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Health and Wellness Learning objectives • 1. State the World Health Organization’s definition of health. • 2. List five components of health and describe how each is attained. • 3. Define and differentiate morbidity and mortality. the terms Learning objectives 5. State levels of prevention...

Health and Wellness Learning objectives • 1. State the World Health Organization’s definition of health. • 2. List five components of health and describe how each is attained. • 3. Define and differentiate morbidity and mortality. the terms Learning objectives 5. State levels of prevention in health care. 6. Explain the wellness–illness continuum. Discuss the implications of acute and chronic illnesses as part of the continuum. 7. Relate the concept of wellness to Maslow’s hierarchy of human needs. 8. Define and differentiate the terms lifestyle factor and risk factor and the nursing considerations for these factors. Learning objectives 9. List sources of healthcare education and information. 10. Identify health concerns of each of the following age groups: infants, children, adolescents and young adults, mature adults, and older adults. State at least four nursing implications related to each. 11. Identify categories of diseases or disorders that are deviations from wellness. Health and Wellness • The World Health Organization (WHO) was established by the United Nations in 1948 to improve worldwide health. • Health, according to the WHO, is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. Health and Wellness • Health is much more than physical well-being. Health includes the concepts of mind-body-spirit homeostasis. • Homeostasis is the balance of all of the components of the human organism. • It implies continual adaptation to maintain a balance of sameness, • we must continuously adjust to our psychological, physical, and spiritual • environment to maintain a balance. Health and Wellness • Health must be considered in its broadest, holistic sense, which includes the following components: üPhysical health: Physical fitness, the body functioning at its best üEmotional health: Feelings and attitudes that make one comfortable with oneself üPsychological or mental health: A mind that grows and adjusts, is in control, and is free of serious stress Health and Wellness • Health must be considered in its broadest, holistic sense, which includes the following components: üSocial health: A sense of responsibility and caring for the health and welfare of others ü Spiritual health: Inner peace and security, comfort with one’s higher power, as one perceives it (relationship with the God) Health and Wellness • Disease is a change in the structure or function of body tissues, biologic systems, or the human mind. • Illness is the response to disease that involves a change in function. • Infection is a change in the structure and function of body tissues caused by invasion from harmful microorganisms. Environmental Health Today’s society confronts many environmental problems that must be addressed in order to improve the overall health of the community. ü waterborne illnesses, üLead poisoning, üassorted air pollutants, üradon poisoning, üToxic chemicals, ü hazardous waste disposal, übiological contamination, üsafe disposal of solid wastes, and food and drug safety. Morbidity and mortality • Morbidity refers to the number of people with an illness or disorder relative to a specific population. E.g. influenza morbidity rates 25% • Mortality refers to the chances of death associated with a particular illness or disorder. E.g. mortality rate of women dying of lung cancer increased 400% from 1960 to 1990. 10 leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the USA as follows: • ischemic heart disease • Road injuries • Stroke • Chronic kidney disease • Lower respiratory infections • Alzheimer’s disease • Conflict and terror • Cirrhosis • Neonatal disorders • Diabetes Prevention and health care • Today’s healthcare system emphasizes prevention rather than treatment of disease. v Levels of prevention: 1. Prevention services, also called primary healthcare services, have had significant positive effects on healthcare issues, such as ü prenatal care for mothers and infants, ü antismoking campaigns, and ümammography for women. Prevention and health care • Today’s healthcare system emphasizes prevention rather than treatment of disease. v Levels of prevention: 2. Secondary healthcare services • provide individuals with specific medical or surgical therapies, generally in acute care settings. Prevention and health care • Today’s healthcare system emphasizes prevention rather than treatment of disease. v Levels of prevention: 3. Rehabilitation or tertiary services have greatly enhanced the level of the health of clients with chronic illness (noncurable diseases) or disability. The wellness-Illness Continuum • Most people are not totally healthy or totally ill at any given time. • An individual’s daily state of health falls somewhere on a continuum from highlevel wellness to impaired or diminished state of health, to death. The wellness-Illness Continuum • The state of wellness or illness fluctuates depending on the individual. • Components contribute to a state of wellness: üGood physical self-care üPrevention of illness/injury üUsing one’s full intellectual potential üExpressing emotions