NCM 111 Nursing Research (Finals) PDF

NCM 111 – Nursing Research (FINALS) Dr. Mary Jane Balawag, RN Ainie Balabaran 3D f. Significance of the Study...

NCM 111 – Nursing Research (FINALS) Dr. Mary Jane Balawag, RN Ainie Balabaran 3D f. Significance of the Study TOPIC 1 - In the pursuit of a study, the researcher cites the importance, responsiveness or relevance of expected outcome of the research Research Proposal and probable effects on practice or theory. - Main purpose is to show that the problem purpose to investigate is - This section must also emphasize the significant contribution of the significant enough to warrant the investigation. proposed research study to its target population to the different - The method you plan to use is suitable and feasible and the results sectors in nursing education, nursing service, to society, and its are likely to prove fruitful and will make an original contribution implication to future researchers in nursing. Nurse Researcher g. Operational Definition of Terms - The quality of research proposal depends not only on the quality of the proposed project but also on the quality proposal writing. It trans - Refers to a detailed explanation of technical terms used in data the risk of rejection simply because it was fully written. So it pays collection. the writing coherent, clear and compelling. - Data that is not defined runs the risk of being inconsistent and might not give the same results when the study is being replicated. So it GENERAL GUIDELINES IN WRITING RESEARCH PROPOSAL is really important to operationally define the terminologies in your study. 1. Title h. Scope and Coverage - Clearly describe in a succinct (concise) way what the study is all about. NO MORE THAN 15 WORD - This spells out the content of the study in terms of subject, concepts, - Informative & catchy and specific characteristics of the phenomenon, treatment, sampling, and time frame. CHAPTER 1 INCLUDES: i. Limitations of the Study a. Introduction or Background of the problem - Current knowledge in the subject, an account of published and - These are anticipated shortfalls and specific constraints such as unpublished work and a discussion on the gap and the knowledge foreseen weaknesses in methodology and design. and potential value of the furthering knowledge in this field are part - The limitation sets the parameters of the study by accepting what of the introduction or background. should be included and rejecting what should be excluded. - Provides the historical background of the study - In the limiting aspect of the study, the researchers take specific - A critical review of the literature constraints such as the Scope and Coverage, the who, what, when, where, how, and why of the study shall then be clarified and TAKE NOTE: specifically stated. In presenting the background of the study, Put forward of problem a - Expected manageability of the study like for example in significant factor of the study then describe how and why the problem will experimental study, the internal and external constraints that may be solved.(Abdullah 2016.) affect validity and reliability of the findings are also specified. - These are the factors that researchers encounter that inadvertently narrow the scope of the study. So when searching a topic, people b. Related Review of Literature encounter limitations that may affect the result of the study. - Composed of discussions of facts and principles to which the presented study is related. CHAPTER II - METHODS - You have to convince the reader that you shouldn’t be or you are a. Research Design not completely satisfied with the A system literature on the topic, and that your research will fill some important or interesting gap or - Refers to the overall strategy that you choose to integrate the address some limitations or deficiency different components of the study in a coherent and logical way. - Not summaries. They are arguments with an exposition or a clear - Thereby, ensuring you will effectively address the research explanation of a particular background knowledge needed to make problem, it constitutes the blueprint for the collection, measurement progress with research and reviews are also a review related and analysis of data. literature should also involve synthesis b. Locale of the Study/Setting c. Theoretical Framework - The researcher setting can be seen as the physical, social, and - Presents theories that explain variables of the study. cultural site in which the researcher conducts the study. - Considered or labeled as the blueprint that is often borrowed by c. Respondents/ Participants the researcher to build their own research inquiry - It serves as the foundation upon which a research is constructed. - Are those persons who have been invited to participate in a study. d. Conceptual Framework d. Sampling Size/ Sampling Technique - It is a structure which the researcher believes can best explain the - A sampling technique is the name for other identification of the natural progression of the phenomenon to be studied. specific process by which the entities of the sample have been (Camp,2001) selected. - It is also the researcher's own constructed model that they use to - Sampling technique is also a process for selecting a representative explain relationships that exist between the main variables in portion of the population to represent the entire population. his/her own study. - Sampling size refers to the number of participants or observations - It can also be an adaptation model in an existing theory to which included in the study. researcher adapts to suit his/her purpose or research purpose. e. Research Instruments e. Statement of the Problem - Are measurements tools designed to obtain data on a topic of interest from the research subjects. - Used in research work as