Disaster Risk Reduction Management SCI 4 PDF

SCI 4: DRRM Disaster Risk Reduction Management.. Disaster Risk Reduction Management.. DISASTER serious disruption of the functioning of the community or society at any scale due to hazardous events interacting with conditions of exposure, vulnerability, and capacity...

SCI 4: DRRM Disaster Risk Reduction Management.. Disaster Risk Reduction Management.. DISASTER serious disruption of the functioning of the community or society at any scale due to hazardous events interacting with conditions of exposure, vulnerability, and capacity leading to one or more of the following: ○ human, material, economic, and environmental losses and impacts ○ RISK - dynamic, invisible, unevenly distributed, emergent and complex ⇨ “des-” meaning bad “-aster” meaning star Disaster Risk Reduction and Management systematic approach aimed at identifying, assessing, and reducing the risks of disaster encompasses the strategies and processes designed to prevent new and reduce existing disaster risks, as well as manage residual risks, with the ultimate goal of building resilience in communities [UNISDR] - United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction DRRM Framework refers to a structured approach and set of principles adopted by governments, organizations, and communities ○ systematically minimizes the impacts of disasters Importance and Relevance of DRRM Saving Lives & Reducing Protecting Property & Ensuring Sustainable Injuries Infrastructure Development effective DRRM can significantly building and maintaining resilient integrating DRRM into reduce the number of fatalities infrastructure can prevent development planning ensures and injuries during disasters massive losses during disasters that growth and progress are not repeatedly set back by disasters process is dynamic, regularly updated to incorporate lessons learned from past disasters, new technologies, and evolving risks key aspect of DRRM is the establishment of systems that detect impending disasters and alert communities, allowing for timely evacuation and response SCI First Sem; Midterm______________________________________ 1  DRRM Framework Prevention - activities taken to avoid the adverse Examples of Mitigation Strategies: impacts of hazards and to prevent the Designating certain areas as no-build occurrence of disaster zones due to high vulnerability to - land-use planning to avoid building disasters like landslides houses, buildings, establishments, Enforcing building codes that require and subdivisions in high-risk areas earthquake-resistant structures Mitigation - measures taken to reduce the adverse Strengthening existing buildings and impacts of hazards and to minimize infrastructure to better withstand the extent of a disaster earthquakes - construction of dams and levees Preparedness - developing plans and capacities to Conducting regular disaster drills and ensure an effective response to simulations disasters Response - actions taken during and immediately Providing medical assistance to after a disaster to save lives, reduce disaster victims health impacts, ensure public safety, Safely relocating people to temporary and meet the basic subsistence needs shelters of the people affected Recovery - efforts to restore and improve Reconstructing damaged facilities, livelihood, and living infrastructure conditions in the affected Offering grants, loans, or subsidies to communities, while encouraging and help individuals and businesses facilitating necessary adjustments to recover economically and rebuild their reduce disaster risk livelihoods SCI First Sem; Midterm______________________________________ 2.. Elements of a Disaster.. Hazard, Vulnerability, Risk, and Capacity Hazard Exposure - dangerous phenomenon, substance, - presence of people, property, systems, human activity, or condition that may or other elements in hazard zones that cause loss of life, injury, social and are thereby subject to potential losses economic disruption, or environmental ------------------------------------ damage Buildings located in - natural, anthropogenic, socio-cultural Earthquake-prone regions ------------------------------------- Populations residing near coastal Typhoon with associated strong wind areas are exposed to flood risks Storm surge during heavy rainfall or storm surges Earthquake Energy infrastructure situated in Industrial accidents regions regularly hit by hurricanes is Chemical spill exposed to storm damage and Deforestation operational disruptions Vulnerability Capacity - susceptibility of a community to harm - combination of all the strengths, due to a hazard, considering various attributes, and resources available physical, social, economic, and within a community, society, or environmental factors organization that can be used to achieve - many live in informal, unregulated agreed goals housing, which is often poorly - include infrastructure, institutions, constructed and more vulnerable to human knowledge and skills, and natural hazards collective attributes such as social - people who have money are less prone relationships, leadership