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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is not a method for measuring absolute population density?
Which of the following is not a method for measuring absolute population density?
The shape of the logistic growth equation when plotted is typically described as what?
The shape of the logistic growth equation when plotted is typically described as what?
What type of sampling employs a rule of selecting every kth unit, starting with a random number?
What type of sampling employs a rule of selecting every kth unit, starting with a random number?
The juvenile mortality rate is defined as the annual number of deaths of juveniles per how many live births?
The juvenile mortality rate is defined as the annual number of deaths of juveniles per how many live births?
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Which statement about physiological and ecological longevity is true?
Which statement about physiological and ecological longevity is true?
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What term is used to describe the behavior involving grooming between members of different individuals in a social context?
What term is used to describe the behavior involving grooming between members of different individuals in a social context?
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As one moves up the food chain represented by grass --> grasshopper --> frog --> snake --> hawk, what happens to the available energy?
As one moves up the food chain represented by grass --> grasshopper --> frog --> snake --> hawk, what happens to the available energy?
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What is the ecological role of a hawk in the food chain grass --> grasshopper --> frog --> snake --> hawk?
What is the ecological role of a hawk in the food chain grass --> grasshopper --> frog --> snake --> hawk?
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In the food chain trees --> birds --> parasites --> hyperparasites, what type of pyramid is represented?
In the food chain trees --> birds --> parasites --> hyperparasites, what type of pyramid is represented?
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In the food chain grass --> grasshopper --> frog --> snake --> hawk, which statement is true regarding the frog?
In the food chain grass --> grasshopper --> frog --> snake --> hawk, which statement is true regarding the frog?
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What is the relationship between photosynthesis and respiration at the compensation point?
What is the relationship between photosynthesis and respiration at the compensation point?
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Glacial lakes are typically classified as what type of lake?
Glacial lakes are typically classified as what type of lake?
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If all humans became vegetarians, which principle explains how this would support larger populations?
If all humans became vegetarians, which principle explains how this would support larger populations?
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What defines a 'habitat'?
What defines a 'habitat'?
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Which term is used for conservation efforts outside of the natural habitat?
Which term is used for conservation efforts outside of the natural habitat?
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Which of the following is considered a deterministic factor affecting population dynamics?
Which of the following is considered a deterministic factor affecting population dynamics?
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In the context of population ecology, what does the acronym HIPPO stand for?
In the context of population ecology, what does the acronym HIPPO stand for?
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Which of the following best describes the demographic transition?
Which of the following best describes the demographic transition?
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What is Malthus' assertion regarding population growth?
What is Malthus' assertion regarding population growth?
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What term describes the method to identify relevant potential impacts in environmental assessment?
What term describes the method to identify relevant potential impacts in environmental assessment?
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In the Malthusian model, which of the following is not considered a preventative check?
In the Malthusian model, which of the following is not considered a preventative check?
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Who is known as the father of Biogeography?
Who is known as the father of Biogeography?
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Which term in the Greek root of Ecology refers to 'study'?
Which term in the Greek root of Ecology refers to 'study'?
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Which of the following is not a characteristic of fitness?
Which of the following is not a characteristic of fitness?
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Which of these is a method used in the laboratory approach to ecology?
Which of these is a method used in the laboratory approach to ecology?
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In ecology, what does the term 'gamma biodiversity' refer to?
In ecology, what does the term 'gamma biodiversity' refer to?
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What does the Greek root 'oikos' mean in the context of ecology?
What does the Greek root 'oikos' mean in the context of ecology?
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Which is not a kind of selection in ecological terms?
Which is not a kind of selection in ecological terms?
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What type of structure does hierarchy in ecology naturally gravitate towards?
What type of structure does hierarchy in ecology naturally gravitate towards?
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Which law states that the rate of biological processes is limited by the factor in least amount relative to requirement?
Which law states that the rate of biological processes is limited by the factor in least amount relative to requirement?
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Transplantation experiments are typically used to determine which of the following ranges?
Transplantation experiments are typically used to determine which of the following ranges?
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The term that refers to 'quick movement over large distances, often across unsuitable terrain' is known as what?
