History Of Anatomy PDF

HISTORY OF ANATOMY P Pillay  HISTORY OF ANATOMY “The past is not dead history, it is living material out of which man builds for the future”. Rene Dubos (1901-1982)  ANATOME “to cut up” Dissection is the latin equivalent 3/1/21...

HISTORY OF ANATOMY P Pillay  HISTORY OF ANATOMY “The past is not dead history, it is living material out of which man builds for the future”. Rene Dubos (1901-1982)  ANATOME “to cut up” Dissection is the latin equivalent 3/1/21  SUBDIVISIONS OF ANATOMY CADAVERIC ANATOMY 3/1/21 MACROSCOPIC / GROSS ANATOMY REGIONAL ANATOMY  SYSTEMIC ANATOMY 3/1/21  UNITED KINGDOM 3/1/21  In the United Kingdom, the dissection of executed criminals was legalised in 1752. Between 1830 and 1833, laws were established to allow for the use of unclaimed bodies, however this law took advantage of the poor and marginalized. legislation related to anatomy may be traced as far back as the Murder Act of 1752 that was seen as a form of “post mortem” punishment. The Murder Act described three stages of punishment viz. (i) legal death which referred to a hanging; (ii) medical death whereby the person is anatomised and organs are studied and (iii) dissection which was referred to as a post mortem punishment. The purpose of the Anatomy Act of 1832 was the teaching of anatomy and establishing schools of anatomy for the purpose of dissection The responsibility of the inspector of anatomy were the supervision of Schools of Anatomy, regulation of these schools by legislation and protection of the public from dissection 3/1/21 PRESENT DAY UK The debate related to methods of procurement stemmed from the lack of ethical awareness and consent, as can be seen with the recent controversies that arose in the United Kingdom and New Zealand, viz. Bristol Inquiry, Green Lane Heart Inquiry In the United Kingdom, in order to store and retain specimens, informed consent is necessary 3/1/21  SOUTH AFRICA 3/1/21 Saartjie Baartman Saartjie Baartman was born in 1789 in the Gamtoos River Valley in Hankey in the Eastern Cape. At 21, she was illegally transported to England by Dr Dunlop, a British Army medical officer, who planned ‘to build a fortune on the shaky foundations of one woman’s buttocks’. As a popular novelty and curiosity, as well as a political caricature, her breasts, buttocks and hypertrophied labia were displayed in England and France. In death she was immortalised by French anatomist George Cuvier, who dissected her corpse and preserved it as a biological specimen. The issues that Baartman’s story raises relate to the politics of ‘race, gender, empire and specifically Western representations of black female sexuality’. Baartman is among the most famous human ethnological exhibits. In France, she posed nude for a triumvirate of professors of the Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Frédéric Cuvier and Henri de Blainville. Phila Portia Ndwandwe Ndwandwe, born on 2 June 1965, studied at the University of Durban-Westville for the degree of Bachelor of Dental Therapy between 1984 and 1986. She was the acting commander of the Natal MK activities from Swaziland and was responsible for the infiltration of African National Congress cadres into Natal. Ndwandwe was abducted from Manzini, Swaziland, by members of the Port Natal Security Branch in October 1988. After they failed to recruit her, she was shot dead and secretly buried. Like several others, she ‘disappeared’ and rumours were leaked that she had defected to the apartheid regime. The exhumation of the remains of Ndwandwe took place at Elandkop Farm, KwaZulu-Natal, on 12 March 1997. Unclaimed and unidentified cadavers Unclaimed and unidentified cadavers usually belong to the poor and disadvantaged, are easily exploited and are traditionally the source of cadaveric material.  