Nursing Research - Theoretical Context Development PDF

NRSGRC1: NURSING RESEARCH Elton John D. Delos Santos, RN, MAEd, MAN Associate Professor, UB-SN  THE RESEARCH PROCESS: Conceptual phase Elton John D. Delos Santos, RN, MA Ed.  THE RESEARCH PROCESS Formulating and Delimiting the...

NRSGRC1: NURSING RESEARCH Elton John D. Delos Santos, RN, MAEd, MAN Associate Professor, UB-SN  THE RESEARCH PROCESS: Conceptual phase Elton John D. Delos Santos, RN, MA Ed.  THE RESEARCH PROCESS Formulating and Delimiting the Conceptual Problem Reviewing the Related Literature Phase Developing a Theoretical Framework ✓ for Analysis 9/22/2024 ELTON F. DELOS SANTOS, RN, MA Ed 4  Definition of Terms: facts, concepts, constructs, a theory, etc. 9/22/2024 ELTON D. DELOS SANTOS, RN, MA Ed 5  1. FACT It is the most basic, irreducible term refer to a phenomenon that is known to be true. 9/22/2024 ELTON D. DELOS SANTOS, RN, MA Ed 6  2. Concepts It refers to things living inanimate …properties ----and their …Mental idea …Verbal description of a phenomenon that exists in reality. 9/22/2024 ELTON D. DELOS SANTOS, RN, MA Ed 7  Concrete vs. Abstract CONCRETE ABSTRACT The human Brain- Intelligence The Human Heart- Care, Love A Nurse--------- Nursing A Caregiver---- Caregiving 9/22/2024 ELTON D. DELOS SANTOS, RN, MA Ed 8  CONCEPTS In quantitative studies, referred to as variables VARY IN NUMBERS In qualitative studies referred to as phenomena 9/22/2024 ELTON D. DELOS SANTOS, RN, MA Ed 9  CONCEPTUALIZATION -is the process of using a fact or facts to form basic ideas, plans, designs, or strategies 9/22/2024 ELTON D. DELOS SANTOS, RN, MA Ed 10 Kinds of concepts A. Enumerative – characteristics of phenomena that are always present & universal to all people such as age, height, weight B. Associative- refers to concepts that exist in some instances in the phenomena which are not common to all conditions such as income, disease, anxiety Kinds of concepts C. Relational- characteristics of phenomenon that can be understood only when they are combined two or more enumerative and associative with age, developmental tasks, and longevity D. Statistical- refer to the quantitative property of a thing represented in terms of its distribution to the population such as rise in BP, incidence of SARS infection and bird flu, among others Kinds of concepts E. Summative- represents the global and complex entity of the phenomenon such as health, nursing, man, and environment - Requires integration of other concepts such as nursing care, health-illness continuum, needs and problems of man, in order to simplify its meaning and use in a research study  3. CONSTRUCT It is a highly abstract and complex phenomenon. While a concept can be concrete or abstract, a construct is always abstract, and is referred to as a more complex abstraction than a concept. 9/22/2024 ELTON D. DELOS SANTOS, RN, MA Ed 14  EXAMPLES OF CONSTRUCTS High level wellness in Dunn’s model, Self-care in Orem’s model, and Health belief in Becker’s and 9/22/2024 Rosentock’s model. ELTON D. DELOS SANTOS, RN, MA Ed 15  CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK Utilizes specific and well- defined concepts and constructs that describe ideas about individuals, groups, situations and events of a particular interest to a discipline (Craven & Hirnle, 2003). 9/22/2024 ELTON D. DELOS SANTOS, RN, MA Ed 16  CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK Example: Oxygenation, fluids and electrolytes, metabolism 9/22/2024 ELTON D. DELOS SANTOS, RN, MA Ed 17  4. PROPOSITION a statement or an assertion of the relationship between concepts derived from theories or generalizations based on empirical data. A proposition is composed of conceptual models. 9/22/2024 ELTON D. DELOS SANTOS, RN, MA Ed 18  4. PROPOSITION Example: “ There is a relationship between pulse rates and respiration rates.” It also assert that one variable causes another variable “Bacteria cause disease” 9/22/2024 ELTON D. DELOS SANTOS, RN, MA Ed 19  5. EMPERICAL GENERALIZATIONS When a similar pattern of events is found in the empirical data of a number of different studies, the pattern is called empirical generalizations (Reynolds, 1971). Example: a nurse who observes 40-50 preoperative patients and finds that each is anxious. The nurse makes an empirical generalization that all preoperative patients are anxious. 