and to vulnerability management Disaster Risk = (Hazard x Exposure x Vulnerability) Capacity SCI First Sem; Midterm______________________________________ 3 Intensive and Extensive Risk________________________ ⛤ Intensive → more rare but high-severity (earthquakes, tsunamis, typhoons) ⛤ Extensive → common but often low-severity (seasonal floodings, shack fires, localized landslides) Coping Capacity is how much a community can cope with a disaster Types of Hazards Bases on Origin____________________ ⛤ Natural Cycle of Water → earth movement ⛤ Anthropogenic → human induced hazards; hazards based from human activity ⛤ Socionatural → combination of human and natural hazards.. Natural Hazards.. ⛤ earthquakes ⛤ typhoons ⛤ floods ⛤ tsunamis ⛤ hurricanes ⛤ landslides ⛤ volcanic ⛤ tornadoes eruptions ⛤ drought GEOLOGICAL METEOROLOGICAL HYDROLOGICAL - Natural Hazard is NOT a Natural Disaster “Storm Surge” → abnormal rise, biglaan, above abnormal predicted astronomical tide Direct and Indirect Impacts of a Disaster SCI First Sem; Midterm______________________________________ 4 Geological ➔ involve different landforms Earthquakes Cause Tectonic Plate Movement Impacts Ground shaking, ground rupture, collapse of structures, landslides, tsunamis, liquefaction, fire Preparedness and Recovery PREPAREDNESS RECOVERY Measures – Earthquake drills and – Search and Rescue evacuation plans operations – Seismic hazard mapping – Restoring essential services – Emergency supply kits – Evacuation Centers – Early Warning Systems – Structural assessments – Securing Heavy Objects and rebuilding – Community preparedness – Structural codes of the programs buildings Tsunami Cause Underground volcanic eruptions and earthquakes Impacts Coastal flooding, destruction of infrastructures, damage and disruption to transportation, damage to coastal ecosystems, seawater intrusion Preparedness and Recovery PREPAREDNESS RECOVERY Measures – Tsunami Warning Systems – Search and Rescue operations – Evacuation Routes and plans – Restoring essential services – Emergency supply kits (life vests and floaties) – Evacuation Centers – Zoning regulations – Financial aid and livelihood recovery – Seawalls and natural barriers – Debris removal and cleanup SCI First Sem; Midterm______________________________________ 5  Volcanic Eruptions Cause Magma movement within Earth Impacts Displacement of people, property damage, lava flows, ashfall, lahar (combination of water and ash fall), pyroclastic flow, tsunamis, climate effect Preparedness and Recovery PREPAREDNESS RECOVERY Measures – Inform people of safety – Search and Rescue precautions operations – Evacuation Routes and – Restoring essential plans services – Emergency supply kits “go – Evacuation Centers bag” (masks) – Financial aid and – Zoning regulations livelihood recovery – Ash mitigation strategies – Ash and debris cleanup Meteorological ➔ weather conditions, weather patterns Typhoons/Hurricanes Cause High temperature over ocean waters, low pressure areas in the Intertropical Convergence Zone ITCZ - Typhoon Belt Impacts Immediate Impacts Other Impacts strong winds, heavy rains, loss of lives and properties, storm surges, flooding agricultural damage, waterborne diseases (ex. leptospirosis), economical and psychological damages Mitigation Plant trees (to absorb water), fix sewage systems, early warning system for early evacuation, elevating homes in flood-prone areas, Stormwater retention basins Preparedness and Recovery early warning system, training, education, emergency go bag, Measures backup power systems, stockpiling relief supplies SCI First Sem; Midterm______________________________________ 6  Tornadoes Cause Severe thunderstorms, unstable air due to the mix of warm air and cool air spiraling Impacts infrastructure damage, loss of lives and properties, landscape changes Preparedness and Recovery infrastructure damage, loss of lives and properties, landscape Measures changes Drought Cause long periods of low rainfall Impacts water shortages, soil degradation, wildfires, agricultural losses, inflation Preparedness and Recovery Drought-resistant crops, water storage systems, emergency Measures water supply plans Hydrological ➔ involves water or water cycle Flood Cause Heavy rainfall, river overflow, storm surges Impacts Damage to Properties, Loss of lives and injuries, Economic disruption, waterborne diseases Preparedness and Recovery early warning system, training, education, emergency go bag, Measures River dredging Landslide Cause Heavy rainfall, earthquake, volcanic activity, human activities such as deforestation and mining Impacts burial of structures, road blockages, loss of life and injuries, habitat destruction Preparedness and Recovery early warning system, training, education, emergency go bag, Measures reforestation SCI First Sem; Midterm______________________________________ 7.. Anthropogenic.. Human Induced Hazards Created by human activities that pose significant risks to life, property, and the environment Result from human actions or negligence Can have devastating consequences, ranging from immediate loss of life and property to