a claim that outlines the problem addressed by a study. f. Data Gathering Procedure - It briefly addresses the question: What is the problem that research would address? - It is the process of gathering and measuring information on - A problem statement is also a concise description of an issue to be variables of interest. addressed or condition to be improved upon. It identifies the gap - It is done in an established systematic fashion which enables one between the current state and desired state of process or product. or the researcher to answer stated research questions, test the It consists of the main or major problem and specific or sub hypothesis, and evaluate the outcome. problems which will be worked out in response to the inquiry. g. Measurement/ Treatment of Data 1  - How do we interpret the data gathered on particular questions? - Because nurses rely on scientific terms and information, - Treatment is usually termed in a treatment of quantitative data and professionals in the field usually use the APA style. data analysis is a term for treatment of qualitative data. - Nursing research and scholarly journals use APA style because it provides clear standards for scientific writing and research. So This is where Chapter 2 ends in research proposal. regardless of the purpose and specific general of the nursing text they should always try for concise objective and evidence based writing. CHAPTER III - So, following an APA style ensures that the writing produce would Focuses on the presentation of result be clear, concise and logical. It also establishes author credibility It is where you show how results contribute to the body of through the citation of the authoritative research sources. knowledge so be is clear and logical. It is also important not to interpret your result because that comes GANTT CHART in a discussion and conclusion sections. Your result directly supports your conclusions. - Is a graphical depiction of a project schedule. It Useful for planning and scheduling projects. CHAPTER IV - It help you assess how long a project should take, determine the Includes the discussion resources needed, and plan the order in which researchers It evaluates and interprets the implications especially to your complete the task. hypothesis. - Henry Gantt an American mechanical engineer designed the Gantt This is where you describe the meaning of your result especially in Chart. From 1861-1991. the context of what was already known about the subject. You are free to examine interpret and qualified results as well as (Template for Gantt Chart) draw inferences from the data gathered. You do not simply reformulate and repeat points already made. You only discuss what ⮚ Template of a Gantt Chart depicting your research timelines. You have you have defined early in the paper. So don't introduce the reader to indicate in here the time you started conceptualization of your problem to a whole new vocabulary. If you miss an important term, go back down to the time you need to submit your proposal. to the introduction and insert it. ⮚ Say for example, you started brainstorming of the ideas in the month of Aug. middle week. Simply put the color under the number 8 same time * Remember, all interpretation and speculation are based on fact not with the literature review. For your research plan, which is the most imagination. So above all, the discussion should explain how your research critical phase of the research process which found the basis of your has moved the body of scientific knowledge forward. research study you can perhaps complete it by September. By the end of the October you are through with writing the draft of your proposal. CHAPTER V The schedule you will make has to depend also with what is given to you as date of title defense, and proposal defense. Includes summary of findings Next important part of a research proposal is the BUDGET ALLOCATION. Are what the researcher actually found. This is significant especially for those who are requesting for a grant What you have discovered in your research. application process or financial assistance for a research proposal. Conclusion BUDGET - A proper conclusion should tell what you can or you could do with - It is a line item (tabular) representation of the expenses associated the newly acquired knowledge. Answer the question "so what". with the proposed project. What the results suggest or mean. - The budget justification contains more in depth detail of the cause behind the line item and sometimes explains the use of the fund Recommendations where not evident. The budget should make clear also how the total of each category expenses are reached. - Suggest to do on next studies or conduct further studies r/t the BUDGET NARRATIVE OR DESCRIPTION concept. Considering the conclusion, the researcher suggests the solution to the problem to prevent the occurrence of this or minimize their impact or effect. - The purpose of budget narrative is to supplement brief information - Recommendations are addressed to the sectors concerned or the provided in the budget request. It should justify how the budget intended beneficiaries of the research study such as director of items are necessary to implement the project cost and objectives nursing service for example; the deans of College of nursing; nurse and to accomplish the proposed outcomes. practitioners, CIs or students. These are intended to improve the discipline or field of study. (Template of Budget in a study) PRESENTING YOUR RESEARCH PROPOSAL Citation A proposal presentation has a distinct audience and purpose. - Typically it includes the author’s name, date, location of the publishing company, journal title or DOI ( digital objective identifier) Assume your audience to be: - It is a way of giving a credit to individuals for their creative and intellectual works that you utilized to support your research.  