conditioned ▪ The higher vulnerability, the lesser life event introduced stress needed to trigger traits ▪ Conditioned Response – response from the o Gene-Environment Correlation Model – people conditioned stimulus might have genetically determined tendency to ▪ Extinction – without CS showed long create the environment risk factors that trigger enough, the behavior could be eliminated a genetic vulnerability o Stimulus Generalization – strength of the o Epigenetics – study how your behavior and response to similar objects or people is usually environment can cause changes that affect a function of how similar these objects or your genes work people are Neuroscience o Introspection – Edward Titchener; subjects o Neuroscience – how the nervous system and report their inner thoughts and feelings after the brain works towards understanding our experiencing certain stimuli behavior, emotions, and cognitive processes o John B. Watson – founder of behaviorism o Central Nervous System – processes all ▪ Little Albert information received from our sense organs o Systematic Desensitization – patients were and reacts as necessary gradually introduced to the objects or o Neurons – nerve cells that transmit information throughout the NS  Abnormal Psychology Phase 1: Introduction Source: Barlow, Durand & Hofmann (2018), Comer & Comer (2017), DSM-V, DSM-V-TR o Dendrites – receive messages from other o Cerebral Cortex – provides us with our nerve cells distinctly human qualities, allowing us to look o Axon – transmit impulses to other neurons to the future and plan, to reason, and to create o Synapses – connections to other neurons ▪ Left Hemisphere – responsible for verbal o Action Potentials – electric impulses where and other cognitive processes information is transmitted ▪ Right Hemisphere – perceiving the world o Terminal button – end of axon around us and creating images o Synaptic Cleft – space between terminal button ▪ Lobes: Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal of one neuron and the dendrite of another ▪ Prefrontal Cortex – area responsible for o Neurotransmitters – biochemicals that are higher cognitive functions released from the axon of one neuron and ▪ HPA Axis – Hypothalamus, Pituitary Gland, transmit the impulse to the dendrite receptors Adrenal Cortex of another neuron Peripheral Nervous System ▪ Excitatory – increase the likelihood that the o Somatic Nervous System – controls the connecting neuron will fire muscles ▪ Inhibitory – decrease the likelihood that the o Autonomic Nervous System – regulate connecting neurons will fire cardiovascular system and endocrine system o Glial Cells – modulate neurotransmitter activity ▪ Sympathetic – fight or flight responses Brain ▪ Parasympathetic – calms the sympathetic o Brain Stem – lower and more ancient part of nervous system; rest and digest functions the brain; essential for autonomic functioning o Endocrine System – glands produce hormones such as breathing, heartbeat, etc. that is released to the blood streams ▪ Hindbrain – contains the medulla, pons, and ▪ Pituitary – master gland cerebellum; regulates many autonomic ▪ Thyroid – controls metabolism and growth activities such as breathing, heartbeat, and (thyroxine) digestion ▪ Parathyroid – controls the levels of calcium ▪ Cerebellum – controls motor coordination ▪ Adrenal – controls metabolism, blood abnormalities associated with autism pressure, sex development, stress ▪ Midbrain – coordinates movements with (epinephrine) sensory input and contains parts of reticular ▪ Pineal – releases melatonin activating system (contributes to sleep, ▪ Pancreas – creates insulin arousal and tension) ▪ Testes – makes sperm and release ▪ Thalamus and Hypothalamus – involves in testosterone regulating behavior, emotions, and ▪ Ovaries – releases estrogen, progesterone, hormones and testosterone o Limbic System – located around the edge of the Neurotransmitters center of the brain o Agonist – effectively increase the activity of the ▪ Hippocampus, Cingulate Gyrus, Septum, and neurotransmitters Amygdala o Antagonist – decrease or block ▪ Regulate emotional experiences and neurotransmitter expressions and, to some extent, our ability o Inverse Agonists – produces effects opposite to to learn and to control impulses those produced by the neurotransmitters ▪ Also involved with the basic drives of sex, o Reuptake – neurotransmitter is released, aggression, hunger and thirst quickly broken down and brought back to the o Basal Ganglia – base of the forebrain, includes synaptic cleft caudate nucleus o Glutamate – excitatory neurotransmitters that ▪ Damage involved changing our posture or turns on many different neurons leading to twitching or shaking action ▪ High levels is linked to Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, and Huntington’s  Abnormal Psychology Phase 1: Introduction Source: Barlow, Durand & Hofmann (2018), Comer & Comer (2017), DSM-V, DSM-V-TR ▪ Low levels is linked to learning and memory o Taxonomy – classification of entities for issues scientific purposes o Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/GABA – inhibitory o Nosology – taxonomy of psychological or neurotransmitter medical phenomena ▪ Inhibit the transmission of information and o Nomenclature – describes the names or labels action potential of the disorders that make up the nosology ▪ Benzodiazepines – make it easier for GABA o 1952: APA first published DSM-I to attach themselves to the receptors of ▪ Includes 106 mental disorders specialized neurons ▪ Distinguished personality disturbance from ▪ Reduces levels of anger, hostility, neurosis aggression, and perhaps even more o 1968: DSM-II positive emotional states ▪ 182 mental disorders ▪ Decreased GABA activity = mood disorders, ▪ Strived toward an “atheoretical” approach anxiety, schizophrenia, ASD ▪ Homosexuality was referred