ACE114_ Group no. 1 ECOLOGY OF LIFE.pdf

ECOLOGY OF LIFE G R O U P 1 INTRODUCTION Ecology: Study of interactions between organisms and their environment. The "ecology of life" is a broad term that can refer to various aspects of how living organisms interact with each other and their environments. Here’s an elaboration on the conc...

ECOLOGY OF LIFE G R O U P 1 INTRODUCTION Ecology: Study of interactions between organisms and their environment. The "ecology of life" is a broad term that can refer to various aspects of how living organisms interact with each other and their environments. Here’s an elaboration on the concept from different perspectives ECOLOGY STUDY LEVELS Organismal Ecology: Behavior and physiology of individual organisms. Population Ecology: Dynamics and growth rates of species populations. Community Ecology: Interactions between different species (e.g., predator-prey). Ecosystem Ecology: Energy flow and nutrient cycling in ecosystems. Global Ecology: Large-scale processes like climate change. ECOLOGY STUDY LEVELS Applications: Organismal Ecology: Developing wildlife corridors to help species adapt to habitat fragmentation. Population Ecology: Conservation programs targeting endangered species and promoting biodiversity. Community Ecology: Managing invasive species through biological control and public awareness campaigns. Ecosystem Ecology: Restoration projects for wetlands and mangroves to enhance carbon sequestration. Global Ecology: International agreements on climate action, such as the Paris Agreement, informed by global ecological studies. ECOLOGY STUDY LEVELS Recent Updates: Organismal Ecology: Studies on animal behavior adaptation due to climate change (e.g., species shifting their range or altering migration patterns). Population Ecology: Research on declining populations of pollinators like bees, with significant implications for global food security. Community Ecology: Investigations into the impact of invasive species disrupting local ecosystems (e.g., the spread of the Burmese python in the Florida Everglades). Ecosystem Ecology: Focus on carbon cycling and its influence on climate regulation, especially in critical habitats like rainforests and oceans. Global Ecology: Increased understanding of global ecological processes through satellite data and AI, particularly in tracking deforestation and ocean health. SYMBIOSIS Long-term interactions between different species. Mutualism: Both species benefit (e.g., bees and flowers). Commensalism: One benefits, the other is neutral (e.g., barnacles on whales). Parasitism: One benefits at the expense of the other (e.g., ticks on animals).  SYMBIOSIS Recent Updates: Symbiosis: New discoveries about gut microbiomes and their essential role in human health, demonstrating complex symbiotic relationships. Applications: Mutualism: Agricultural practices using bees for crop pollination, highlighting the mutual benefits between agriculture and pollinator health. Commensalism: Designing urban spaces that support species like birds or small mammals without disrupting human activities. Parasitism: Research into parasitic relationships to develop medical treatments, such as using leeches in reconstructive surgery. FOOD CHAINS AND FOOD WEBS Food Chain: Linear sequence of energy transfer. Example: Grass → Grasshopper → Frog → Snake → Hawk. Food Web: Network of interconnected food chains. Example: Hawks eat small birds, rodents, and reptiles, forming complex networks. FOOD CHAINS AND FOOD WEBS Recent Updates: Food Webs: The impact of overfishing on marine food webs, leading to the decline of apex predators and shifts in ecosystem dynamics. Applications: Food Chains: Promoting sustainable fishing practices to maintain healthy marine food chains. Food Webs: Conservation efforts to protect keystone species and prevent cascading effects on ecosystems. TROPHIC LEVELS Position an organism occupies in a food chain. Producers: Plants (e.g., grass, algae). Primary Consumers: Herbivores (e.g., deer, rabbits). Secondary Consumers: Carnivores (e.g., wolves, small fish). Tertiary Consumers: Top predators (e.g., lions, sharks). TROPHIC LEVELS Recent Updates: Trophic Levels: Studies showing how pollution and climate change affect the energy flow between trophic levels, leading to shifts in species populations. Applications: Trophic Levels: Developing sustainable agricultural systems that support diverse trophic interactions, like agroforestry. ECOLOGICAL NICHE Role of an organism in its environment. Honeybee: Pollinates flowers while feeding on nectar and pollen, supporting plant reproduction in various habitats. Desert Kangaroo Rat: Lives in arid deserts, disperses seeds, and survives on stored seeds without needing direct water. White Shark: Apex predator in marine environments, controlling populations of marine species like seals and fish. ECOLOGICAL NICHE Recent Updates: Niche Adaptation: Observations of species adjusting their niches due to environmental changes, such as altered feeding habits in birds due to urbanization. Applications: Ecological Niches: Urban planning that incorporates green spaces to support various species and their niches, promoting biodiversity in cities. CARRYING CAPACITY Maximum sustainable population size of a species. Deer in a Forest: The forest can only support a limited number of deer before food and resources run out. Fish in a Lake: A lake has a maximum number of fish it can support based on oxygen and food availability. Humans on Earth: Earth has a limit on how many people it can sustain due to resource and environmental constraints. CARRYING CAPACITY Recent Updates: Carrying Capacity: The impact of human population growth and resource consumption on the carrying capacity of ecosystems, highlighting sustainability challenges. Applications: Carrying Capacity: Implementing sustainable resource management practices to ensure ecosystems can support both wildlife and human needs. KEYSTONE SPECIES Species with a large impact on ecosystem dynamics. Sea otters: They control sea urchin populations, helping maintain kelp forest ecosystems. Beavers: Their dam-building activities create wetlands, supporting diverse plant and animal life. African elephants: They shape savanna ecosystems by uprooting trees, which maintains open grasslands. KEYSTONE SPECIES Recent Updates: Keystone Species: Reintroduction of wolves in Yellowstone National Park, demonstrating their critical role in maintaining ecosystem balance. Applications: Keystone Species: Protecting and reintroducing keystone species to restore ecosystem health and function.  ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION Changes in community structure over time. Types: Primary Succession: Begins in lifeless areas (e.g., after volcanic eruptions). Secondary Succession: Follows disturbances in previously inhabited areas (e.g., after fires). ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION Recent Updates: Ecological Succession: The role of succession in recovering ecosystems after natural disasters like wildfires and hurricanes. Applications: Ecological Succession: Restoration ecology projects that facilitate natural succession processes, such as reforestation and wetland restoration. BIOMES Large regions with specific climates and communities. Tundra: Cold, treeless, low- growing vegetation. Tropical Rainforest: Warm, wet, high biodiversity. BIOMES Recent Updates: Biome Shifts: Observing biome shifts due to global warming, such as tundra regions becoming more shrub- dominated. Applications: Biomes: Conservation strategies tailored to specific biomes to preserve their unique biodiversity and mitigate climate change effects. ENERGY FLOW IN ECOSYSTEMS Transfer of energy through trophic levels. Solar energy → Grass (producer) → Deer (primary consumer) → Wolf (secondary consumer). ENERGY FLOW IN ECOSYSTEMS Recent Updates: Energy Flow: Research on the efficiency of energy transfer in ecosystems and how pollutants can disrupt these flows. Applications: Energy Flow: Enhancing agricultural ecosystems' productivity by optimizing nutrient cycling and energy flow, such as through permaculture practices. POPULATION DYNAMICS Changes in population size and composition. Factors: Birth rates, death rates, immigration, emigration. Example: Rabbit population fluctuations due to food availability and predation. POPULATION DYNAMICS Recent Updates: Population Dynamics: Effects of climate change on species migration patterns, altering population dynamics globally. Applications: Population Dynamics: Wildlife management practices that adjust hunting and conservation efforts based on population studies. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE FOCUS AREAS IN ECOLOGY Pollution and Contamination: Impact on ecosystems and health. Conservation: Protecting biodiversity and natural resources. Climate Change: Causes, effects, and solutions. Sustainable Development: Balancing development and environmental protection. Environmental Policy and Management: Regulations to reduce impact and promote sustainability. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE FOCUS AREAS IN ECOLOGY Pollution and Contamination: Impact on ecosystems and health. Conservation: Protecting biodiversity and natural resources. Climate Change: Causes, effects, and solutions. Sustainable Development: Balancing development and environmental protection. Environmental Policy and Management: Regulations to reduce impact and promote sustainability. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE FOCUS AREAS IN ECOLOGY Applications: Pollution and Contamination: Innovative technologies for cleaning up plastic pollution, such as ocean cleanup devices. Conservation: Community-led conservation initiatives to protect endangered species and habitats. Climate Change: Renewable energy projects and carbon offset programs to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Sustainable Development: Green building standards and urban farming to create more sustainable cities. Environmental Policy and Management: Policy frameworks that incentivize sustainable business practices and reduce environmental footprints. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE FOCUS AREAS IN ECOLOGY Recent Updates: Pollution and Contamination: Advances in microplastic research revealing widespread contamination and effects on marine life. Conservation: Increasing efforts to create and expand protected areas, like the recent designation of marine protected areas. Climate Change: Development of climate resilience strategies for cities and agricultural systems. Sustainable Development: Adoption of circular economy principles to minimize waste and resource use. Environmental Policy and Management: Implementation of stricter emissions regulations and international agreements to curb pollution. SAVE ENVIRONTMENT CONCLUSION Ecology and environmental science are crucial fields for understanding and mitigating the impact of human activities on the natural world. By studying the complex interactions within ecosystems and applying this knowledge, we can develop sustainable practices that preserve biodiversity and ecosystem health. Continued research and informed policies are essential to ensure a thriving planet for future generations. ANY QUESTIONS? THANK YOU