Relationship Maintenance PDF

Relationship Maintenance 1\. Higher-order processes, such conscious decisions making\ \"devaluing\" attractive alternatives\ -ex: not going to a party w/ temptations when your partner is out of town\ 2. Lower-order processes such as attention & memory\ -ex: less likely to check hot guys out bc your...

Relationship Maintenance 1\. Higher-order processes, such conscious decisions making\ \"devaluing\" attractive alternatives\ -ex: not going to a party w/ temptations when your partner is out of town\ 2. Lower-order processes such as attention & memory\ -ex: less likely to check hot guys out bc your w/ someone **0:08** **/** **0:15** Skip Ad Chapter 4: Women\'s Long-Term Mating Strategies Trivers\'s (1972) Parental Investment Theory 1\. The sex that invests more in offspring will be more selective about mating\ 2. The sex that invests less in offspring will be more competitive for sexual access to the high-investing sex Mate Preferences (definition/characteristics) (def) Evolved psych mechanisms designed to direct adaptive behavior associated w/ mate selection\ (char.)\ 1. Flexible\ 2. Present in all sexually reproducing species\ 3. Universal-ish\ 4. Various methods used Sex Similarities in Mate Preferences (What? & Why?) Both place importance in finding a **loving, dependable, emotionally stable and kind mate** Sex differences in mate preferences W: Problem selecting partner who\'s willing to be able to invest\ -faced w/ the problem of finding a mate willing to invest\ M: contribution is considerably less time Women\'s Long-Term Mate Preferences 1. **Economic Resources**\ 2. **Good Financial Stability Prospects**\ 3. **High Social Status**\ 4. **Slightly Older Men** \[correlated w/ status & earnings\]\ 5. **Ambition & Industriousness**\ 6. Dependability & Stability\ 7. **Height & Athletic Prowess** \[skills\]\ 8. Good Health \[Symmetry & Masculinity\]\ 9. Love & Commitment\ 10. Willingness to Invest\ 11. Similarity 5 Major Prefs (that differ from Men\'s) in Women\'s LT Mate Preferences 1\. Intelligence\ 2. Income\ 3. Status\ 4. Kindness\ 5. Humor Research demonstrating prefs in Women\'s LT Mate Preferences Norman Li & colleagues (2002) \"Budget Allocation\" Structural Powerlessness Hypothesis Women are typically excluded from power and access to resources so this causes them to seek those who have power and access to resources\ - a non-evolutionary hypothesis Budget Allocation participants purchase various characteristics with \"mate dollars\" \[**necessities**: intelligence; income; status; kindness; humor & **luxuries**: physical attractiveness; creativity; romance; liveliness; special talents\] Mate Copying (from lecture) woman are likely to find a man appealing if they are seen appealing to other women\ **RULES**\ 1. copy only id a man\'s female consort is **physically attractive**\ 2. copy only if a man\'s female consort is **expressing positive emotions**\ 3. **copy in LT contexts** but not ST contexts Chapter 5: Men\'s Long-Term Mating Strategies Reproductive Value \[Men\'s LT Mating Strategies\] \# of babies a person could have in the future Assessing Reproductive Value \[Men\'s LT Mating strategies\] 1\. Reproductive Value\ 2. Fecundity \[physical ability to get pregnant\]\ 3. Fertility \[likelihood of conception based on ovulatory cycle\]\ **since they can\'t observe a woman\'s reproductive value they correlate it with other qualities** Men\'s Long-Term Mate Preferences \[4 Major Prefs (that differ from Women\'s)\] 1\. Youth \[as men age, they prefer younger\]\ 2. Beauty \[\"beauty is in the adaptations of the beholder\"; based on appearance & behavior\]\ 3. Low waist-hip-ratio\ 4. Chastity\[obtaining from sex\] & Fidelity Symmetry \[Men\'s LT Mate Preferences\] \"Fluctuating Asymmetry\"\ -is ugly\ -based on actual shape of your face\ -Marker of developmental instability \[\"good genes\"\] Standards of Beauty 1. **Facial Femininity** (full lips, large eyes, high cheekbones) \[linked to higher levels of estrogen\]\ 2. Facial Averageness (more faces put together will appear more attractive; \"good genes\"; marker of developmental instability)\ 3. Facial Symmetry (fluctuating asymmetry) \[marker of developmental instability\]\ 4. Youth Cross-cultural variability \[Standards of Beauty\] average correlation of attractiveness ratings of female photos across racial groups=.93 Emergence during development \[Standards of Beauty\] (2) 1\. features of physical appearance\ 2. features of behavior Two Hypotheses for men\'s pref for a low WHR 1\. reproductive capability\ 2. physical attractiveness\ -low WHR predicts cognitive ability in women & their offspring\ -fat facilitates neurodevelopment, while abdominal fat hinders neurodevelopment\ -waist fat = smartness\ -Alt. Explanation: convincing studies must include women from the same culture & class Context Effects of Mating Psychology exposure to pictures of attractive women can have potential negative consequences \[self esteem\]\ -Study: men saw pics of models then asked about their current partners & said they were less attractive, less satisfied, less serious, and less close to them. \[STUDY W/ WOMEN = NO CHANGE - except when they used expensive cars\] Preferences for Chastity & Fidelity -sexual infidelity is rated as most upsetting cost spouse can inflict\ 1. desire for premarital chastity\ 2. desire for postmarital sexual fidelity Higher levels of testosterone in unpaired men & increases level of risk-takings Clark and Hatfield\'s (1989) seminal study Attractive male and females approach opposite sex students on a college campus\ -\" i\'ve been noticing you around campus I find you very attractive\"\ 1. Would you go out with me tonight?