Abnormal Psychology Module 1-2 PDF

Psy 111: Abnormal Psychology Module 1: has a successful job, and is in a solid long- term relationship. INTRODUCTION TO ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY...

Psy 111: Abnormal Psychology Module 1: has a successful job, and is in a solid long- term relationship. INTRODUCTION TO ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY ▪ A person experiences several unexpected Key Objectives: panic attacks each week, but is otherwise happily married, functions well at work, and Differentiate the difference between normal leads an active recreational lifestyle. and abnormal behavior ▪ A 35-year-old happily married man enjoys Describe some clinical terms used by wearing women’s clothes and underwear on mental health professionals the weekends when he and his wife go out Learn and understand the different concepts on the town. relating to culture and abnormality SOCIALLY I. UNDERSTANDING PSYCHOPATHOLOGY ESTABLISHED DIVISION ▪ Normal vs. Abnormal Behavior? NORMAL ABNORMAL BETWEEN ▪ How do we describe people with mental NORMAL AND illness? ABNORMAL ❑ Michael gets nervous when he must Somewhat Highly unusual take the test the next day Typical for the unusual for the for the social social context ❑ A woman who showers 7 times a social context context day on a rigid schedule The source of ❑ Jenna cleans her house at least Not distressing Distressing to significant twice a day to the the individual individual individual ▪ Your uncle consumes a quart of whiskey distress per day; he has trouble remembering the Significantly names of those around him. Not interfering Interfering with interfering with ▪ Your grandmother believes that part of her with social life social or social occupational body is missing and cries out about this or work/school occupational functioning missing part all day long. You show her that functioning the part she thinks is missing is not, but she Highly refuses to acknowledge this contradictory dangerous to Not dangerous Dangerous information. the individual ▪ Your neighbor has vague physical or others complaints and sees two or three doctors “College weekly. “College students who “College students who ▪ Your neighbor sweeps, washes, and scrubs students who are often are hopeless his driveway daily. unsure and are self- about the self-critical, ▪ Your cousin is pregnant and is dieting (800 confident and future, are occasionally calories per day) so that she will not get “too happy, abuse self-loathing, perform to chronically fat” with the pregnancy. She has had this prescription their capacity abuse drugs, type of behavioral response since she was in school, and drugs, fail some fail courses, 13 years old. courses, and have good and have avoid friends ▪ A woman’s husband dies within the past friends” who disapprove alienate all year. The widow appears to talk to herself in their friends” of drug use” the yard, doesn’t wash herself or dress in clean clothes, and appears to have lost a lot of weight. ▪ A 10-year-old wants to have his entire body tattooed. ▪ A 23-year-old female smokes marijuana every day, is a straight-A student in college, Arianne Gomez Aiae Psy 111: Abnormal Psychology PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDER SCIENTIST- PRACTITIONER - “Describes behavioral, psychological, or biological dysfunctions that are unexpected in their cultural context and associated with present distress and impairment in functioning, or increased risk of suffering, death, pain, or impairment.” Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders – 5th Edition (2013). American Psychiatric Association. 4Ds of ABNORMALITY Dysfunction- Refers to the breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning 3 BASIC THINGS FROM CONDUCTING Distress- The behavior must be associated RESEARCH with distress to be classified as a disorder adds an important component: the criterion To describe psychological disorders is satisfied if the individual is extremely To determine their causes upset. To treat them Deviance- It deviates from the average. 