long-term environmental and health impacts Technological Hazard ⇨ arise from the use and failure of technology and industrial processes “the man made hazard” | May arise directly from impacts of a natural event | ⇨ Examples: industrial spills, transport accidents, or factory explosions, nuclear incidents Impacts environmental (contamination), health, economical (disruption of local agriculture), social HEALTH Impacts ⛤ Nuclear radiation can cause sickness by damaging the cells in the body ⛤ High levels of radiation can harm the DNA and other parts of cells ⛤ Cells can stop working leading to nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and fatigue or death in severe cases SOCIAL Impacts ⛤ Psychological Stress and Trauma can lead to mental health issues such as anxiety, depression, and PTSD ENVIRONMENTAL Impacts ⛤ Soil and water → sources contamination ⛤ Plant cell damage leading to stunted growth, mutations, or death ⛤ Animals sickness, genetic mutations, and reproductive issues, food chain disruption ECONOMIC Impacts ⛤ Clean-up costs, Healthcare expenses, Agricultural Losses, Tourism Decline, Business Disruption SCI First Sem; Midterm______________________________________ 8 Environmental Degradation ⇨ deterioration of the natural environment due to human activities and natural processes ⇨ depletion of natural resources, loss of biodiversity, and disruption of ecosystems ⇨ Examples: Deforestation, Pollution, Climate Change, Coral reef degradation Causes POLLUTION ⛤ can be due to agricultural runoff, marine debris, or chemical pollution CLIMATE CHANGE and OCEAN ACIDIFICATION ⛤ Rising global temperatures and increased carbon dioxide levels cause ocean acidification, which weakens marine ecosystems, disrupts biodiversity, and increases the frequency and intensity of storms, contributing to coastal erosion and flooding COASTAL DEVELOPMENT ⛤ Unregulated construction and infrastructure projects along coastlines disrupt natural landscapes, destroy protective ecosystems like mangroves, and increase vulnerability to storm surges, flooding, and erosion TOURISM and RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES ⛤ Overuse of coastal areas for tourism leads to habitat destruction, pollution, and degradation of natural defenses like coral reefs and dunes, which increases susceptibility to coastal hazards SCI First Sem; Midterm______________________________________ 9 Classification of Human-Induced Hazards______________ Social Hazards ⇨ situations that arise from social structures ⇨ behaviors that can negatively impact individuals or communities ⇨ Examples: Conflicts and Terrorism. Conflicts.. vs. Terrorism.. - Fundamental concept in sociology, - Criminal acts, including against civilians, encapsulates the tensions, disputes, and committed with intent to cause death or opposing interests that permeate human serious bodily injury, or taking of societies hostages, with the purpose to provoke a - Opposing interest state of terror in the general public or in - Occurs wherever social groups are in a group of persons or particular persons opposition to each other and blame each - Deliberate acts targeting civilians or other for economic hardship or lack of non-combatants to spread fear, disrupt political representation or intellectual societies, and draw attention to a cause freedom - often involves tactics like bombings, - Discrimination on the grounds of race, hijackings, and cyberattacks color, religion, political ideology, sex, nationality, age, language, and class Examples Examples ➔ Police Brutality ➔ Suicide bombings ➔ Racial Discrimination ➔ Mass shootings ➔ Political Uprising ➔ Attacks on public infrastructure The Rule of Seven for Disasters No disaster involving humans happens in isolation or as the result of a single event. It required a minimum of 7 things to go wrong for an airplane to crash or most other human-related disasters. And one of those 7 is always human error. It might not be the primary cause, but it is always a contributing factor THEY ARE PREVENTABLE SCI First Sem; Midterm______________________________________ 10.. Introduction to Risk Assessment Analysis.. Risk Assessment qualitative or quantitative approach to determine the nature and extent of a disaster risk ○ By analyzing potential hazards ○ Could affect decision making of ○ By evaluating existing conditions of policy makers exposure and vulnerability ○ Could harm people, property, services, livelihoods, and the environment on which they depend IMPORTANCE of Disaster Risk Assessment “The starting point for reducing disaster risk…lies in the knowledge of the hazards and the physical, social, economic, and environmental vulnerabilities… and of the ways in which hazards and vulnerabilities are changing in the short and long term, followed by action taken on the basis of that knowledge” ➔ Reducing disaster risk starts with understanding hazards and vulnerabilities in physical, social, economic, and environmental systems, as well as how they change over time. ➔ This knowledge guides actions to minimize risks and build resilience. Hyogo Framework for Action (2005-2015) RISK ASSESSMENT