9/22/2024 ELTON D. DELOS SANTOS, RN, MA Ed 20  6. HYPOTHESIS Predicts the relationship between two or more variables. 9/22/2024 ELTON D. DELOS SANTOS, RN, MA Ed 21  7. MODEL Symbolic presentation of some phenomenon or phenomena 9/22/2024 ELTON D. DELOS SANTOS, RN, MA Ed 22  8. CONCEPTUAL MODELS Made up of concepts and propositions that state the relationship between the concepts. 9/22/2024 ELTON D. DELOS SANTOS, RN, MA Ed 23  9. VARIABLES Qualities, properties or characteristics of persons, things, or situations that change or vary 9/22/2024 ELTON D. DELOS SANTOS, RN, MA Ed 24  Variables are characteristics, traits or factors that have more mutually exclusive properties or values. They are the constructs or properties being studies. These properties could be sub-grouped or sub- classed qualitatively or quantitatively.  VARIABLE QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE GROUP GROUP Age Young Below 18 years Middle old Old 18- 36 years 37 and above Household size Small 1-4 members Average 4-9 members Big 10 and more members Height Tall 5 ft 8in and more Medium 5ft to 5ft 7” Short Below 5 ft Variables without quantitative groups Gender or sex (Female , male) Highest educational attainment (Elementary, High School, College, Graduate School, post graduate studies) Religious affiliation ( Roman Catholic, Episcopalian, Baptist etc) Type of dwelling (Gi Sheets, cogon, wood etc) Ethnic affiliation (Aplai, Falangeg, Bontoc, etc) Means of Transportation (Bus, van, airplane, ship etc)  10. ASSUMPTIONS PROPOSITION that is POSITIVE taken to be true ASSERTIONS STATEMENT DESCRIBING A FACT Logic or reason OR CONDITION===ACCEPTED AS (needs no proof TRUE ON THE BASIS OF LOGIC or verification AND REASON 9/22/2024 ELTON D. DELOS SANTOS, RN, MA Ed 28  3 TYPES OF ASSUMPTIONS A. Universal assumptions - from researcher’s knowledge & observed facts related to the problem Example: Smoking is harmful to one’s health 9/22/2024 ELTON D. DELOS SANTOS, RN, MA Ed 29  3 TYPES OF ASSUMPTIONS B. Study assumptions - positive assumptions necessary to carry out the study; serve as basis for stating the study hypotheses Example: Position during labor influences the progress of labor 9/22/2024 ELTON D. DELOS SANTOS, RN, MA Ed 30  3 TYPES OF ASSUMPTIONS C. Theory or research- based assumptions = premised on specific theory or theories that is applicable to the study Example: The patient’s basic physiological needs must first be met before providing client teaching. (Based on Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, 1970). 9/22/2024 ELTON D. DELOS SANTOS, RN, MA Ed 31 characteristics They are universally accepted truths which do not need any testing They are theories applicable to a particular field of study They refer to findings of previous related researches  10. THEORY Set of interrelated concepts, definitions and propositions that presents a systematic view of the phenomenon by specifying relations among variables, with the purpose of explaining and predicting phenomenon. Represented by conceptual Paradigm & Conceptual Models 9/22/2024 ELTON D. DELOS SANTOS, RN, MA Ed 33  CHARACTERISTICS OF A THEORY Composed of a set of concepts It consists of propositions It is not merely discovered but is created or invented It is not proven true; it is speculative and tentative subject to challenge and revision. 9/22/2024 ELTON D. DELOS SANTOS, RN, MA Ed 34  PURPOSES OF THEORIES 1. To summarize and logically organize. Example: The degree of complication during pregnancy varies with the economic status of the patient 9/22/2024 ELTON D. DELOS SANTOS, RN, MA Ed 35  PURPOSES OF THEORIES 2. It interprets and explains as well as predict and control outcomes. How? 9/22/2024 ELTON D. DELOS SANTOS, RN, MA Ed 36  a. Guiding & help understand the “what” of a natural phenomenon as well as the “why” of its occurrence b. Providing a framework for predicting the occurrence of the phenomenon. c. Forecasting facts and relationships observed under specific circumstances d. Predicting & controlling the phenomenon under study e. Identifying desired changes in the environment based on observed situations 9/22/2024 ELTON D. DELOS SANTOS, RN, MA Ed 37  IMPORTANCE OF THEORIES 4. Discipline’s advancement and well- being of the practitioner’s clients. 