3 CATEGORIES THAT MAKE UP THE STUDY OF The greater the deviation, the more PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS abnormal it is. Danger- Inflicts danger to self or to another CLINICAL DESCRIPTION person. COURSE – pattern of behavior Chronic – last a long time Episodic – likely to recover within a few THE SCIENCE OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY months only to a suffer a recurrence PSYCHOPATHOLOGY- The scientific study of Time-limited – to improve in a short period psychological disorders. ONSET – first phase or beginning of the symptoms Conducted by: of the disorder Clinical and counseling psychologists (PhD, Acute – begins suddenly PsyD)/Registered Psychologists (RPsy) Insidious – develops gradually over an Psychiatrists (MD) extended period Psychiatric social workers (MSW) PROGNOSIS – predicted future development of a Psychiatric nurses (MN, MSN, PhD) disorder over time Marriage and family therapists (MA, MS, MFT) Good Mental health counselors (MA, MS) Bad Arianne Gomez Aiae Psy 111: Abnormal Psychology Developmental psychology- study of changes in Culture and gender can influence people’s behavior over time willingness to admit certain types of behaviors or feelings (Snowden & Yamada, Developmental psychopathology- study of 2005) changes in abnormal behavior. Culture and gender can influence the types CAUSATION, TREATMENT & ETIOLOGY of treatments deemed acceptable or helpful OUTCOMES for people exhibiting abnormal behaviors. Cultural universality, on the other hand, ETIOLOGY- Cause of development of refers to the perspective that symptoms of psychopathology mental disorders are the same in all cultures TREATMENT - Drugs and/or psychosocial and societies (Eshun & Gurung, 2009). OTHER CLINICAL TERMINOLOGIES Presenting Problem – medical way of identifying the reason why the patient came to the clinic or hospital. Presents is a traditional shorthand way of indicating why the person came to the clinic. Prevalence – a statistical term referring to the number of cases present in a particular population. Incidence – refers to the number of new cases during a given period of time. Diagnosis – process of determining whether a presenting problem meets the established criteria for a specific disorder II. INDIGENOUS CONCEPTS OF ABNORMALITY Consider these behaviors: Crucifixions during Holy Week A man barking like a dog and crawling on the floor on his hands and knees A woman building a shrine to her dead husband in her living room and leaving food and gifts for him at the altar CULTURAL RELATIVISM- is the view that there are no universal standards or rules for labeling a behavior abnormal; instead, behaviors can be labeled abnormal only relative to cultural norms (Snowden & Yamada, 2005) CULTURAL DIFFERENCES Culture and gender can influence the ways people express symptoms. Arianne Gomez Aiae Psy 111: Abnormal Psychology Module 2: Because no one could find anything wrong with her, the principal finally concluded that APPROACHES TO PSYCHOPATHOLOGY she was being manipulative and suspended Objectives: her from school, even though she was an Understand and describe their areas of honor student influence in mental disorders Judy was suffering from what we call Learn more on the biological factor of “blood-injection-injury phobia” psychopathology For people who can react severely as Judy, Recognize the importance of neuroscience this phobia can be disabling and genetics They may avoid certain careers, like Discuss the psychological perspective of medicine or nursing disorders through major psychological If they are so afraid of needles and theories injections, they avoid them so much that Uni-dimensional Models they also put their health at risk What caused Judy’s phobia? Single cause, operating in isolation Linear causal model Ignores critical information Multi-dimensional Models Systemic Several independent inputs that become interdependent Causes cannot be considered out of context CASE OF JUDY (The girl who fainted at the sight of blood) Judy, 16-year-old referred because of increasing episodes of fainting 2 years earlier, in Judy’s Biology class, teacher showed a movie of a frog dissection (with graphic detail) Halfway through, Judy felt light-headed and left the room But she was bothered by the images she saw She began to avoid situations in which she might see blood or injury She stopped looking at magazines with gory pictures, found it difficult to look at raw meat, or Band-aids Eventually, anything that can evoke an image of blood or injury causes her to be 4 CATEGORIES OF BIOLOGICAL FACTORS light-headed. TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF MALADAPTIVE 6 months before her visit to the clinic, Judy BEHAVIOR actually fainted when she unavoidably Genetic vulnerabilities encountered something bloody Brain dysfunction and neural plasticity By the time she was referred in the clinic, Neurotransmitter and hormonal she already fainted 5-10 times a week, often abnormalities in class Temperament Arianne Gomez Aiae Psy 111: Abnormal Psychology THE CASE OF PHINEAS GAGE which, in turn, may be influenced by the environment. On September 13, 1848, Phineas Gage had Genome – an individual’s complete set of an accident that led to a powerful explosion genes that sent a fine-pointed, 3cm thick, 109 cm long tamping iron, through his face and skull. DIATHESIS-STRESS MODEL- Individuals are