METHODS QUALITATIVE using descriptive terms and subjective judgments to understand the specific context and characteristics of potential disasters which ensures that disaster preparedness is tailored to the unique risks of each situation Expert Judgment Gathering insights from disaster management professionals to assess potential risks based on their knowledge and experience Interviews Conducting structured or semi-structured interviews to gather information about perceived risks and vulnerabilities Focus Groups Facilitating discussions with groups to explore potential risks, impacts, and possible mitigation measures SCI First Sem; Midterm______________________________________ 11  QUANTITATIVE using numerical values and statistical methods which offers an objective, measurable assessment of potential disasters by providing a clear, data-driven understanding of risks, aiding in more precise disaster preparedness and response planning. Probabilistic Risk Using probability distributions and models to estimate the Assessment (PRA) likelihood and impact of various disaster scenarios Statistical Analysis Analyzing historical data on past disasters, including frequency, intensity, and impact, to identify patterns and trends regression analysis, time-series analysis, spatial analysis Acceptable Level of Risk Level of losses that is acceptable without destroying lives, national economy, or personal finances Involves not the absence of risk but the presence of strong, mitigation measures, preparedness strategies, and resilience-building efforts Identifying and Analyzing Risks______________________ Risk Matrix Tool that will make you assess and prioritize risks By considering their likelihood and severity on system being examined (people or other assets Risk Rating = Likelihood x Severity Risks are grouped into categories based on their scores/rating Color-coding scheme is used to visually represent the different risk categories SCI First Sem; Midterm______________________________________ 12 Risk Matrix Template 1. Risk Identification Identify all the potential risks within the relative area Examples: ⛤ Oil spill in Manila Bay ⛤ Destruction of marine and coastal ecosystems ⛤ Fire or explosions ⛤ Destroy fishing industry ⛤ Respiratory or skin problems (from exposure to oil and its fumes) 2. Determination of A separate scale should be established to categorize both Likelihood & Severity likelihood and severity. Likelihood → evaluated by considering factors such as location, hazard exposure, and existing statistical data Severity → determined based on potential exposure, with categories defined by the extent of injury, illness, property damage, and loss of assets (time, money, personnel) will define the size of your matrix SCI First Sem; Midterm______________________________________ 13 3. Construct Risk Risk rating: 1-4 Low Risk; 5-8 Moderate Risk; Assessment Matrix 9-12 High Risk; 13-16 Critical Risk 4. Calculate the Risk Using the developed matrix, determine the relevant risk Rating ratings Risk Rating = Likelihood × Severity 5. Complete Risk Develop control measures to bring the risk levels down as Assessment Form low as reasonably practicable (ALARP) SCI First Sem; Midterm______________________________________ 14 Risk Assessment in Disaster Management using Risk Matrix Control development → Control implementation Emergency Response Plan Coordination Across Multiple Stakeholders ○ Stakeholders = community involved and affected, community leaders, emergency people (firefighters, etc.) Raise awareness and support recovery efforts Evaluate then look at control measures and identify residual risks Residual Risks ○ Risks that remain after efforts to identify and eliminate some or all types of risk have been made Risk Map Visual representation of risks across different geographical areas A tool used by local governments and communities to identify risks, vulnerabilities and disaster risk management capacities SCI First Sem; Midterm______________________________________ 15  Phases of Multi-Hazard Risk Mapping 1. DEVELOP BASE MAP 2. DATA COLLECTION, CONSOLIDATION - Basic information: - Most time and budget-consuming phase Name of the map - Printed base maps are verified and updated Direction of the map through meetings Administrative boundaries - Updates of the base maps are done by drawing Main streets on a printed copy Rivers, mountains (if any) - Information on the community’s capacity, Basic infrastructures such as schools, vulnerability, and risks they can encounter when hospitals, etc. a disaster occurs are also collected Cultural houses of local people - Collected information is disaggregated by sex, - Floor plan of a community types of vulnerabilities, and disaster risks - Information to create a base map can be found - Source of information can come not only from from: local people and local authorities but also from Google Maps existing maps of different related programs and Open Street Maps (OSM) projects (if applicable) Other sources of information will also come - Some of the information on capacity, from the local people and stakeholders, vulnerability, and