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Questions and Answers
What is the main role of Scientist-Practitioners in psychiatry?
What is the main role of Scientist-Practitioners in psychiatry?
Which of the following best describes the type of training a Psychiatric Social Worker undergoes?
Which of the following best describes the type of training a Psychiatric Social Worker undergoes?
In the context of medieval treatments for psychological disorders, what was a common practice when exorcism failed?
In the context of medieval treatments for psychological disorders, what was a common practice when exorcism failed?
What does the term 'Ego-Dystonic' refer to in psychology?
What does the term 'Ego-Dystonic' refer to in psychology?
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What was the perception of mental depression and anxiety during medieval times?
What was the perception of mental depression and anxiety during medieval times?
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According to historical beliefs, what was a common treatment for individuals suffering from unexplained mental disorders in Chinese medicine?
According to historical beliefs, what was a common treatment for individuals suffering from unexplained mental disorders in Chinese medicine?
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What historical condition was identified as a cause of severe deterioration in psychotic patients, ultimately leading to paralysis?
What historical condition was identified as a cause of severe deterioration in psychotic patients, ultimately leading to paralysis?
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What was the reaction during the last quarter of the 14th century towards perceived evil and disorders?
What was the reaction during the last quarter of the 14th century towards perceived evil and disorders?
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What is Mass Hysteria characterized by?
What is Mass Hysteria characterized by?
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Who suggested that melancholy could be a source of bizarre behavior rather than the influence of demons?
Who suggested that melancholy could be a source of bizarre behavior rather than the influence of demons?
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What is the outcome of prolonged or chronic stress as mentioned in the content?
What is the outcome of prolonged or chronic stress as mentioned in the content?
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What does the Diathesis-Stress Model propose about individuals?
What does the Diathesis-Stress Model propose about individuals?
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Which term describes the process of reinforcing successive approximations to a final behavior?
Which term describes the process of reinforcing successive approximations to a final behavior?
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What are genes primarily composed of?
What are genes primarily composed of?
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In classical conditioning, what is an unconditioned stimulus?
In classical conditioning, what is an unconditioned stimulus?
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What does the term 'extinction' refer to in the context of classical conditioning?
What does the term 'extinction' refer to in the context of classical conditioning?
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What is the primary focus of neuroscience?
What is the primary focus of neuroscience?
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What does stimulus generalization refer to?
What does stimulus generalization refer to?
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What characteristic distinguishes sex chromosomes from autosomes?
What characteristic distinguishes sex chromosomes from autosomes?
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What is referred to by the term 'epigenetics'?
What is referred to by the term 'epigenetics'?
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What is an effect of low dopamine levels in individuals?
What is an effect of low dopamine levels in individuals?
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Which of the following represents the idiographic strategy in treatment?
Which of the following represents the idiographic strategy in treatment?
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What does equifinality refer to in the context of psychology?
What does equifinality refer to in the context of psychology?
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What is a defining characteristic of unspecified disorders?
What is a defining characteristic of unspecified disorders?
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What change was made in the transition from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-V regarding mental retardation?
What change was made in the transition from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-V regarding mental retardation?
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Which of the following statements about Axis I is accurate?
Which of the following statements about Axis I is accurate?
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What is one consequence of high levels of dopamine?
What is one consequence of high levels of dopamine?
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In what cultural context is the term 'Amok' recognized?
In what cultural context is the term 'Amok' recognized?
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Which of the following best defines classification in psychology?
Which of the following best defines classification in psychology?
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What does the term 'melancholic' refer to in the context of humoral theory?
What does the term 'melancholic' refer to in the context of humoral theory?
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Which of the following concepts is associated with Anna Freud?
Which of the following concepts is associated with Anna Freud?
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What therapeutic technique involves patients saying whatever comes to mind?
What therapeutic technique involves patients saying whatever comes to mind?
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Which stage of Hans Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) follows the Alarm stage?
Which stage of Hans Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) follows the Alarm stage?
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What is the primary focus of Carl Rogers' Person-Centered Therapy?
What is the primary focus of Carl Rogers' Person-Centered Therapy?
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What does the Electra Complex refer to in psychosexual development?
What does the Electra Complex refer to in psychosexual development?
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Which method is likely used in Systematic Desensitization?
Which method is likely used in Systematic Desensitization?
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Who is associated with the concept of the collective unconscious?
Who is associated with the concept of the collective unconscious?
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What does catharsis in psychology refer to?
What does catharsis in psychology refer to?
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What does the term 'inferiority complex' describe?
What does the term 'inferiority complex' describe?
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What psychological term describes the initial symptoms the body experiences when under stress?
What psychological term describes the initial symptoms the body experiences when under stress?
