Ecology Concepts and Theophrastus
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is not a method for measuring absolute population density?

  • Capture-recapture method
  • Pelt count (correct)
  • Total count
  • Removal method
  • The shape of the logistic growth equation when plotted is typically described as what?

  • I shaped
  • O shaped
  • S shaped (correct)
  • J shaped
  • What type of sampling employs a rule of selecting every kth unit, starting with a random number?

  • Simple random sampling
  • Multistage sampling
  • Stratified sampling
  • Systematic sampling (correct)
  • The juvenile mortality rate is defined as the annual number of deaths of juveniles per how many live births?

    <p>1000 live births</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about physiological and ecological longevity is true?

    <p>A or B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe the behavior involving grooming between members of different individuals in a social context?

    <p>allo grooming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    As one moves up the food chain represented by grass --> grasshopper --> frog --> snake --> hawk, what happens to the available energy?

    <p>available energy decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ecological role of a hawk in the food chain grass --> grasshopper --> frog --> snake --> hawk?

    <p>hawk is consumer and carnivore</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the food chain trees --> birds --> parasites --> hyperparasites, what type of pyramid is represented?

    <p>inverted pyramid of numbers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the food chain grass --> grasshopper --> frog --> snake --> hawk, which statement is true regarding the frog?

    <p>frog is consumer and carnivore</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between photosynthesis and respiration at the compensation point?

    <p>photosynthesis = respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glacial lakes are typically classified as what type of lake?

    <p>oligotrophic lakes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If all humans became vegetarians, which principle explains how this would support larger populations?

    <p>10% rule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a 'habitat'?

    <p>A specific environment that supports the survival and reproduction of an organism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term is used for conservation efforts outside of the natural habitat?

    <p>Ex-situ conservation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered a deterministic factor affecting population dynamics?

    <p>Death rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of population ecology, what does the acronym HIPPO stand for?

    <p>Habitat destruction, Invasive species, Pollution, Population growth, Over-exploitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the demographic transition?

    <p>A shift from high birth and low death rates to low birth and low death rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Malthus' assertion regarding population growth?

    <p>Population increases geometrically, but food supply increases arithmetically</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the method to identify relevant potential impacts in environmental assessment?

    <p>Scoping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Malthusian model, which of the following is not considered a preventative check?

    <p>War</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is known as the father of Biogeography?

    <p>Humboldt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term in the Greek root of Ecology refers to 'study'?

    <p>logos</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a characteristic of fitness?

    <p>Higher reproductive rate means higher fitness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is a method used in the laboratory approach to ecology?

    <p>Experiments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In ecology, what does the term 'gamma biodiversity' refer to?

    <p>Global species diversity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Greek root 'oikos' mean in the context of ecology?

    <p>Household</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is not a kind of selection in ecological terms?

    <p>Stochastic selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of structure does hierarchy in ecology naturally gravitate towards?

    <p>Stable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which law states that the rate of biological processes is limited by the factor in least amount relative to requirement?

    <p>Liebig's law of minimum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Transplantation experiments are typically used to determine which of the following ranges?

    <p>potential range</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term that refers to 'quick movement over large distances, often across unsuitable terrain' is known as what?

    <p>jump dispersal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of factor is 'good climate' considered in habitat studies?

    <p>pull factor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of 'scarcity of food' in ecological terms?

    <p>push factor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The principle that states 'the geographical distribution of a species will be controlled by that environment factor for which the organism has the narrowest range of tolerance' refers to which of the following?

    <p>Shelford's law of tolerance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the movement of individuals away from their birthplace to a new habitat?

    <p>dispersal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these options does NOT represent a tool of habitat management according to Leopold?

    <p>sickle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Theophrastus and Ecology

    • Theophrastus wrote the book "Enquiry into Plants"
    • "Oikos" is the Greek word root for ecology, meaning household
    • "Logos" is the Greek word root meaning study
    • Ecology is the study of interactions between organisms and their environment

    Key Concepts in Ecology

    • Alexander von Humboldt is considered the father of Biogeography
    • Fitness is environment-specific and should be measured over several generations
    • Selection can be directional, stabilizing, or disruptive
    • Natural selection involves variation, struggle for existence, and survival of the fittest

    Hierarchy and Ecology

    • Hierarchical structures are stable
    • Mitochondria are subcellular organelles
    • The laboratory approach to ecology uses experiments
    • Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Biodiversity refer to different levels of diversity
    • Simon proposed the hierarchical system

    Ecological Interactions

    • In a food chain, available energy decreases as we move up through trophic levels
    • Hawks are consumers and carnivores
    • Inverted pyramids of numbers can be seen in a forest ecosystem
    • The compensation point is when photosynthesis = respiration
    • The 10% rule states that only 10% of energy is transferred to the next trophic level
    • Net Primary Productivity (NPP) is calculated as APAR x LUE

    Population Ecology

    • Accuracy refers to how close measurements are to the true value
    • Capture-recapture methods are used to estimate absolute population density
    • The logistic growth equation creates an S-shaped curve
    • Systematic sampling involves selecting every kth unit starting with a random unit
    • The juvenile mortality rate is measured as the annual number of deaths per 1000 live births
    • The minimum replacement level fertility for population growth is greater than 2

    Sampling Methods

    • Systematic sampling selects units in a regular pattern
    • Pan traps are used to sample pollinating insects
    • Physiological longevity can be longer or equal to ecological longevity
    • Simple random sampling gives each sampling unit an equal chance of selection
    • Cover board surveys are used for sampling herpetofauna

    Community Ecology

    • A catastrophic climax occurs when a major event like a wildfire changes the ecosystem
    • Specialist species have narrower niches than generalist species
    • Liebig's Law of Minimum states that a limiting factor is the most important factor for growth
    • Transplantation experiments help to determine the potential range of a species
    • Jumping dispersal involves quick movement over large distances

    Habitat and Conservation

    • Habitat management tools include fire and cattle
    • Habitat fragmentation occurs in stages: dissection, perforation, fragmentation, and attrition
    • Conservation reserves should be established where the threat level is medium
    • Habitat is the set of environmental factors that allow an organism to survive and reproduce
    • Captive breeding is an example of ex-situ conservation
    • Deterministic factors are predictable events like death rate
    • Stochastic factors are unpredictable events like environmental fluctuations
    • Zoos are examples of ex-situ conservation
    • The acronym HIPPO stands for Habitat Loss, Invasive Species, Pollution, and Population

    Human Population Growth

    • According to Malthus, war is a positive check on population growth
    • The demographic transition sees societies move from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates
    • Malthus' model states that population grows exponentially while food production grows arithmetically
    • "An Essay on the Principle of Population" was written by Thomas Malthus

    Environmental Impact Assessment

    • Scoping is used to identify relevant impacts when assessing environmental impact

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    Description

    Explore the foundational ideas of ecology introduced by Theophrastus and its key concepts. Understand the role of biogeography, natural selection, and ecological interactions within hierarchies. This quiz also covers various levels of biodiversity and the principles of energy flow in ecosystems.

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