ADDITIONAL READING 3/1/21  ANCIENT ANATOMY The history of human anatomy parallels that of medicine and has also been greatly influenced by various religions – Babylonians, Syrians, Egyptians, Chinese, and Hindus whose religious beliefs conflicted with such desecration of the human body  ANCIENT ANATOMY…EGYPT 3/1/21  GRECIAN PERIOD HIPPOCRATES(460-377BC) § Greek physician § Father of Medicine § His name is memorialized in the Hippocratic oath § Humoral theory : Four body humors – - blood. -phlegum - -yellow bile - -black bile § Attributed diseases to natural causes. § His work was imperical as no dissection was allowed  GRECIAN PERIOD ARISTOTLE(384-322BC) § Greek philosopher, zoologist, renowned teacher, writer. § wrote the first ever account of embryology – -heart development -named aorta -differentiated. arteries and veins § Erroneous views – eg. Heart not brain was the seat of intelligence  GRECIAN PERIOD HEROPHILUS (about 325BC) § Great teacher of anatomy in Alexandria § performed -vivi-sections (dissections of living humans) - -dissections of human cadavers § regarded brain as seat of intelligence § described cerebrum, cerebellum , fourth ventricle § first to identify nerves as sensory or motor. § He is credited with the discovery of ovum  ROMAN PERIOD CLAUDIUS GALEN(AD132-201) § best physician since Hippocrates- Prince of Physicians. § most influential writer on medical subjects § theorized on many medical subjects like anatomy , physiology , pathology , symptomatology and treatment § identified veins and arteries containing blood § For 1500 years his writings were unquestionable. § He studied the functions of kidneys & spinal cord.  Middle ages (Medieval Period) After the fall of Roman empire. Anatomy became stagnant in Christian Europe. Flourished in islamic world. The Arabs had Galen in high regards. Hunayn ibn Ishaq translated 129 of Galen works into Arabic The Canon of Medicine was very influential through Islamic world and was most authoritative book on Anatomy  RENAISSANCE PERIOD Period characterised by rebirth of science lasted from 14th century through 16th century It was a transitional period from the middle. ages (referred to as Dark ages) to the modern ages. of science. Canon remained the most important text book on Anatomy Series of authors dissected cadavers  RENAISSANCE PERIOD LEONARDO DA VINCI (AD1452 – 1519) § great Italian genius § Painter, sculptor, architect, musician, anatomist engineer § observed dissections on cadavers § Anatomical sketches (500 diagrams )published in 1898. § Originator of cross sectional anatomy § First to describe moderator band of Right ventricle.  SIXTEENTH CENTURY VESALIUS(1514- 1654) § Born in brussels § Professor of anatomy at the University of Padua in Italy § His work De humani corporis fabrica written in 7 volumes § revolutionised the teaching of anatomy § Challenged hundreds of Galen’s erroneous concepts § chose not to have his name attached to the parts of body he desribed. § Father of Modern Anatomy § ‘Reformer of Anatomy’ INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY  Other terms/synonyms - MOVEMENT Flexion: bending or decreasing the angle between the bone or parts of the body. Extension: straightening or increasing the angle between the bones or parts of the body. Hyperextension: Extension of a limb or body part beyond the normal limit. Different movements in Flexion and extension Abduction: moving away from the median plane Adduction: moving towards the median plane. Rotation: involves turning and revolving a part of the body around its longitudinal axis Medial rotation: brings the anterior surface of a limb closer to the median plane Lateral rotation: takes the anterior surface away from the median plane.  MOVEMENTS Pronation Turning the arm or foot downward (palm or sole of the foot - down) Prone Supination Turning the arm or foot upward (palm or sole of the foot - up) Supine  MOVEMENTS Retraction Moving a part backward Protraction Moving a part forward Elevation Raising a part Depression Lowering a part  MOVEMENTS Lateral Flexion Side-bending left or right  MOVEMENTS OF THE FOOT Inversion Turning the sole of the foot inward Eversion Turning the sole of the foot outward Dorsiflexion Ankle movement bringing the foot towards the shin Plantarflexion Ankle movement pointing the foot downward  MOVEMENTS OF THE WRIST & THUMB Radial Deviation Movement of the wrist towards the radius or lateral side. Ulnar Deviation Movement of the wrist towards the ulna or medial side. Opposition Movement of the thumb across the palm of the hand. Reposition Movement of the 1st digit from the position of opposition back to its anatomical position.