disaster risks (from mapping especially those who have a deep tasks) are taken from: understanding of the regions’ topography PWDs and their relatives Children (ages 10-16) Schools, Enterprises Religious organizations Local authorities Other local people - Collected information is verified and commented on by local authorities and is synthesized into a common table. - A list of prioritized households/people for early warning and evacuation assistance in their local community is also developed SCI First Sem; Midterm______________________________________ 16  3. DEVELOP AND VERIFY DISASTER RISK MAP 4. SHARE AND UPDATE MAPS ANNUALLY WITH STAKEHOLDER PARTICIPATION - The data and information from the paper-based maps - To share the map with local people, and are digitized by: stakeholders at all levels, the multi-hazard risk Manually transferring them using tools from maps will be exported into printing format QGIS software (i.e. creating points, lines, and - To update the map annually, the TSG will hold polygons) meetings with local leaders, representatives on ○ The accuracy of this method of data businesses, schools, religious organizations, and transfer highly depends on the technical local people (including PWDs and children) to support groups’ (TSGs) capacity to take note of changes compare the positions of objects shown in - TSGs should consider the feedback from paper-based map with those shown in these meetings to identify emerging hazards, digital map assess the effectiveness of existing risk Using scanned photos of the paper-based maps management strategies, and incorporate new with the information drawn by local people data into the map. ○ The points in the scanned photos (saved as a jpeg file) are added with real coordinates (geo-referencing) using a ‘Georeferencer 5. USE MAPS FOR DISASTER RISK GDAL’ plugin in QGIS software REDUCTION (DRR) ○ Then, new layers or editing of existing - In this phase, there are three key applications layers are implemented. The type of layers for the risk map, use it to: is classified into four: Make a disaster risk reduction plan Point - for small areas: schools, factories, etc. Organize evacuation drills Line (straight or curved) - roads, rivers, streams, etc. Assist damage and needs assessments Polygons (Oval, eclipse, rectangle) - for administrative boundaries, lakes, forests, etc. Texts - for non-geographical features such as titles, labels, churches, etc. Local authorities will verify the digital multi-hazard map and previously collected data, while stakeholder comments will be gathered for possible adjustments. SCI First Sem; Midterm______________________________________ 17.. Disaster Preparedness and Mitigation Strategies.. Disaster Preparedness Hazard analysis and mapping of their area of responsibility Drawing out zoning rules for their jurisdiction and strictly enforcing them Assigning designated evacuation centers Consulting and guiding industry stakeholders for their continuity of operations plan Coordinating with other government agencies beforehand for fast rescue and relief efforts when needed Conducting drills at all levels and providing immediate feedback regarding the drill Continuous monitoring and evaluation of local DRRM plan ⇨ Developing Emergency Plans and Protocols 1. Determine actions to be done in preparation for an emergency and make the family ready 2. Identify what each family member should do during an emergency to keep your family safe and lessen the impact of the event 3. What do after the incident; how to get help, recover, and return to a normal state of living Member of the family, must do before disaster, must do while evacuating, must do after disaster, special notes, exits, survival kits Early Warning Systems (EWS) and Communication Strategies NATIONAL LEVEL Risk Knowledge National DRRM Council Detection, monitoring, and warning: DOST ○ PAGASA ○ PHIVOLCS SUBNATIONAL LEVEL Issuing of Alerts Local government PAGASA PHIVOLCS SCI First Sem; Midterm______________________________________ 18 Dissemination, assistance to communities Private sector Civil society organizations Community-based organizations Tropical Cyclone Wind Signal 1. No damage to very light damage ○ Lead time: 36 hours ○ Impact: 30-60 KPH winds ○ Wave height: 1.25-4.0 meters 2. Light to moderate damage ○ Lead time: 24 hours ○ Impact: 61-120 KPH winds ○ Wave height: 4.1-14.0 meters 3. Moderate to heavy damage ○ Lead time: 18 hours ○ Impact: 121-170 KPH winds ○ Wave height: > 14 meters 4. Heavy to very heavy damage ○ Lead time: 12 hours ○ Impact: 171-220 KPH winds ○ Wave height: > 14 meters, storm surge 2-3 meters 5. Very heavy and widespread damage, phenomenal ○ Lead time: 12 hours ○ Impact: >220 KPH winds ○ Wave height: > 14 meters, storm surge 3 meters Department of Science and Technology: Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) Landslides, earthquakes, Volcano Bulletin, Earthquake Information, Tsunami Advisory and Warning Department of Science and Technology: Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) Weather-related hazard SCI First Sem; Midterm______________________________________ 19