and managing stress appropriately üComfortable and congenial interpersonal relationships üConcern about one’s environment and conditions throughout the world Acute Vs Chronic illnesses • Illnesses are classified as either acute or chronic. • Acute illnesses ; § illnesses that interfere with the wellness–illness continuum for a short period of time. § Acute illnesses generally develop suddenly and resolve within a specified period of time. § E.g. common cold Acute Vs Chronic illnesses Illnesses are classified as either acute or chronic. Chronic illnesses • result in a long-term health disturbance. • Individuals with chronic illnesses function within the wellness–illness continuum, but often are limited by their disorder. • E.g. such as arthritis, asthma, or HIV/AIDS Acute Vs Chronic illnesses* Illnesses are classified as either acute or chronic. Chronic illnesses in common have some characteristics: üIt causes permanent change, üIrreversible alteration in normal anatomy and physiology üRequires special patient education for rehabilitation. üCharacterized by periods of remission (symptoms are not present) and relapse or exacerbation (symptoms reappear). The wellness-Illness Continuum • A person may have an acute illness, a chronic illness, or both. • It is very common for an individual with a chronic illness to become acutely ill. • E.g. a person might become acutely ill from a seasonal virus, or someone with a chronic illness may become unstable from an acute asthma attack (exacerbation). Lifestyle and risk factors • Lifestyle factors are patterns of living that we choose to follow, • such as the amount and type of exercise performed by an individual, Nutrition, smoking, substance abuse, stress, and violence • can be controlled or modified. Lifestyle and risk factors Risk factors may or may • not be preventable. is a risk factor • Smoking that is preventable. Our genetic makeup • contains risk factors that we cannot control. risk factors are • Certain related to our occupation, environment, or age. Lifestyle and risk factors 1. Physical Activity recommended for all people. • physical activity enhances energy, reduces • Moderate stress, and provides relaxation. essential in the management of chronic conditions such as • diabetes and arthritis. helps in weight control and decreases the percentage of • Itbody fat. adult should perform 30 minutes or more of • Every moderate-intensity physical activity most days of the week for maintenance of good health. Lifestyle and risk factors 2. Nutrition nutrition contributes to congestive heart failure, • Poor cancer, obesity, and growth retardation in children. High sugar intake, pesticide use, fertilizer overuse, and • food additives also contribute to disease. major components of a healthy diet include reduced • The fat and sodium intake, adequate calcium intake, and increased intake of fiber and natural carbohydrates. Lifestyle and risk factors 3. Abstinence From Tobacco Products single leading cause of preventable death in • the the United States chemicals in cigarette smoke (Incl. • Many nicotine) cause cancer (carcinogenic). Cancers caused or aggravated by smoking are • those of the lung, mouth, throat, esophagus, bladder, kidney, pancreas, and cervix. medical conditions that result from • Other smoking incl. heart disease and chronic respiratory diseases incl. asthma, emphysema, bronchitis, pneumonia, and other acute and chronic respiratory disorders. Lifestyle and risk factors 3. Abstinence From Tobacco Products smoke also causes cardiovascular diseases, heart • Secondhand attacks, and numerous respiratory problems. chemicals found in smoke that a nonsmoker breathes are • The more dangerous than the smoke that is inhaled by the smoker. is especially damaging to the young, developing lung tissues of • Itinfants and children Lifestyle and risk factors 3. Abstinence From Tobacco Products • Pregnant women who smoke also: increase the chances of preterm births (born early, before the üexpected due date) and stillborn babies. üThe risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) Lifestyle and risk factors 4. Substance Abuse • E.g Alcoholic beverages. abuse of alcohol and other drugs contributes in many ways ütoThe decreased public health. üAccidents and homicides ücirrhosis of the liver, diverticulitis, ümental health conditions, such as depression and suicide. üfamily strife, domestic violence, üwork absenteeism, and unemployment. Increased use of marijuana, cocaine, crack, heroin, and similar ü“street” drugs has become a major factor in the rising crime rate in the United States. Lifestyle and risk factors 5. Stress a mental or physical tension exerted on an individual’s • ishomeostasis. It is often associated with change. stress is beneficial (eustress) because it offers people • Some a challenge that keeps them moving toward goals. Physical causative factors of stress include injury, diseases • and disorders, and invasion of pathogens. Psychological factors include fear, anxiety, crisis, • happiness, and change. Lifestyle and risk factors 5. Stress the stress is not the actual physical or emotional • Often event, but the stress is our reaction to the event. need to recognize that stress is insidious • Individuals (sneaky) and often we do not recognize the symptoms until a crisis emerges. Lifestyle and risk factors 5. Violence and Abuse violence: This is