The term that refers to 'quick movement over large distances, often across unsuitable terrain' is known as what?
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What type of factor is 'good climate' considered in habitat studies?
What type of factor is 'good climate' considered in habitat studies?
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What is the definition of 'scarcity of food' in ecological terms?
What is the definition of 'scarcity of food' in ecological terms?
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The principle that states 'the geographical distribution of a species will be controlled by that environment factor for which the organism has the narrowest range of tolerance' refers to which of the following?
The principle that states 'the geographical distribution of a species will be controlled by that environment factor for which the organism has the narrowest range of tolerance' refers to which of the following?
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What is the term for the movement of individuals away from their birthplace to a new habitat?
What is the term for the movement of individuals away from their birthplace to a new habitat?
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Which of these options does NOT represent a tool of habitat management according to Leopold?
Which of these options does NOT represent a tool of habitat management according to Leopold?
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Study Notes
Theophrastus and Ecology
- Theophrastus wrote the book "Enquiry into Plants"
- "Oikos" is the Greek word root for ecology, meaning household
- "Logos" is the Greek word root meaning study
- Ecology is the study of interactions between organisms and their environment
Key Concepts in Ecology
- Alexander von Humboldt is considered the father of Biogeography
- Fitness is environment-specific and should be measured over several generations
- Selection can be directional, stabilizing, or disruptive
- Natural selection involves variation, struggle for existence, and survival of the fittest
Hierarchy and Ecology
- Hierarchical structures are stable
- Mitochondria are subcellular organelles
- The laboratory approach to ecology uses experiments
- Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Biodiversity refer to different levels of diversity
- Simon proposed the hierarchical system
Ecological Interactions
- In a food chain, available energy decreases as we move up through trophic levels
- Hawks are consumers and carnivores
- Inverted pyramids of numbers can be seen in a forest ecosystem
- The compensation point is when photosynthesis = respiration
- The 10% rule states that only 10% of energy is transferred to the next trophic level
- Net Primary Productivity (NPP) is calculated as APAR x LUE
Population Ecology
- Accuracy refers to how close measurements are to the true value
- Capture-recapture methods are used to estimate absolute population density
- The logistic growth equation creates an S-shaped curve
- Systematic sampling involves selecting every kth unit starting with a random unit
- The juvenile mortality rate is measured as the annual number of deaths per 1000 live births
- The minimum replacement level fertility for population growth is greater than 2
Sampling Methods
- Systematic sampling selects units in a regular pattern
- Pan traps are used to sample pollinating insects
- Physiological longevity can be longer or equal to ecological longevity
- Simple random sampling gives each sampling unit an equal chance of selection
- Cover board surveys are used for sampling herpetofauna
Community Ecology
- A catastrophic climax occurs when a major event like a wildfire changes the ecosystem
- Specialist species have narrower niches than generalist species
- Liebig's Law of Minimum states that a limiting factor is the most important factor for growth
- Transplantation experiments help to determine the potential range of a species
- Jumping dispersal involves quick movement over large distances
Habitat and Conservation
- Habitat management tools include fire and cattle
- Habitat fragmentation occurs in stages: dissection, perforation, fragmentation, and attrition
- Conservation reserves should be established where the threat level is medium
- Habitat is the set of environmental factors that allow an organism to survive and reproduce
- Captive breeding is an example of ex-situ conservation
- Deterministic factors are predictable events like death rate
- Stochastic factors are unpredictable events like environmental fluctuations
- Zoos are examples of ex-situ conservation
- The acronym HIPPO stands for Habitat Loss, Invasive Species, Pollution, and Population
Human Population Growth
- According to Malthus, war is a positive check on population growth
- The demographic transition sees societies move from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates
- Malthus' model states that population grows exponentially while food production grows arithmetically
- "An Essay on the Principle of Population" was written by Thomas Malthus
Environmental Impact Assessment
- Scoping is used to identify relevant impacts when assessing environmental impact
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Description
Explore the foundational ideas of ecology introduced by Theophrastus and its key concepts. Understand the role of biogeography, natural selection, and ecological interactions within hierarchies. This quiz also covers various levels of biodiversity and the principles of energy flow in ecosystems.