\ 2. Would you come over to my apartment with me tonight?\ 3. Would you go to bed with me tonight?\ Results:\ 1. W (56%) M (50%)\ 2. W (6%) M (69%)\ 3. W (0%) M (75%)\ Why? Women are socialized differently (safety) Potential Costs of STM for Men 1\. STI\ 2. Reputation as a \"Womanizer\"\ 3. Lowering chance of your child to survive due to parental investment\ 4. Suffering from violence from jealous husbands/boyfriends\ 5. Suffering from violence from fathers/brothers\ 6. Retaliation from women Women\'s STM Masculine male traits preferred mid-cycle\ 1. Facial masculinity\ 2. Bodily masculinity\ 3. Voice masculinity\ 4. Tall height Acquisition of a LT Partner Hypothesis 1\. desirability of characteristics in a potential ST partner\ -already in a relationship\ -promiscuous\ -unfaithful\ -sleeps around a lot\ 2. interviews w/ ST strategy women\ -anxiety & concern when ST relationships end\ -as \# of ST partners increased, so did women\'s anxiety\ 3. Contexts promoting ST sex\ -meeting someone to\ \--spend time w/\ \--develop a relationship\ \--successful & well-off Masculine male traits preferred mid-cycle 1\. Facial Masculinity\ 2. Bodily Masculinity\ 3. Voice Masculinity\ 4. Tall Height Function of Female Infidelity more likely to cheat mid-cycle\ -if affairs are about obtaining good genes, attraction to extra-pair males should be moderated by\ 1. primary partner\'s FA moderates the effect\ 2. primary partner\'s sexiness moderates too Cues to Ovulation \[evidence?\] -Scent of oestrus\ -Faces may become more attractive mid-cycle\ -Dress more attractively & provocatively mid-cycle\ -Lap dancers receive more tips mid-cycle\ -But do not walk more sexier mid-cycle Sexual Conflict (def.) A conflict between the evolutionary interests of individuals of the two sexes McKibben & colleagues (2009) Strategies women use to avoid rape \[4\] 1\. Avoid strange men\ 2. Avoid appearing sexually receptive\ 3. Avoid being alone\ 4. Aware of surrounding Risk taking \[Women\'s Anti-Rape\] decreased during ovulation to lower the odds of sexual assault Anti-cuckoldry tactics \[Jealousy\] \[Vigilance\]\ 1. Concealment of mate\ 2. Monopolize mate\'s time\ 3. jealousy induction\ 4. Emotional manipulation\ 5. Derogation of competitors\ 6. Resource display\ \[Love & Care\]\ 7. Love & care\ 8. Submission & self-abasement\ 9. Physical signals of possession\ 10. Intrasexual threats\ 11. Violence towards partner\ 12. Violence towards rivals Parasites and Mating In hunter gatherer groups parasites kill about 30% of the population before they reach reproductive age \[prevalence varies across cultures\]\ -physical attractiveness= \"health certificate\"\ -environments near the equator with high parasite loads where health really matters, cultures value physical attractiveness more **Not studied (35)** You haven\'t studied these terms yet! Select these 35 Sex Differences in Mate Attraction Tactics M: appearance enhancement (in women)\ W: display of resources (in men) Chapter 6: Short-Term Sexual Strategies Source of Sex Differences in Short-Term Mating (STM) differences in preferred mating strategies\ -due to parental investment\ women are socialized differently Men\'s STM if benefits of STM \> costs, selection will have favored STM\ Solutions:\ 1. desire for sexual access to many women\ 2. relaxation of standards in ST mate\ 3. impose a min (or no) time limits when having sex Adaptive Problems associated a STM strategies (for men) \[3\] 1\. Problem of **sexual accessibility**\ 2. Problem of identifying which **women are fertile**\ 3. Problem of **avoiding commitment**\ 4. Problem of **partner variety** **1. Problem of partner variety**\ \ 4 problems & solutions \[Adaptive Problems associated a STM strategies (for men)\] -\[SOLUTION\]\ \--Desire for sexual access to many women\ \--Relaxation of standards in ST mate\ \--Impose min (or no) time constraints for sex **2. Problem of sexual accessibility**\ \ 4 problems & solutions \[Adaptive Problems associated a STM strategies (for men)\] -\[SOLUTION\]\ \--time, energy, courtship resources provided w/o exchange of sex interfere w/ STM **3. Problem of identifying which women are fertile**\ \ 4 problems & solutions \[Adaptive Problems associated a STM strategies (for men)\] -\[SOLUTION\]\ \--men seek ST mates w/ high fertility\ \--men seen LT mates w/ high RV **4. Problem of avoiding commitment**\ \ 4 problems & solutions \[Adaptive Problems associated a STM strategies (for men)\] -\[SOLUTION\]\ \--larger the investment in particular woman, the fewer sex partners a man can attract Different Hypotheses \[Women\'s STM\] (3) 1\. Genetic Benefits Hypothesis\ 2. Acquisition of a LT partner Hypothesis\ 3. Cindy Lopper Hypothesis Genetic Benefits Hypothesis enhanced feritility Oestrus \[old def.