After a few months, he recovered but there assumed to inherit certain vulnerabilities that make are profound changes in his personality them susceptible to a disorder when the right kind of stressor comes along. THE ROLE OF GENES What are genes? o Long molecules of DNA o Double helix structure o Located on chromosomes ▪ 46 chromosomes in 23 pairs ▪ Pairs 1 – 22 = body and brain development ▪ Pair 23 = gender GENE-ENVIRONMENT CORRELATION MODEL Also called as reciprocal gene-environment model; the individual’s genetic vulnerability toward a certain disorder may make it more likely that the person will experience the stressor Common terminologies that, in turn, triggers the genetic vulnerability and thus the disorder Sex Chromosomes – determines an o The child’s genotype may have what has individual’s sex. In females, both been termed a passive effect on the chromosomes in the 23rd pair are called X environment, resulting from the genetic chromosomes. In males, the mother similarity of parents and children. contributes an X chromosome, but the father contributes a Y chromosome. This o The child’s genotype may evoke kinds of one difference is responsible for the reactions from the social and physical variance in biological sex. environment— a so-called evocative effect. Dominant Gene - one of a pair of genes that strongly influences a particular trait, and o The child’s genotype may play a more active we need only one of them to determine, for role in shaping the environment—a so-called example, our eye color or hair color. active effect. Recessive Gene – must be paired with another (recessive) gene to determine a trait. Polygenic – influenced by many genes, each contributing only a tiny effect, all of Arianne Gomez Aiae Psy 111: Abnormal Psychology (Most mental disorders are not caused by neurological damage EXAMPLE OF GENE-ENVIRONMENT per se. For example, abnormalities in neurotransmitter systems in CORRELATION MODEL the brain can lead to mental disorders without causing damage to the brain. Moreover, the bizarre content of delusions and other If you and your spouse each have an abnormal mental states like hallucinations can never be caused simply and directly by brain damage. identical twin, and both identical twins have been divorced, the chance that you will also Consider the example of a person with schizophrenia or general paresis who claims to be Napoleon. The content of such divorce increases greatly. delusions must be the by-product of some sort of functional Furthermore, if your identical twin and your integration of different neural structures, some of which have parents and your spouse’s parents have been “programmed” by personality and learning based on past experience (e.g., having learned who Napoleon was).) been divorced, the chance that you will divorce is 77.5%. Conversely, if none of your family members on either side has been divorced, the probability that you will divorce is only 5.3%. EPIGENETICS- the immediate effects of the environment (such as early stressful experiences) impact cells that turn certain genes on or off. This effect may be passed down through several generations. NEUROSCIENCE AND ITS CONTRIBUTIONS TO PSYCHOPATHOLOGY CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) -processes (Many biochemical theories of psychopathology suggest that the amount of certain neurotransmitters in the synapses is associated with all information received from our sense organs and specific types of psychopathology (Kalat, 2007). The amount of a reacts, as necessary. neurotransmitter available in the synapse can be affected by two processes. The reuptake and degradation of neurotransmitters happen PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS) - naturally. When one or both of these processes malfunction, coordinates with the brain stem to make sure the abnormally high or low levels of neurotransmitter in the synapse result. Psychological symptoms may be the consequence of malfunctioning in body is working properly. neurotransmitter systems; also, psychological experiences may cause changes in neurotransmitter system functioning (Kalat, 2007). People who have a dysregulated HPA axis may have abnormal physiological reactions to stress that make it more difficult for them to cope with the stress, resulting in symptoms of anxiety and depression. The proper working of the neurotransmitter and endocrine systems requires a delicate balance, and many forces can upset this balance. For example,chronic stress can cause dysregulation in neurotransmitter and endocrine systems that persists even after the stress has subsided.) Arianne Gomez Aiae Psy 111: Abnormal Psychology PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACHES PSYCHODYNAMIC