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Which of the following is NOT one of Freud's structural components of the mind?
Which of the following is NOT one of Freud's structural components of the mind?
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What does the term 'Oedipus Complex' specifically relate to?
What does the term 'Oedipus Complex' specifically relate to?
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What concept describes the process of patients relating to therapists based on childhood figures?
What concept describes the process of patients relating to therapists based on childhood figures?
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What is the primary function of the pituitary gland?
What is the primary function of the pituitary gland?
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Low levels of which neurotransmitter are linked to learning and memory issues?
Low levels of which neurotransmitter are linked to learning and memory issues?
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Which hormone is primarily responsible for controlling calcium levels in the body?
Which hormone is primarily responsible for controlling calcium levels in the body?
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What effect do benzodiazepines have on GABA receptors?
What effect do benzodiazepines have on GABA receptors?
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Which part of the brain is primarily involved in regulating autonomic activities such as breathing and heart rate?
Which part of the brain is primarily involved in regulating autonomic activities such as breathing and heart rate?
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What are inverse agonists known for in relation to neurotransmitters?
What are inverse agonists known for in relation to neurotransmitters?
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Which neurotransmitter is linked to the regulation of mood and behavioral responses?
Which neurotransmitter is linked to the regulation of mood and behavioral responses?
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What is a significant effect of high levels of norepinephrine?
What is a significant effect of high levels of norepinephrine?
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Which gland is responsible for the production of melatonin?
Which gland is responsible for the production of melatonin?
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What is the role of the basal ganglia?
What is the role of the basal ganglia?
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What is the primary function of the adrenal glands?
What is the primary function of the adrenal glands?
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Which anatomical structure is associated with the regulation of emotional experiences?
Which anatomical structure is associated with the regulation of emotional experiences?
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What is the term used for the classification of psychological or medical phenomena?
What is the term used for the classification of psychological or medical phenomena?
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Which neurotransmitter is specifically known for excitatory functions?
Which neurotransmitter is specifically known for excitatory functions?
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What does multifinality suggest regarding psychological components?
What does multifinality suggest regarding psychological components?
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Which of the following is NOT part of the Mental Status Exam?
Which of the following is NOT part of the Mental Status Exam?
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What major change was introduced in the DSM-V compared to earlier editions?
What major change was introduced in the DSM-V compared to earlier editions?
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Which syndrome is characterized by an intense emotional upset including symptoms like screaming and trembling among individuals of Latino descent?
Which syndrome is characterized by an intense emotional upset including symptoms like screaming and trembling among individuals of Latino descent?
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What is the primary characteristic of Koro syndrome?
What is the primary characteristic of Koro syndrome?
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Which term describes a general state of vulnerability among Latinos to stressful life experiences?
Which term describes a general state of vulnerability among Latinos to stressful life experiences?
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In DSM-V-TR, which disorder was specifically included as a new category?
In DSM-V-TR, which disorder was specifically included as a new category?
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What is the focus of the Samoan concept 'Maladi Moun'?
What is the focus of the Samoan concept 'Maladi Moun'?
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Which syndrome among Cambodians is characterized by panic attacks?
Which syndrome among Cambodians is characterized by panic attacks?
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What is the defining feature of Kufungisisa as a cultural concept?
What is the defining feature of Kufungisisa as a cultural concept?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Abnormal Psychology
- Psychological Disorder: Atypical psychological dysfunction within an individual, associated with distress or impairment in functioning and not culturally expected.
- Psychological Dysfunction: A breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning, possibly experiencing distress or impairment in their daily function.
- Atypical or Not Culturally Expected: Behavior deviates from normal or the norm of a particular culture. This behavior is inconsistent and not usual or typical.
- Psychopathology: The scientific study of psychological disorders.
- Clinical/Counseling Psychologist: Graduate-level study lasts approximately 5 years, focusing on clinical training.
- Psy.D.: Clinical training; de-emphasizes/eliminates research.
- Psychiatrists: Hold an M.D. followed by specialization in Psychiatry.
- Psychiatric Social Workers: Masters in social work with expertise in social/family situations.
- Scientist-Practitioners: Stay updated on scientific developments and apply this knowledge to their practice.
- Conduct Research: Produce new information about treatments and disorders, to avoid fads that impact their patients.
- Presenting Problem: Indication of why a person seeks clinical help.
- Clinical Description: Combination of behaviors, thoughts, and feelings that make up a particular disorder.
- Clinical: Refers to types of problems/disorders in clinics/hospitals and activities related to assessment and treatment.
Historical Overview
- Supernatural Factors: During the 14th century, the thought was that evil spirits caused the psychological issues. People turned to magic/sorcery for solutions. Exorcisms and other treatments were common.