Experts in your field of study - It can be used to locate particular sources and combat plagiarism.  Generalists with exposure to your field of study  You need to persuade or convince your panel members that your DOI (Digital Object Identifier) - stream of numbers, letters and symbols used study is worth doing and you are capable of carrying it out. to permanently identify an article or document and link it on the web. It will help your reader easily locate document from your citation. Citation style depends of the discipline involved. How do you do this? DIFFERENT WAYS OF CITING RESOURCES  You have to help your evaluators to understand the motivation for  APA (American Psychological Association) - used by education. your idea so you have to explain your research questions. Begin Psychology and sciences. with the general objective:  MLA (Modern Language Association) - style used by the humanities.  General: what is the problem? What is its (social, scientific)  Chicago/Turabian Style - is generally used by business, history and fine significance? arts.  Followed by: Specific: how will you approach your research question? What style of writing do nurses use? You also have to emphasize the originality of your paper, your creativity and innovations you are introducing. So you can answer the question, “Is your 2 project novel?” “How is it related or compared to prior works?” and how It is actually under the DOST, so under this they published the about research questions? National Ethical Guidelines to health research in 2011. This guideline stipulated an ethics review committee or formation of ⮚ Help your panel appreciate the merits of your approach. an ethics review committee and general ethical guidelines for ⮚ So you have to provide a clear overview of your research plan. Which health. consist of your background of the study, you have to explain your The AO 001 series of 2008 emphasizes that there should be a methods concisely, demonstrate the kind of data you might see which registration of all ethics review committees at the PHREB and the talks about expected outcome of the study but be realistic, not too much AO 001 series of 2007 there is a need on requirement for the ambitious. review of all the health research including human subjects or ⮚ Remember to cover everything in 10-20 minutes or less ⮚ This starts with the statement of the problem and goes down to your participants. timelines Research Misconduct THE FOUR TRUTHS OF EFFECTIVE PRESENTATION Or scientific misconduct is a violation of the standard cause of scholarly misconduct an ethical behavior in the publication of  The slides are not the presentation – YOU ARE professional scientific research. o The single common mistake we make when we prepare a It means fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism in proposing, presentation is assuming that the slideshow is the presentation. performing, or reviewing research or even reporting research The slideshow is a visual supplement to an oral presentation, results. you are actually the presentation not the technology behind you. Do not also design the slides, design the talk. Write out what  Fabrication involves making up or fabricating data or study results you are going to say, you have to engage with your audience. o Take note: do not read your speech. Do not write the entire and reporting them. paragraph in slides  Falsification means manipulating research material, equipment or processes. It involves changing of data or meeting of data or even  Use of principles of visual design: sorting of result just such that the research is not accurately represented in the research report. o Brighter colors are visually heavier so earth colors have visually lighter so you have to use simple color combinations or  Plagiarism in proposing, performing or reviewing research or even construct colors. Use a neutral type like Calibri, Verdana, Comic reporting research results. Taking another idea or work and Sans, Helvetica and it needs to be big. presenting them as your own without an appropriate knowledge.  Tell stories through images, not words RESEARCH ETHICS o (7 words, 7 lines) o Images do a better job in creating relationship between the Everyday ethical principles often guide research in making decisions about audience and the presentation what to research, how to research and with whom to research. Nursing research uses human beings as subjects, hence the researcher must exercise  Rehearse caution to protect the right of the subject against angioimposition. So the o The more you can visually connect with your audience, the complex nature of nursing research may place a researcher the participants more they will hear what you have to say. of the study in an uncompromising situation. Ethical guidelines are developed consistent with the rules and norms of human behavior which is based on TOPIC 2 Christian morality and ethics. ETHICO-LEGAL CONSIDERATIONS IN NURSING RESEARCH Research Ethics - are systems of moral principles researchers establish to determine right and wrong research practices. RA 10532 - Philippine National Health Research System Act of 2013 ELEMENTS OF RESEARCH ETHICS - Institutionalize the memorandum of understanding among the DOST, CHED, DOH and UP Manila to work towards improving the 1. SOCIAL VALUE health status productivity and quality of life of the Filipinos. - It must be beneficial to the human subject, the community and society at large. Clinical research has instrumental value because it This can be attained through the following objectives: generates knowledge that leads to improvement in health; it is such improvement that ultimately constitutes the social value of research. 1. Ensuring that health research is linked to the health system needs. 