HUMANISTIC COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THE PURPOSE OF THEORIES IN ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY Offers contrasting perspectives from which to approach the possible causes of psychological functioning Provides framework for collecting and analyzing research data Psychologists of different orientations are likely to examine different aspects of the person PSYCHODYNAMIC PERSPECTIVE Theoretical orientation that emphasizes unconscious determinants of behavior Treatment of psychological disorder, from this perspective, involves an attempt to restructure the individual’s personality Early life experiences play a formative role in personality In order to understand Freud’s view in psychopathology, it is necessary to understand how he conceived the personality structure In Freud’s view, a psychological disorder results from serious imbalance between the id’s needs and the superego’s restrictions Psychological disturbance can also result from defects in the ego. In normally functioning individuals, the ego attempts to protect itself from the id (Defense Mechanisms) Arianne Gomez Aiae Psy 111: Abnormal Psychology NEUROTIC DEFENSES Controlling – attempting to manage events in the environment to minimize anxiety Displacement – transferring one’s emotional burden or emotional reaction from one entity to another. Externalization – perceived in the external world elements of one’s own personality. NARCISSISTIC DEFENSES Inhibition – consciously limiting some ego Denial – avoiding the awareness of some functions to evade anxiety painful aspect of reality by negating sensory Intellectualization – excessively using data intellectual processes to avoid affective Distortion – grossly reshaping external expression of experience reality to suit inner needs and using Sexualization- endowing an object/function sustained feelings of entitlement with sexual significance that it did not Projection – perceiving and reacting to previously have to ward off anxieties unacceptable inner impulses and their Isolation - Avoiding the experience of an derivatives as though they were outside the emotion associated with a person, idea, or self. situation. IMMATURE DEFENSES Rationalization – offering rational Acting Out – expressing an unconscious explanations to justify attitudes, beliefs or wish through action to avoid being behavior that may otherwise be conscious of an accompanying affect unacceptable Blocking – temporarily inhibiting thinking Reaction Formation - Replacing one’s initial impulse toward a situation or idea with Hypochondriasis – exaggerating an illness the opposite impulse. for the purpose of evasion Dissociation – temporarily but drastically Introjection – internalizing the qualities of modifying a person’s character to avoid an object emotional distress Passive-Aggressive behavior – expressing Repression - Subconsciously blocking aggression toward others indirectly through ideas or impulses that are undesirable. passivity, masochism, and turning against the self MATURE DEFENSES Regression – attempting to return to an Altruism – using constructive gratifying earlier phase of functioning to avoid tension service to others to undergo a vicarious experience Schizoid Fantasy – indulging in autistic retreat to resolve conflict and obtain Anticipation – realistically planning for gratification future inner discomfort Somatization – converting psychic Asceticism – eliminating the pleasurable derivatives into bodily symptoms effects of experiences Arianne Gomez Aiae Psy 111: Abnormal Psychology Humor -Decreasing or combating the Other disorders may occur when parent’s negative emotions associated with a lack of empathy, or sharing of the child’s situation by using comedy perspective, and failure to mirror back or take pride in the child’s achievements cause Sublimation - Transforming one’s anxiety the individual to develop unhealthy needs or emotions into pursuits considered by for attention societal or cultural norms to be more useful Melanie Klein’s contribution was the idea Suppression -Consciously choosing to that the infant has an active fantasy life built block ideas or impulses that are around parents undesirable, as opposed to repression, a subconscious process. In Heinz Kohut’s view, a disturbed sense of self accounts for most forms of psychological disorder POST-FREUDIAN PSYCHODYNAMIC VIEWS According to Margaret Mahler, C.G. Jung believed that the goal of the psychological disturbances can result from healthy personality development was an problems arising at any of the phases of integration of the unconscious life with development conscious thoughts, and that psychological disorders result from an imbalance between these two parts of the