\] enhanced proceptivity (they will initiate sex) & receptivity to males\ -evolved to exhibit \"continuous\" sexuality\ -functioned to conceal ovulation\ -AKA: when animals are in \"heat\" or horny Oestrus \[new def./new function\] NOT typically characterized by generalized sexual excitement or motivation\ -males differ in ability to offer genetic benefits\ -females should be choosy during oestrus\ -not restricted to mammals Changes in mating preferences across the ovulatory cycle \- Preferences do shift \[associations with symmetry are preferred\]\ - Preference shifts are not general \[not all positive traits are found sexier\]\ - Preference shifts are particular to evaluations of men\'s sexiness\ - Women\'s fertile-phase sexuality is appropriately referred to as oestrus Chapter 11: Conflict Between the Sexes 3 General Types \[Sexual Conflicts\] 1\. Sexual Accessibility\ 2. Identifying which women are fertile\ 3. Avoiding commitment Perception biases generating sexual conflict 1. **sexual over-perception bias**\ -ex: thinking that someone wants you just by them looking at you\ 2. **Commitment Skepticism**\ -underestimating men\'s commitment Sexual Coercion holding back from having sex (used more by women) 2 evolutionary hypotheses \[Sexual Coercion\] 1\. Adaptation hypothesis\ Rape functions as a facultative male reproductive tactic that contributes directly to reproductive success\ 2. Byproduct hypothesis\ No direct selection for rape, but is a byproduct of other male psychological adaptations, such as those associated with sexual variety and aggression Women\'s Anti-Rape Adaptations \[4\] 1\. Specialized fears during ovulation\ 2. Psychological pain from rape\ 3. Decreased risk-taking during ovulation\ 4. Increases strength during ovulation Specialized fears during ovulation \[Women\'s Anti-rape\] 1\. Formations of alliances for protection\ 2. Mate selection for strong men\ 3. Female-female alliance\ 4. Specialized fears (overestimating chances of getting raped)\ 5. Avoid risky behavior\ 6. Psychological pain that comes with getting raped Psychological pain from rape \[Women\'s Anti-rape\] predictions about victims age & pain motivates the aviodance\ -mental Strength \[Women\'s Anti-Rape\] increases\ -study shows that after reading a story about sexual assault (while ovulating) had a stronger grasp compared to non-ovulating Sexual Overperception Bias when men consider a smile as a sign that a woman wants them\ **happens bc they don\'t wanna miss a chance to mate** Commitment Skepticism leads women to be deceived by men who are merely faking emotional devotion to them Jealousy (def) involves 3 people; valued relationship by one\ -experienced when a valued relationship is threatened by a real or imagined rival Sex Difference \[Jealousy\] men & women experience similar levels\ M: care more about sexual infidelity \[sex\]\ - risk being cuckolded\ W: care more about emotional infidelity \[love\]\ - don\'t risk maternity uncertainty\ -risk potential loss of time, resources & commitment from partner Research on sex diffs \[Jealousy\] \--is cross-cultural\ \--emerges in hypothetical & actual scenarios\ \--emerges in forced-choice & continuous measures\ \--Emerges using physiological measures\ \--occurs when considering sibling\'s partner\'s infidelities and child\'s partner\'s infidelities Cuckoldry \[Jealousy\] magnified in men bc of the tremendous investment they often channel toward their children\ -if this happens to a man, he risks investing all his resources in a rival man\'s child Chapter 6.5: Miscellaneous Topics in Human Mating Homosexuality in some species, most individuals do not reproduce directly\ -ex: bees are more related w/ their sisters than their offspring\ \--its more beneficial to help the queen reproduce \"Tipping-point\" model for homosexuality Attempts to explain male homosexuality as a continuum\ \--If many alleles are inherited, a tipping point is reached at which even mate preferences become \"feminized,\" meaning males are attracted to other males\ \--inheriting all the fem-pulling alleles produces homosexuality\ \[attractive men care more fem-pulling alleles = more likely to have gay sons\] Sex Ratio Theory The \# of men per 100 reproductive-age women\ -more women than men in the world Low Sex Ratio Society \[more W than M\]\ -higher rates of female promiscuity\ -higher rates of teen pregnancy & illegit. births High Sex Ratio Society \[more M than W\]\ -lower divorce rates\ -more stable marriages