5. Basis for professional practice 6. Validates, enhances, and improves the practice 9/22/2024 ELTON D. DELOS SANTOS, RN, MA Ed 38  IMPORTANCE OF THEORIES 7. Promote better explanation and understanding of phenomena. 8. Backed by a sound knowledge base, and inspired by higher level of autonomy and professional visibility and identity. 9. Better quality performance, resulting in improved outcomes of care. 9/22/2024 ELTON D. DELOS SANTOS, RN, MA Ed 39 9/22/2024 ELTON D. DELOS SANTOS, RN, MA Ed 40 Figure 3-1 The living tree of nursing theories. (Note: From “The living tree of nursing theories” by C. Tourville & K. Ingalls, 2003, Nursing Forum, p. 23.)  Importance of Theory to Nursing 1. Basis of nursing practice ---theory describes, predicts, controls, & explains phenomena of interest to nurses 2. It validate, enhances, & improves nursing practice 3. It promotes understanding & explanation of phenomena and gives rise to a body of knowledge 4. It follows logical progression & contributes to nursing autonomy & identity 5. It is intrinsic to practice, & practice continues to validate theory, hence, theory & practice are integral to each other 9/22/2024 ELTON D. DELOS SANTOS, RN, MA Ed 42  CRITERIA FOR JUDGING A THEORY- SET Significance Explanation or systematic description of phenomena Testability 9/22/2024 ELTON D. DELOS SANTOS, RN, MA Ed 43  STEVENS set of standards for theory evaluation 1. INTERNAL CRITICISM a. Clarity b. Consistency c. Logical development d. Level of theory development 9/22/2024 ELTON D. DELOS SANTOS, RN, MA Ed 44  2. EXTERNAL CRITICISM a. advocacy b. utility c. significance d. discrimination e. scope f. complexity and parsimony 9/22/2024 ELTON D. DELOS SANTOS, RN, MA Ed 45 Evaluating a Theory (Tan, 2006) 1.Semantic & structural clarity 2.Semantic & structural simplicity 3.Generalizability 4.Empirical precision 5.Desirable consequences  HOW ARE THEORIES GENERATED AND DEVELOPED? The basic intellectual process involved in theory development is induction (process of reasoning from a particular observation of given facts and situations to 9/22/2024 generalization) ELTON D. DELOS SANTOS, RN, MA Ed 47 Steps: A. Researcher selects a phenomenon that occurs in any nursing situation, then list and observe the variables involved in that phenomenon. B. The researcher analyzes the phenomenon & formulates hypothesis using concepts, assumptions, propositions to describe the phenomenon Steps: c. The researcher then integrates all the concepts, assumptions and inferences to the phenomenon to form a proposition or a general idea d. A theory or knowledge is derived or reconstructed using the concepts or variables representing the phenomenon  Example: Theory development using the inductive process of reasoning  HOW ARE THEORIES TESTED? The basic intellectual process involved in theory testing is deduction (process of reasoning from general or broad idea to the observation of given specific phenomenon) 9/22/2024 ELTON D. DELOS SANTOS, RN, MA Ed 51  HOW ARE THEORIES TESTED? -Stimulates research investigation & formulates research hypotheses that predicts the manner in which the variables would be interrelated. - They are subjected to empirical testing thru the use of statistical tools. Major purpose of testing theory: ---is to compare the outcome of the research investigation and the relationship predicted by the hypotheses derived from the theory used. 9/22/2024 ELTON D. DELOS SANTOS, RN, MA Ed 52  STEPS INTHEORY TESTING? 1. The researcher chooses a theory of interest & selects a specific proposition from the theory to be tested 2. Formulation of a hypothesis or inferences (specific, measurable concepts or variables which reflect the proposition statement) 9/22/2024 ELTON D. DELOS SANTOS, RN, MA Ed 53  STEPS INTHEORY TESTING? 