NPTEL Week 1-10 PDF

Week 1 1. "Enquiry into plants" is a book written by Theophrastus Linnaeus Malthus Humboldt Accepted Answers: Theophrastus 2. In the Greek word root of Ecology, Oikos refers to household preservation environment study Accepted Answers: household 3. In the Greek word root of Ecology, logos refers t...

Week 1 1. "Enquiry into plants" is a book written by Theophrastus Linnaeus Malthus Humboldt Accepted Answers: Theophrastus 2. In the Greek word root of Ecology, Oikos refers to household preservation environment study Accepted Answers: household 3. In the Greek word root of Ecology, logos refers to household preservation environment study Accepted Answers: study 4. Ecology is the scientific study of interactions among organisms and their_____. (fill in the blanks) habitat niche environment population Accepted Answers: environment 5. Who amongst these is considered the father of Biogeography? Theophrastus Linnaeus Malthus Humboldt Accepted Answers: Humboldt 6. Which of these is not a characteristics of fitness? Fitness id environment- specific Fitness is species- specific Higher reproductive rate means higher fitness Fitness should be measured across several generations Accepted Answers: Higher reproductive rate means higher fitness 7. Which of these is not a kind of selection directional stochastic disruptive stabilising Accepted Answers: stochastic 8. Ecology is the scientific study of _______that determine the distribution and abundance of organisms. (Fill in the blanks) statics interactions dynamics habitat Accepted Answers: interactions 9. Which of these is not a characteristic of fitness? Fitness is environment-specific. Fitness is species-specific. Fitness works on traits such as size and speed. Fitness should be measured across several generations. Accepted Answers: Fitness works on traits such as size and speed. 10. Which of these is not a step in natural selection? variation underpopulation struggle for existence survival of the fittest Accepted Answers: underpopulation Week 2 1. Hierarchy emerges almost inevitably through a wide variety of evolutionary processes, for the simple reason that hierarchical structures are _____ (fill in the blank) perfect imperfect stable unstable Accepted Answers: stable 2. the mitochondrion is a/an sub-cellular organelle cell tissue organ Accepted Answers: sub-cellular organelle 3. the laboratory approach to ecology uses equations models observations experiments Accepted Answers: experiments 4. "the diversity that exists among different geographies" are alpha biodiversity beta biodiversity gamma biodiversity delta biodiversity Accepted Answers: gamma biodiversity 5. the hierarchical system was given by simon watson hutchinson humboldt Accepted Answers: simon 6. "groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations, which are reproductively isolated from other such species" is a definition of cells species ecosystems biomes Accepted Answers: species 7. "the diversity that exists within an ecosystem" is alpha biodiversity beta biodiversity gamma biodiversity delta biodiversity Accepted Answers: alpha biodiversity 8. the emergent principle can be stated as whole = sum of parts whole < sum of parts whole > sum of parts none of these Accepted Answers: whole > sum of parts 9. there is more biodiversity in areas with less competition, less predation less competition, more predation more competition, more predation more competition, less predation Accepted Answers: more competition, more predation 10. for more biodiversity, the level of disturbance should be less intermediate more none of these Accepted Answers: intermediate Week 3 1. birds on giraffe are an example of colony commensalism protocooperation allelopathy Accepted Answers: protocooperation 2. egrets with buffaloes are an example of colony commensalism protocooperation allelopathy Accepted Answers: commensalism 3. the scientific study of animal behaviour is called behaviourism ecology ethology prey- predator dynamics Accepted Answers: ethology 4. the interaction between exotic shrubs and trees through the action of seed predators is an example of infraspecific competition apparent competition disguised competition harmonious competition Accepted Answers: apparent competition 5. harmonious competition occur where at least one participant is benefited at least one participant is unharmed both participants are benefited both participants are unharmed Accepted Answers: both participants are unharmed 6. Hamilton's rule can be stated as rB < C rB > C rB = C rB + C = 0 Accepted Answers: rB > C 7. trampling of grass due to the movement of animals is an example of mutualism ammensalism commensalism protocooperation Accepted Answers: ammensalism 8. i observe a monkey take a tick out of another monkey's head and ear it. In the social context, this behaviour would be called tick hunting auto grooming allo grooming foraging Accepted Answers: allo grooming 9. an inventory of behaviours exhibited by an animal during a behaviour exercise is called ecogram ethogram behaviourogram animalogram Accepted Answers: ethogram 10. i observe a bird take a tick out of another bird's head and eat it. in the social context, this behaviour would be called tick hunting auto grooming allo grooming foraging Accepted Answers: allo grooming Week 4 1. consider the food chain grass --> grasshopper --> frog --> snake --> hawk as we move up the food chain, available energy decreases available energy increases available energy remains same available energy is zero everywhere Accepted Answers: available energy decreases 2. consider the food chain grass --> grasshopper --> frog --> snake --> hawk in the food chain hawk is producer hawk is consumer and carnivore hawk is consumer and herbivore hawk is decomposer Accepted Answers: hawk is consumer and carnivore 3. trees --> birds --> parasites --> hyperparasites represent upright pyramid of numbers inverted pyramid of numbers spindle pyramid of numbers dumb-bell pyramid of numbers Accepted Answers: inverted pyramid of numbers 4. consider the food chain grass --> grasshopper --> frog --> snake --> hawk in this food chain frog is producer frog is consumer and carnivore frog is consumer and herbivore frog is decomposer Accepted Answers: frog is consumer and carnivore 5. at the compensation point photosynthesis = respiration photosynthesis < respiration photosynthesis > respiration photosynthesis = 0 Accepted Answers: photosynthesis = respiration 6. tree --> frugivorous birds --> hawk represents upright pyramid of numbers inverted pyramid of numbers spindle pyramid of numbers dumb-bell pyramid of numbers Accepted Answers: spindle pyramid of numbers 7. glacial lakes are typical examples of eutrophic lakes hypereutrophic lakes oligotrophic lakes mesotrophic lakes Accepted Answers: oligotrophic lakes 8. consider the food chain grass --> grasshopper --> frog --> snake -->hawk in this food chain more numbers of hawks than grasshoppers can be supported more numbers of grasshoppers than hawks can be supported equal numbers of hawks and grasshoppers can be supported non of these Accepted Answers: more numbers of grasshoppers than hawks can be supported 9. if we all become vegetarians, we'll be able to support our large populations. this can be explained through 10% rule 1% rule trophic cascades biodiversity Accepted Answers: 10% rule 10. net primary productivity is given by APAR x LUE APAR + LUE APAR - LUE APAR / LUE Accepted Answers: APAR x LUE Week 5 1. ____ is how close the measured values are to the correct value accuracy precision bias variance Accepted Answers: accuracy 2. which of these us not a measure of absolute population density? total count pelt count capture- recapture method removal method Accepted Answers: pelt count 3. the logistic growth equation, when plotted, appears I shaped J shaped S shaped O shaped Accepted Answers: S shaped 4. ______ employs a simple rule of selecting every kth unit starting with a number chosen at random from 1 to k as the random start simple random sampling systematic sampling stratifies sampling multistage sampling Accepted Answers: systematic sampling 5. the juvenile mortality rate is the annual number of death of juveniles per 100 births 1000 births 100 live births 1000 live births Accepted Answers: 1000 live births 6. the minimum replacement level fertility for a population to grow should be greater than 1 2 3 4 Accepted Answers: 2 7. pan traps are used for sampling bees butterflies non- pollinator insects pollinator insects Accepted Answers: pollinator insects 8. which of these is true physiological longevity > ecological longevity physiological longevity = ecological longevity physiological longevity < ecological longevity a or b Accepted Answers: a or b 9. a sampling procedure such that each possible combination of sampling units out of the population has the same chance of being selected is referred to as simple random sampling systematic sampling stratified sampling multistage sampling Accepted Answers: simple random sampling 10. cover board surveys are typically used for sampling herpetofauna fishes large mammals carnivores Accepted Answers: herpetofauna Week 6 1. a climax caused by wildfires is an example of climatic climax edaphic climax disclimax catastrophic climax Accepted Answers: catastrophic climax 2. when compared to generalist species, specialist species have narrower niches broader niches same-size niches none of these Accepted Answers: narrower niches 3. which of these depicts correctly the lithosere primary succession rock --> crustose lichen --> foliose lichen --> moss --> herbaceous stage --> shrub --> woodland --> climax rock --> foliose lichen --> crustose lichen --> moss --> herbaceous stage --> shrub --> woodland --> climax moss --> crustose lichen --> foliose lichen --> rock --> herbaceous stage --> shrub --> woodland --> climax rock --> crustose lichen --> foliose lichen --> shrub --> herbaceous stage --> moss --> woodland --> climax Accepted Answers: rock --> crustose lichen --> foliose lichen --> moss --> herbaceous stage --> shrub --> woodland --> climax 4. importance value can be written as relative density + relative frequency X relative dominance relative density X relative frequency + relative dominance relative density + relative frequency + relative dominance relative density X relative frequency X relative dominance Accepted Answers: relative density + relative frequency + relative dominance 5. lithosere is an example of hydrosere xerosere psammosere halosere Accepted Answers: xerosere 6. importance value varies from 0 to 10 0 to 50 0 to 100 0 to 300 Accepted Answers: 0 to 300 7. a species found most frequently in a particular community, but also present occasionally in others is called accidental species indifferent species selective species exclusive species Accepted Answers: selective species 8. the climax near Tindi village is being controlled by disturbance by cattle. this is an example of climatic climax edaphic climax disclimax catastrophic climax Accepted Answers: disclimax 9. which of these is correct? fundamental niche > realised niche fundamental niche = realised niche fundamental niche < realised niche a or b Accepted Answers: a or b 10. which of these is not a characteristic of pioneer species ability to grow on bare rocks ability to tolerate extreme temperatures large size short life span Accepted Answers: large size Week 7 1. i tried growing vegetables under my teak plantation, but the vegetable plants died out. i should be concerned about autophagy allelophagy autopathy allelopathy Accepted Answers: allelopathy 2. which of these is a physical factor of habitat? soil moisture predators temperatures Accepted