violence that occurs in the • Domestic home. by a male partner is the single largest cause of • Abuse injury to women Key Concept activity; having a well-balanced, low-fat diet; • Physical maintaining a healthy body weight; and not smoking can reduce the incidence of many disorders. EDUCATION AND HEALTH PROMOTION way to combat society’s health problems is through • One extensive education. Education can be the leading source of prevention of disease and disabilities. • Numerous sources of information are available, for example: üFormal courses in school (e.g., mine safety) Informal courses (e.g., prenatal and birth courses) ü üPublic service announcements and advertisements üInformational flyers, brochures, and books Nonprofit organizations (e.g., American Cancer Society, üAmerican Lung Association) üHealthcare providers Internet Websites ü EDUCATION AND HEALTH PROMOTION Alert Websites offer wonderful and easy access to • Nursing hundreds of health-related information sites. use caution when gathering information. Not all • However, sites use information based on truth and documented fact. check your resources and use sites that have • Double reliable, professional, and current information. e.g. sites that are affiliated to educational institutions and health organizations: • .org • .edu .gov • EDUCATION AND HEALTH PROMOTION professional and reliable websites to get your • Use health related information (http ends with org, edu, gov). • E.g Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: www.cdc.gov American Diabetes Association • www.diabetes.org • Indian Health service www.ihs.gov\ • World health organization (WHO) website www.who.int AGE-RELATED HEALTH CONCERNS Infants (0-1 yrs) • • Children (1-12 yrs) • Adolescents and young adults (12-40 yrs) Mature adults (40-65 yrs ) • • Older adults (≥ 65 yrs ) AGE-RELATED HEALTH CONCERNS Infants (0-1 yrs) • üLow birth weight, congenital anomalies, ü üsudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), and ürespiratory distress syndrome AGE-RELATED HEALTH CONCERNS Children (1-12 yrs) • The number one cause of death in young children in üAmerica is accidental injury. Asthma is the leading cause of illness ü üThe misuse of firearms Lack of exercise and physical play activities is a growing üconcern for the young. Obesity is present in at least one third of the young. AGE-RELATED HEALTH CONCERNS • Children (1-12 yrs) The great news is that major childhood infectious üdiseases are preventable. The six childhood scourges of the past have highly effective immunizations. Immunizations are available against measles, mumps, ürubella, diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus. Newer vaccines against hepatitis A and B, chickenpox, üand other viruses are also eliminating illness in children. AGE-RELATED HEALTH CONCERNS • Adolescents and Young Adults (20-40 yrs) Risk behaviors are more prevalent in adolescents and üyoung adults. Specific lifestyle factors influence this age group. Peer üpressure is stronger in this age group than in others. AGE-RELATED HEALTH CONCERNS • Adolescents and Young Adults (20-40 yrs) Vehicle Accidents (MVAs) are the leading causes üofMotor morbidity and mortality for ages 10 to 24. Firearms and other weapons, such as knives, are the üsecond leading cause of death for young adults (Homicide). AGE-RELATED HEALTH CONCERNS • Adolescents and Young Adults (20-40 yrs) Binge Drinking is defined as having five or more üalcoholic drinks in one day at least once per month. MVAs, violent acts, and suicides are often associated with alcohol consumption. üSuicide AGE-RELATED HEALTH CONCERNS • Adolescents and Young Adults (20-40 yrs) Eating Disorders Young women who begin dysfunctional üeating habits often develop eating disorders between the ages of 12 and 25. They include self-starvation, binging, purging, excessive exercise, and overuse of diuretics, laxatives, and diet pills. AGE-RELATED HEALTH CONCERNS • Adolescents and Young Adults (20-40 yrs) Sexual Health and Safe Sex: (Sexually Transmitted üDiseases, STDs), pregnancy, and emotional distress. HIV/AIDS. Abstinence is the only 100% effective way of preventing vpregnancy, exposure to herpes, gonorrhea, syphilis, and other STIs. AGE-RELATED HEALTH CONCERNS • Adolescents and Young Adults (20-40 yrs) Pregnancy occurs most often to women in their 20s. The ümaternal and infant morbidity risks are significantly higher in teenage mothers and mothers over the age of 35. Use of crack or cocaine, even one time during vpregnancy, can cause learning disabilities, preterm birth, low birth weight, fetal stroke, miscarriage, and stillbirth. AGE-RELATED HEALTH CONCERNS • Mature Adults (40-65 yrs) üHeart Disease and Cancer hypertension. ü Hypertension can lead to stroke and heart attack. Kidney üdamage often results. AGE-RELATED HEALTH CONCERNS • Mature Adults (40-65 yrs) Many lifestyle factors increase the risk for vhypertension. üwomen who take birth control pills and smoke lack of physical activity, ü üexcess body weight, üUse of alcohol, and high salt (sodium) intake. ü AGE-RELATED HEALTH CONCERNS • Mature Adults (40-65 yrs) Diabetes Mellitus is the largest cause of kidney failure, vblindness, and limb amputation. Diabetes is sometimes preventable and generally vmanageable, but not curable. AGE-RELATED HEALTH CONCERNS • Mature Adults (40-65 yrs) • Men's health Prostate and lung cancer are the most common