3. The researcher conducts the study using the hypotheses derived from the theory & interprets its findings 4. Determine the implications of research findings for theory validation & future use in nursing practice 9/22/2024 ELTON D. DELOS SANTOS, RN, MA Ed 54 SOURCES OF NURSING RESEARCH THEORIES (1) theories from nursing 9/22/2024 ELTON D. DELOS SANTOS, RN, MA Ed 56 Nursing Theories: 1. Theory of Caring- Jean Watson, 1999 2. Theory of Caring-Based Counselling Intervention- KM Swanson, 1999 3. Theory of Human Becoming- Rosemarie Rizzo Parse, 1992, 1995 4. Theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality- Madeline Leininger, 1991 5. Theory of Planned Behaviour- I. Ajzen, 1988 6. Theory of Stress and Coping- S Folkman and RS Lazarus, 1988; RS Lazarus, 1966 7. Theory of Reasoned Action- I. Ajzen and M Fishbein, 1980 SOURCES OF NURSING RESEARCH THEORIES (2) theories from other disciplines. 9/22/2024 ELTON D. DELOS SANTOS, RN, MA Ed 58  SOURCES OF NURSING RESEARCH THEORIES 1. Adult Learning Theory - Knowles, 1990 2. Social Learning Theory – Bandura in 1986; Rotter in 1954 3. Health Behaviours- Backer, 1985 4. Moral Reasoning- Kohlberg, 1978 5. Stress- Selye, 1976 6. Helplessness- Seligman, 1975 7. Anxiety- Spielberger, 1972 8. Motivation- Maslow, 1970 9/22/2024 ELTON D. DELOS SANTOS, RN, MA Ed 59  NURSING CONCEPTUAL MODELS a. Orem’s Self-care model b. Roger’s model of Unitary Human Beings c. Roy’s Adaptation model d. Neuman’s Systems Model 9/22/2024 ELTON D. DELOS SANTOS, RN, MA Ed 60  DEVELOPING a THEORETICAL or CONCEPTUAL CONTEXT: FRAMEWORKS 9/22/2024 Elton D. Delos Santos, RN, MA Ed 65  Purposes of framework A. A research framework helps in the organization of the study B. It provides a background or foundation for a study C. It supplies a context for the interpretation of the study findings D. It is used in all quantitative studies. 9/22/2024 ELTON D. DELOS SANTOS, RN, MA Ed 66 FUNCTION They provide explicit explanations why the problem under study exists by showing how the variables involved are related to each other. Conceptual Framework- makes use of specific or well-defined concepts (CONSTRUCT) to explain the existence of the problem.  Conceptual Framework It is used to explain the relationships between concepts Comparatively speaking, it may be considered a less well-developed structure than the theoretical framework, but it may serve as a basis for a theory formulation. 9/22/2024 ELTON D. DELOS SANTOS, RN, MA Ed 68 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK is when the study is based on SPECIFIED CONCEPTUAL MODEL. FUNCTION Theoretical Framework- Makes use of the theory or theories to explain why the problem occurred. A theory is a set of concepts (ABSTRACT), which explains, predicts or interprets how a particular phenomenon exists and operates. The researcher may adopt existing theories on which to anchor or link his study.  Types of frameworks 1. Theoretical framework - It focuses on a broad, general explanation of the relationships between concepts of interest in a research study. - It is founded on one existing theory. Combining or merging theories (two or more) may be observed when conducting a research. (Nieswiadomy, 2008). 9/22/2024 ELTON D. DELOS SANTOS, RN, MA Ed 71 Theoretical framework / logical structure Derived from one or more theories or paradigms thru the processes of induction and deduction. It postulates relationships among concepts and permits empirical testing THEORETICAL MODEL A group of interrelated theories that provide rationale for the hypotheses, policies and curricula of a science  Paradigm Represents global issues about individuals, groups, situations and events of interest to the profession. Nursing theories utilizes behavioral, developmental, interactional, and systems based EXAMPLES LEVEL INDEPENDENT INTERVENING DEPENDENT VARIABLE VARIABLE VARIABLE THEORETICAL Knowledge in Characteristics Skills criminology of learners CONCEPTUAL Community Sex, mental Trafficking skills, Exposure ability, year investigative level skills OPERATIONAL Length of Sex, mental Academic exposure ability, year grades/ ratings level  Conceptual PARADIGM is termed as a figure in the study. Figures in the study are numbered consequently with nomenclatures or captions (titles) A diagram that visually presents and interprets the underlying theory, principles & concepts of a research. Visual presentation of variables that interrelate with one another as perceived by the researcher before an actual empirical investigation by the researcher before an actual empirical investigation is done to prove its relationships 9/22/2024 ELTON D. DELOS SANTOS, RN, MA Ed 78 Conceptual model or paradigm Concepts that provide a structure for organizing phenomena of interest in the practice or research. Paradigm is also used to mean a model or worldview about a major phenomenon of concern to a discipline e.g. Orem’s Self-care Theory, King’s System Model, Levine’s Conservative Model, Roger’s Model, Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (1970). Elton Delos Santos, RN, MA Ed Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (1970).  