History of the Study of the Human Body PDF

History of the Study of the Human Body Early Anatomists and Physiologists were concerned with treating illnesses. Healers relied on superstitions and magic. Later, herbs and natural chemicals. Early study involved dissection of cadavers...

History of the Study of the Human Body Early Anatomists and Physiologists were concerned with treating illnesses. Healers relied on superstitions and magic. Later, herbs and natural chemicals. Early study involved dissection of cadavers Techniques for accurate observations and performing experiments were 1543 Illustration developed. Andreas Vesalius Scientific method are now employed to gather information about the workings of the body © McGraw Hill 1  Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy is the study of the structure (morphology) of the body and its parts (form and organization) Physiology studies the functions of these parts and how they work and interact The two disciplines are closely interrelated, as the functional role of a part depends on how it is constructed. Anatomists rely on observation and dissection, while physiologists employ experimentation. © McGraw Hill 2  Anatomical Terminology Anatomical position: Body erect, face forward, upper limbs at sides with palms forward Superior – above another part Inferior – below another part Anterior (ventral) – toward the front Posterior (dorsal) – toward the back Medial – closer to the midline (when body is divided into left and right halves) Lateral – toward the side, away from midline  Terms of Relative Position Bilateral – paired structures with one on each side Ipsilateral – structures on the same side of body Contralateral – structures on the opposite sides of body Proximal – closer to point of attachment to trunk or another referenced body part Distal – further from the point of attachment to trunk or another referenced body part Superficial or peripheral – near the surface or outward Deep – more internal  Terms of Relative Position Study of body organization requires cutting the body along specific planes or sections: Sagittal section: Longitudinal section that divides the body into right and left portions If the section passes along the midline and divides the body into equal parts, it is a median or midsagittal section A section lateral to the midline is parasagittal Transverse (horizontal) section: Section that divides the body into superior and inferior portions Frontal (coronal) section: Section that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions ©Aaron RoethPhotography  Levels of Organization The human body can be studied at a variety of levels of organization. 1. Chemicals: a. Atoms are the smallest unit of a chemical b. Molecules consist of two or more atoms c. Macromolecules are larger particles composed of small molecules bound together 2. Organelles are aggregates of macromolecules used to carry out a specific function in the cell; this is the first level of organization found only in living organisms. © McGraw Hill 6  Levels of Organization 3. Cells are the basic units of structure and SLO 1 achieved function in all living things. Interpret the organization of the human body 4. Tissues are groups of cells that function WELL, DONE!!! together. 5. Organs are groups of tissues with specialized functions. 6. Organ systems are groups of organs function together. 7. Organisms are composed of organ systems functioning together. © McGraw Hill 7  Organization of Body Systems: Types of Tissues Tissue—a collection of cells of the same type that perform a common function. There are 4 major tissue types in the body: 1. Connective tissue—binds and supports body parts. 2. Muscular tissue—moves the body and its parts. 3. Nervous tissue—conducts nerve impulses. 4. Epithelial tissue—covers body surfaces; lines body cavities. 14 ©2020McGraw-Hill Education 1.Types of Connective Tissue  A. Fibrous Connective Tissue A1.Loose fibrous connective tissue supports epithelium and many internal organs. E.g., Adipose tissue stores fat. Adipocytes—cells filled with liquid fat. Functions in energy storage, insulation and cushioning. Found primarily under the skin and around some organs. A2.Dense fibrous connective tissue contains densely packed collagen fibers. Found in tendons (connect muscles to bones) and ligaments (connect bones to bones). 10 ©2020McGraw-Hill Education  B. Supportive connective tissue Two major types: B1.cartilage and B2. bone. Functions in structure, shape, protection, and leverage for movement. B1.Cartilage. Chondrocytes are the cells that make up the cartilage tissue Lacks a direct blood supply, so heals slowly. 11 ©2020McGraw-Hill Education  Cartilage(cont.) 3 types, distinguished by the type of fibers found in the matrix: 1. Hyaline cartilage—fine collagen fibers. Found in the tip of the nose, ends of long bones and the fetal skeleton. 2. Elastic cartilage—lots of elastic fibers. Found in the outer ear. 3. Fibrocartilage—strong collagen fibers. Found in the disks between vertebrae. 12 ©2020McGraw-Hill Education  B2.Bone B2.Bone The most rigid connective tissue. Matrix is made of collagen and calcium salts. There are two types of bone tissue: 1.compact and 2. spongy. 13 ©2020McGraw-Hill Education  C. Fluid Connective Tissue There are two types of fluid connective tissue: C1.Blood and C2.Lymph. C1. Blood. Made of a fluid matrix called plasma and cellular components called formed elements. 3 formed elements: Red blood cells (erythrocytes)—cells that carry oxygen. White blood cells (leukocytes) —cells that fight infection. Platelets (thrombocytes)—pieces of cells that clot blood. 14 ©2020McGraw-Hill Education  Fluid Connective Tissue C2.Lymph. Derived from the fluid surrounding the tissues. Contains white blood cells. Lymphatic vessels absorb excess interstitial fluid and return lymph to the cardiovascular system. 15 ©2020McGraw-Hill Education  Check Your Progress 1. List the three general categories of connective tissue, and provide examples of each type? 2. Name the 3 formed elements in the blood? 16 ©2020McGraw-Hill Education