as Scythians o Serotonin – regulates our behavior, moods and Disease thought processes o 1980: DSM-III attempted to take an atheoretical ▪ Low levels = less inhibition and with approach to diagnosis, relying on precise instability, impulsivity and the tendency to descriptions of the disorders as they presented overreact, aggression, suicide, and to clinicians rather than on psychoanalytic or excessive sexual behavior biological theories of etiology ▪ High levels = interact with GABA to ▪ DSM-III also specified and written in detailed counteract glutamate manner the criteria for identifying disorder ▪ Selective-Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors ▪ Precise descriptive format (SSRIs) – affects serotonin more directly ▪ Multiaxial format (5 Axis) and are used to treat number of ▪ Clear shift from psychodynamic approach psychological disorder ▪ 265 diseases o Norepinephrine – stimulate at least two groups ▪ DSM-III-R – 292 mental disorders of receptors called alpha-adrenergic and beta- o 1994: DSM-IV adrenergic receptors ▪ Distinction between organically based ▪ High levels = high blood pressure, arrythmia, disorders and psychologically based etc. disorders ▪ Low levels = anxiety, depression, ADHD, ▪ 297 disorders headaches, memory problems, etc. ▪ 5 Axes o Dopamine – implicated in the pathophysiology o 2000: DSM-IV-TR of schizophrenia and disorders of addiction ▪ TR = Text Revision ▪ Low levels = less motivated ▪ Corrected minor errors and improved the ▪ High levels = more competitive, aggressive supportive educational material and poor impulse control ▪ Mental retardation (now called IDD) o Endorphin – relieves pain, reduce stress, ▪ Used to have Autism (now ASD), Asperger’s improves well-being Syndrome and Childhood Disintegrative DSM-V Disorder o Idiographic Strategy – tailoring the treatment based on the information of the client o Nomothetic Strategy – determining the general class of problems to which the presenting problem belongs (classifying the problem) o Classification – any effort to construct groups or categories and to assign objects or people to categories on the basis of their shared attributes or relations  Abnormal Psychology Phase 1: Introduction Source: Barlow, Durand & Hofmann (2018), Comer & Comer (2017), DSM-V, DSM-V-TR clinician stated the specific reason why it is not met o Unspecified disorders – applied when symptoms do not meet the full criteria and the clinician chose to not specify the reason to make more specific diagnosis o Amok - syndrome or pattern of behavior acknowledged in southeast Asia (Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia) characterized by sudden outbursts and frenzied violent behaviors after a period of brooding and quiet o Equifinality refers to the observation that in any open system a diversity of pathways may lead Axis I to the same outcome. Disorders usually diagnosed in developmental o Multifinality suggests that any one component age may function differently depending on the Delirium, Dementia, Cognitive Disorders organization of the system in which it operates Mental Disorders due to general medical o Mental Status Exam: condition ▪ Appearance and Behavior – general Substance-related appearance, facial expressions, gestures Schizophrenia ▪ Thought Process – flow of speech, tone and Mood and Anxiety Disorders volume of voice, coherence, content of Somatoform, Factitious Disorders speech, delusions Dissociative ▪ Mood and Affect – Mood is over all state, Sexual and Gender Identity Affect is what we say at a given point Eating and Sleep ▪ Intellectual Functioning – vocabulary, Impulse-Control memory, reasoning Adjustment Disorders ▪ Sensorium – general awareness of the Other conditions surroundings – date, time, and person Axis II Personality Disorders Mental Retardation Axis III General Medical Conditions (Biological) Axis IV Psychosocial Problems Axis V Global Assessment o 2013: DSM-V ▪ Removed the Axial System ▪ Designed to usher in a system of classification wherein mental disorders exist along spectrum ▪ Strives to be evidence-based Cultural Concepts of Distress ▪ Attempt to eliminate the category Not o Ataque de Nervous – syndrome among Otherwise Specified (NOS) individuals of Latino Descent, characterized by o 2022: DSM-V-TR symptoms of intense emotional upset, including ▪ Prolonged Grief Disorder acute anxiety, anger, or grief; screaming; o Other Specified disorders – applied when attacks of crying; trembling; heat in the chest symptoms do not meet the full criteria, but the  Abnormal Psychology Phase 1: Introduction Source: Barlow, Durand & Hofmann (2018), Comer & Comer (2017), DSM-V, DSM-V-TR rising into the head; and becoming verbally and physically aggressive o Dhat Syndrome – coined in South Asia characterized by young male patients who attributed their symptoms to semen loss o Koro - acute anxiety and a deep-seated fear of shrinkage of the penis and its ultimate retraction into the abdomen, which will cause death o Khyal Cap – syndrome found among Cambodians characterized by panic attacks o Kufungisisa – overthinking; idiom of distress and cultural explanation among the Shona of Zimbabwe o Maladi Moun – Haiti; sent sickness; interpersonal envy and malice cause people to harm their enemies by “sending illness” o Nervios – among latinos; general state of vulnerability to stressful life experiences and to difficult life circumstances o Shenjing Shuairuo – syndrome composed of weakness, emotions, excitement, nervous pain, and sleep o Susto – distress and misfortune prevalent among some latinos in US, attributed to a frightening event that causes the soul to leave the body and results to unhappiness and sickness, as well as functioning in key social roles o Taijin Kyufusho - an intense fear that one's body parts or functions displease, embarrass or are offensive to others end