Construction of the theoretical/conceptual framework: Read all possible sources Get the Gist Arrange accordingly according to strength and authority of sources Arrange accordingly- relationship to variable understudy 9/22/2024 ELTON D. DELOS SANTOS, RN, MA Ed 82 CONSTRUCTION OF CONCEPTUAL PARADIGM ---They could be presented in SOLID LINES DIRECT RELATIONSHIPS and DOTTED LINES INDIRECT RELATIONSHIPS Continuous line Dotted line CONSTRUCTION OF CONCEPTUAL PARADIGM 2. They are presented with basic shapes and arrows that indicate flow of direction, interaction, interdependence & interrelationship such as a linear or cyclical flow model, or top-down model or bottom-up model CONSTRUCTION OF CONCEPTUAL PARADIGM 3. Should be properly labeled and must be accompanied by a textual explanation either presented in numbered or bullet form or paragraph form 4. Keep the paradigm short and simple in order not to confuse the readers  Types of models Conceptual Theoretical Conceptual models Ideas formulated in the mind; the picture of something that actually exists which consists of patterns, standards or examples which are abstract and not generally observable in the empirical world (Fawcett: 2001). Example: A plastic model of a heart  CONCEPTUAL MODEL THEORY not a theory NOT a conceptual less concrete and more model. abstract than theory ---A model is just a unit More concrete than from which theory is conceptual model made a generalization of a a composite and detailed phenomenon that has statement that expresses a general idea of a global significance particular subject Theoretical models Represents the real world expressed in language (qualitative) or mathematical (quantitative) symbols. Provide a way to visualize reality and simplify thinking, but are not directly observable.  CONCEPTUAL MODEL OR THEORITICAL MODEL OR PARADIGM FRAMEWORK It is a pretheoretic basis from which It proposes a framework derived from theories substantive theories may be derived It is highly abstract It is less abstract than conceptual models Concepts are related and multidimensional Concepts are narrowly bounded, specific, and explicitly interrelated It provides a perspective for science It postulates relationships. It is descriptive, explanatory or predictive. In applied science it is prescriptive It is derived from systematic observation and It is constructed from available theories and intuition findings of empirical research It is developed thru the process of intuition It is developed thru the process of induction and deduction It must be evaluated thru logical grounds and It permits empirical tests cannot be empirically tested FUNCTIONS OF TF/CF Clarifies the concept or theory on which the study is built It shows the general relationship between the sub-problem in relation to the general problem Show the relationship of different variables to each other Discusses major concepts in the study Use to have meaningful interpretation Guidelines 1. Select a theory that is useful, significant, and capable of explaining relationship among variables 2. Review & critique a current scientific state of the theory to your activity 3. Demonstrate how the theory relate to other pertinent literature 4. Fit the theory and the variables of the study Guidelines 5. State research problem so that the relationship between them and the theory is clear 6. Define terms so that theoretical and operational meaning are congruent to theory under study 7. Select the DV and IV that are congruent with theory 8. Analyze data so that integrity of variables related to theory in maintain Guidelines 9. Relate conclusion to the theory 10. Discuss and interpret data in terms of exploratory power of the theory 11. State implication for nursing base theories predictive power 12. State recommendation for future study base on the strength and weaknesses of the theory