personality. HUMANISTIC PERSPECTIVE Alfred Adler placed more emphasis on the The core of the humanistic perspective is individual’s relationship to society, and saw the belief that human motivation is based on the basis for psychological disorder as loss an inherent tendency to strive for self- of social interest, or a turning-away from fulfillment and meaning in life fellow humans Psychological disorders is the result of Karen Horney focused more on the inner blocking of one’s potential for living to full world of the individual as the basis for capacity, resulting in a state of psychological disorder. She proposed that incongruence – a mismatch between a people with psychological disorders have person’s self-perception and reality (Person- become distanced from their true needs and centered approach) desires According to Carl Rogers, a psychological Erik Erikson focuses on unconscious roots disorder develops in an individual who, as a of personality and psychological disorder child, was subjected to parents who were and development proceeds throughout the too critical and demanding life span in a series of eight “crises” On Abraham Maslow’s notion of self- actualization, the maximum realization of the individual’s potential for psychological OBJECT-RELATIONS THEORIES growth Object-relation theorists placed far greater Maslow defined psychological disorder in emphasis on the early mother-child terms of the degree of deviation from the relationship ideal state of being Propose that various forms of psychological Another source of psychological problems is disorder arise from defects in the the suppression of the higher-level needs individual’s sense of self. Some disorders required to achieve actualization are caused by failure to form an integrated self, early in life Arianne Gomez Aiae Psy 111: Abnormal Psychology BEHAVIORAL APPROACH The sociocultural perspective looks at the various circles of influence on the individual, According to classical conditioning ranging from close friends and family to the principles, many emotions and behaviors institutions and policies of a country or the are acquired through the pairing of neutral world as a whole. These influences interact and emotion-provoking stimuli in important ways with biological processes The classical conditioning paradigm and with the psychological contributions that accounts for the acquisition or learning occur through exposure to particular through conditioning, of emotional reactions experiences. that interfere with a person’s ability to carry One important and unique sociocultural out everyday tasks contribution to psychological disorders is Shaping is an important method in the discrimination, whether based on social treatment of certain behavioral problems class, income, race and ethnicity, (operant conditioning) nationality, sexual orientation, or gender. When it comes to social learning or social Everyone experiences anxiety and fear, and cognition, it is not only direct reinforcements phobias are found all over the world. But that influence behavior, but indirect phobias have a peculiar characteristic: The reinforcements that people acquire. It can likelihood of your having a particular phobia also be shown that maladaptive behaviors is powerfully influenced by your gender. are learned through observing other people Many major psychological disorders, such as schizophrenia and major depressive disorder, seem to occur in all cultures, but COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL APPROACH they may look different from one culture to Albert Ellis, Aaron Beck and Donald another because individual symptoms are Meichenbaum (myshenbawm) emphasized strongly influenced by social and the role of disturbed thinking processes in interpersonal context (Cheung, 2012; causing maladaptive behavior Cheung, van de Vijver, & Leong, 2011). Beck – “dysfunctional attitudes”; Ellis – OTHER TYPES OF SOCIAL FACTORS “irrational beliefs”; Meichenbaum – people Early deprivation or trauma create their own unhappiness by having Problems in parenting style unduly negative thoughts about their Marital discord and divorce situations Low socioeconomic status and Psychological disorder, as George Kelly unemployment proposed, occurs when these constructs Maladaptive peer relationships fail to organize the individual’s world Prejudice and discrimination CULTURAL, SOCIAL & INTERPERSONAL “The more perfect a person is on the outside, the FACTORS more demons they have on the inside.” Social factors are environmental -Sigmund Freud- influences—often unpredictable and uncontrollable negative events—that can negatively affect a person psychologically, making him or her less resourceful in coping with events. Arianne Gomez Aiae