cancers in vmen. accidents, a leading cause of death in all male age vgroups. AGE-RELATED HEALTH CONCERNS • Mature Adults (40-65 yrs) • Women's health Osteoporosis (loss of bone density) is the most prevalent vbone disease in the world and causes more than 1 million fractures of the hip, spine, and wrist. Cardiovascular diseases v Cancer is a concern for women. Because of the increase of vsmoking in women, lung cancer now leads the mortality rate of cancer in women. Breast and ovarian cancer are the second and third leading Mammography and pap test are required for early vdetection. Pap smears (detects cervical cancer) Mammography (detects breast cancer ) AGE-RELATED HEALTH CONCERNS Adults (≥ 65 yrs): major causes of death in older • Older population are: Heart disease, cancer, stroke, COPD, pneumonia, and üinfluenza. arthritis, ü osteoporosis, ü üincontinence, üvision and hearing impairment, and üdementia. üAlzheimer’s disease CATEGORIES OF DEVIATION FROM WELLNESS • Disease are classified in several ways.Usually, they are • Diseases classified according to üetiology (cause),e.g infectious and non infectious the body system that they affect e.g GIT diseases vs ürespiratory diseases the extent of their involvement in the organ or body, e.g ügrade I uterine prolapse to grade IV üthe way they are acquired e.g blood born disease vs STDs. Classifying diseases according to cause is not always vsatisfactory because the ultimate causes of many diseases are still unknown (idiopathic). CATEGORIES OF DEVIATION FROM WELLNESS 1. Organic and Functional Diseases disease means that detectable structural change has • Organic occurred in one or more organs that also alters usual function. Functional disease is a disorder in which a structural cause • cannot be identified. The person, however, experiences changes that affect his or her ability to conduct the usual activities of daily living (ADL). The person is said to be dysfunctional if he or she cannot perform usual activities. CATEGORIES OF DEVIATION FROM WELLNESS 2. Hereditary Disorders or both biological parents may transmit a hereditary • One (genetic) disorder to an embryo, resulting in the child’s physical impairment. E.g. Sickle Cell Disease (SCD), • CATEGORIES OF DEVIATION FROM WELLNESS 3. Congenital Disorders • Disorders that are present at birth. Unlike hereditary disorders, however, they are not necessarily • transmitted through genes. be genetic or may be caused by another unfavorable • may condition that affects normal fetal development. E.g. herpes virus in the mother can be transmitted through the placenta or during the birth process and can cause congenital defects. e.g rubella (German measles) during pregnancy, the • Another disease may cause body abnormalities or defects (hearing defects ). CATEGORIES OF DEVIATION FROM WELLNESS 4. Infectious Diseases • A common cause of disease of the body by microorganisms, such as bacteria • isor invasion viruses, or by animal parasites. Some infections are local, which means the area of invasion • is limited to one area or organ e,g abscess formation or flu. • Systemic infections involve the whole body. E.g septicemia that cause infections may or may not be • Microorganisms contagious, which means the infection can be transferred from one person to another e.g scabies, pediculosis CATEGORIES OF DEVIATION FROM WELLNESS 5. Deficiency Diseases of nutrition that result from a lack of one or more • disorders dietary nutrients. E.g. lack of vitamin C causes scurvy CATEGORIES OF DEVIATION FROM WELLNESS 7. Metabolic Disorders • A disturbance of one or more of the endocrine glands. Endocrine glands secrete hormones that regulate body • processes e.g. the thyroid hormone affects the rate of metabolism for the entire body, and • insulin deficiency results in diabetes mellitus. occurs from hypersecretion (too much) or • Dysfunction hyposecretion (too little) of a hormone. CATEGORIES OF DEVIATION FROM WELLNESS 8. Neoplastic Diseases • The growth of abnormal tissue or tumors. • These growths can be benign or malignant. • benign tumor results from the growth of cells similar to the • Atissue in which it appears. A benign tumor is often surrounded by a capsule. Once removed, the tumor usually does not recur. It may be disfiguring, but it is not dangerous unless it crowds other structures or robs surrounding tissues of their blood supply. CATEGORIES OF DEVIATION FROM WELLNESS 8. Neoplastic Diseases malignant tumor (e.g., cancer) is a wild and disorderly • Agrowth of cells that is unlike the tissue from which it arises. This cell growth robs normal tissues of nutrients. Malignant cells also tend to spread to other parts of the body, • a process called metastasis. CATEGORIES OF DEVIATION FROM WELLNESS 9. Traumatic Injuries • are those injuries caused by external forces. Injuries incurred in automobile accidents and falls are • examples. trauma (e.g., emotional distress) also falls under this • Mental category. CATEGORIES OF DEVIATION FROM WELLNESS 10. Occupational Disorders occupational groups are subject to conditions • Certain particular to their jobs. E.g Construction workers are subject to fall from height (FFH) injuries. workers and miners also have high rates of • Agricultural mortality. who work around chemicals, radiation, and • Employees other hazardous materials are more likely to be susceptible to acute and chronic conditions.