Answers: predators 3. "the rate of biological process is limited by that factor in least amount relative to requirement, so there is a single limiting factor" this is the statement for Liebig's law of minimum Liebig's law of maximum Shelford's law of tolerance Shelford's law of intolerance Accepted Answers: Liebig's law of minimum 4. transplantation experiments are used to find potential range effective range actual range economic range Accepted Answers: potential range 5. "quick movement over large distances, often across unsuitable terrain" is a definition of diffusion secular dispersal jump dispersal drifting Accepted Answers: jump dispersal 6. the movement of lions across the Gir landscape is an example of diffusion secular dispersal jump dispersal drifting Accepted Answers: diffusion 7. good climate is a chemical factor demographic factor push factor pull factor Accepted Answers: pull factor 8. scarcity of food is a chemical factor demographic factor push factor pull factor Accepted Answers: push factor 9. "the geographical distribution of a species will be controlled by that environment factor for which the organism has the narrowest range of tolerance" this is the statement for Liebig's law of minimum Liebig's law of maximum Shelford's law of tolerance Shelford's law of intolerance Accepted Answers: Shelford's law of tolerance 10. the movement of individuals away from their place of birth or hatching or seed production into a new habitat or area to survive and reproduce is called translocation migration dispersal drifting Accepted Answers: dispersal Week 8 1. According to Leopold, which of these is not a tool of habitat management fire gun cattle sickle Accepted Answers: sickle 2. which of these correctly represents the process of habitat fragmentation and loss original forest --> dissection --> perforation --> fragmentation --> attrition original forest --> dissection --> attrition --> fragmentation --> perforation original forest --> dissection --> perforation --> attrition --> fragmentation original forest --> dissection --> fragmentation --> perforation --> attrition Accepted Answers: original forest --> dissection --> perforation --> fragmentation --> attrition 3. we prefer those areas for the creation of conservation reserve where the level of threat is very high medium very low non-existent Accepted Answers: medium 4. the "subset of physical and biotic environmental factors that permit an animal (or plant) to survive and reproduce" is the definition of habitat ecosystem biome biosphere Accepted Answers: habitat 5. captive breeding is an example of in-situ conservation ex-situ conservation in-situ preservation ex-situ preservation Accepted Answers: ex-situ conservation 6. which of these is a deterministic factor? environmental variation forest fire death rate diseases Accepted Answers: death rate 7. which of these is a stochastic factor birth rate death rate population structure environmental fluctuation Accepted Answers: environmental fluctuation 8. zoo is an example of in-situ conservation ex-situ conservation in-situ preservation ex-situ preservation Accepted Answers: ex-situ conservation 9. the acronym HIPPO does not include habitat loss habitat enhancement invasive species human over- population Accepted Answers: habitat enhancement 10. the acronym HIPPO does not include habitat loss invasive species pollination pollution Accepted Answers: pollination Week 9 1. which of these is a positive check according to Malthus? late marriage war celibacy moral restraint Accepted Answers: War 2. the demographic transition sees a society move from high birth rate, low death rate to low birth rate, low death rate low birth rate, high death rate to low birth rate, low death rate high birth rate, high death rate to low birth rate, low death rate high birth rate, high death rate to low birth rate, high death rate Accepted Answers: high birth rate, high death rate to low birth rate, low death rate 3. according to Malthusian model population grows in geometric progression, food supply increases in arithmetic progression population grows in geometric progression, food supply increases in geometric progression population grows in arithmetic progression, food supply increases in arithmetic progression population grows in arithmetic progression, food supply increases in geometric progression Accepted Answers: population grows in geometric progression, food supply increases in arithmetic progression 4. the book "An essay on the principle of population" was written by Darwin Malthus Spencer Owens Accepted Answers: Malthus 5. _______ is used to identify which potential impacts are relevant to assess. (fill in the blank) screening scoping reporting review Accepted Answers: scoping 6. which of these is preventive check according to Malthus? foresight vice misery flood Accepted Answers: foresight 7. ______ determines which projects or developments require a full or partial impact assessment study. (fill in the blank) screening scoping reporting review Accepted Answers: screening 8. which of these is a pillar of sustainability social sustainability industrial sustainability agricultural sustainability trans- boundary sustainability Accepted Answers: social sustainability 9. which of these is not a pillar of sustainability ? environmental sustainability economic sustainability trans- boundary sustainability agricultural sustainability Accepted Answers: trans- boundary sustainability 10. the quantum of human impacts is given by I=PXAXT I = P+A+T I = P+A-T I = P - (A+T) Accepted Answers: I =PXAXT Week 10 1. which of these is not a climatic forcing for Earth? changes in plates tectonics changes in Earth's orbit changes in Sun's orbit changes in Sun's strength Accepted Answers: changes in Sun's orbit 2. Mesodebris in the context of plastic debris has fragment of size >20mm 5-20 mm