- Medical/Biological Perspectives: Hippocrates believed psychological disorders are diseases. He also used different ways of describing the psychological problems. Others, like Johann Weyer and Paracelsus, started using compassion and understanding when they treated the patient.
-
Biomedical Perspective:
- Hypocrites – considered psych disorders and diseases to be treated equally.
-
Galen – developed theory of Humoral Theory of Disorders
- Sanguine (cheerful), Melancholic (depressed), Choleric (irritable), Phlegmatic (calm).
- Early Modern Times – there was a greater understanding of the brain.
- Other Treatments: Bloodletting, induced vomiting.
- Chinese Culture: Emphasis on wind and energy, imbalance in energy or flow related to the disorders.
Cultural Influences
- Mental Health: Many different cultures in the world that have explanations for mental illness and disorders.
- Historical Influences: Belief systems may be associated with many different approaches to treatment.
- Cultural Concepts of Distress: These factors, such as Taijin Kyufusho or Kufungisisa are associated with different cultures.
Defense Mechanisms
- Sublimation:
- Denial:
- Suppression:
- Displacement:
- Rationalization:
- Projection:
- Reaction Formation:
- Regression:
- Repression:
- Intellectualization:
Psychosocial Development Stages
- Fixation: Did not receive appropriate gratification during a specific stage.
- Castration Anxiety: Fear of losing penis
- Oedipus Complex: Lustful impulses towards mother, resulting in castration anxieties
- Electra Complex: Young girl wanting to replace her mother, having penis envy.
- Neuroses: Nervous system disorders.
Psychological Disorders and Classify
- DSM-I (1952): First published manual of mental disorders.
- DSM-II (1968): Attempted an atheoretical approach.
- DSM-III (1980): More precise descriptions of disorders.
- DSM-III-R(1987): Corrected minor errors and improved the educational aspect.
- DSM-IV (1994): 5-axial system, organically based disorders versus psychologically based disorders.
- DSM-IV-TR (2000): Text Revision = Corrected earlier problems.
- DSM-5 (2013): Removed Axial system, now evidence-based. Removed the Not Otherwise Specified (NOS) category. Intended to be spectrum/dimensions-based classification system.
- DSM-5-TR (2022): Prolonged grief disorder added in this version.
Behavioral Conditioning
- Classical Conditioning: Neutral stimulus is paired with response until it elicits the response.
- Unconditioned Stimulus: Natural stimulus
- Unconditioned Response: Natural response
- Conditioned Stimulus: Newly conditioned event/stimulus
- Conditioned Response: Response from the conditioned stimulus
- Extinction: Eliminate conditioned response/behavior without conditioned stimulus.
- Stimulus Generalization: Similar stimuli elicit similar responses.
Biological Perspective
- Genes: Long DNA molecules.
- Chromosomes: Locations on genes in the nucleus.
-
Genetic Considerations:
- Diathesis-Stress Model: Inherited tendencies, traits.
- Gene-Environment Correlation: People might have genetic tendencies to create environmental risks that trigger genetic vulnerabilities.
- Epigenetics: Study of how your behaviors and environments cause changes that affect gene functioning.
- Neuroscience: Study of the brain's role in human behavior and mental processes. Understand nervous system function by studying parts and processes.
Cognitive-Behavioral Perspective
- Cognitive Factors: How mental processes and thoughts influence behavior and experiences.
- Behavioral Factors: Environmental influences on behavior.
- Social factors: Influence of social environment and social learning.
Stress Response
- Stage 1 (Alarm): Initial symptoms the body experiences under stress.
- Stage 2 (Resistance): Body repairs after shock of stress, lower cortisol and other hormones are released.
- Stage 3 (Exhaustion): Prolonged or chronic stress, no longer have enough energy to fight it.
Cerebral Cortex
- Structure: Left/right hemisphere, frontal/parietal/occipital/temporal lobes.
- Functions: Higher-level cognitive functions.
- HPA Axis: Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis (stress response).
-
Peripheral Nervous System
- Somatic Nervous System: Controls muscles.
- Autonomic Nervous System: Regulates cardiovascular and endocrine systems (sympathetic-fight/flight response, parasympathetic-rest/digest).
- Endocrine System: Glands release hormones to bloodstream, which regulates growth, metabolism, and other body functions.
- Neurotransmitters: Agonists vs. Antagonists
- Cerebral Cortex: Responsible for higher-level cognitive functions, and is broken down into smaller parts, each with specialized functions.
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Description
This quiz covers key concepts in abnormal psychology, including definitions of psychological disorders, dysfunction, and the professionals involved in diagnosis and treatment. Test your understanding of terminology and the scope of psychopathology in clinical settings.