2. INFORMED CONSENT 2. Ensuring that investments in health research yield the most - Participants have adequate information regarding the research. benefit They also comprehend the information and have the power of free 3. Promoting good governance among health research choice enabling the consent voluntarily to participate in the research organizations through efficient, effective, transparent and or decline the participation. - They must also be informed by the anticipated results of the study ethical health research management systems. and how this will affect them and the target population. 4. Ensuring sustainability of resources for health research - It has 2 elements:  The right to self-determination It was generally assumed that research ethics was embedded in  The right to full disclosure objectives 1,2 and 3. - Informing - transmission of essential ideas and content from the Most hospitals and other institutions where research is conducted established investigator to the prospective subjects. - Consent - a prospective subject agreement to participate in a study a formal committee viewing research plans. So these committees are as a subject, which is read after a simulation of essential sometimes called Human Subject Committees or if in Canada, they called it information. Research Ethics Board or if it in US they called it Institutional Review Boards and External Review 4 elements of Consent: 1. Disclosure of Essential Information Institutional Review Boards and External Review 2. Comprehension of Information 3. Competency - autonomous individuals are capable of Usually review in research paper the following: understanding the individual benefits and risk of proposed study. The right and welfare of the individuals involved were protected by 4. Voluntarism - the prospective subject decided to take part to the the appropriate methods used to secure informed consent and the study on his own volition without coercion or undue influence. potential benefits of the investigator were greater than the risk. Types of Informed Consent: Philippine Health Research Ethics Board or the PHREB  Implied Consent  Process Consent 3   Assent f. Pregnant - US gov’t has issued stringent requirement governing research with pregnant women. This requirement reflects a desire to  Researchers usually document informed consent process by having the safeguard both pregnant woman who may be at heightened physical and participants sign a consent form. This form included information about psychological risk and the fetus who cannot give informed consent. The the study purpose, specific expectations regarding participations and the regulation stipulate that pregnant women cannot be involved in the study voluntary nature of participations. And also the potential cause and unless risk to them and the fetus are minimal or if the purpose is to meet benefit. the woman’s health needs. ⮚ Researchers rarely obtain a written consent when primary means of data collection is through self-administered questionnaire. RISK/BENEFIT ASSESSMENT ⮚ Researchers generally assume an IMPLIED CONSENT. ⮚ In qualitative study, especially those requiring repeated contact with One of the strategies that researchers study participants and can use to participants, it is difficult to obtain a meaningful informed consent at the assess the ethical aspect of the study is to conduct the risk/benefit outset. Qualitative researchers do not always know in advance how the assessment. subject will evolve because the research design emerges during the data collection and analysis process. So researchers may not know also the This assessment is designed to determine whether the benefits of exact nature of the data to be collected. participating in the study are in line with the cost so maybe financial, ⮚ So what are the risk and benefits that the participants will have or how physical, emotional or social. much of the time commitment will be required. Thus, in the qualitative So the risk/benefit ratio should also be considered in terms of study, consent may be viewed as an ongoing transactional process whether the risk to research participants commensurate with the which is referred to as PROCESS CONSENT – researchers continuously benefit to society and the nursing profession. renegotiate the consent, allowing the participants to play collaborative The degree of risk to be taken by does participating the research role in the decision making process regarding ongoing participation. should never exceed the potential humanitarian benefits of the ⮚ ASSENT - refers to the child's consent of participation in research knowledge to be gain. Thus, an important question in assessing the situation. So they are usually children 7 years and above are required to overall risk benefit ratio whether the study focuses on significant give their ASSENT. If the parents being the lawful guardian of the child, topic that has a potential to improve patient care? agreed to participate in the study but the child does not want to join or The researcher attempts to maximize the benefits and minimize the participate, the researchers should respect the decision of the child. risk by making changes in the study purpose or procedures or even both. ⮚ Adherence to the ethical standard is often straightforward. The right off If the risk cannot be eliminated or further minimized the researcher special vulnerable groups however may need to be protected through should be able to justify their existence. If risk outweighs the benefit additional procedures and heightened sensitivity. So vulnerable subjects so there is a tendency that the study should be revised or a new may be incapable of giving informed consents like for example the study should be developing. Bu if benefits are equal or outweighs comatose patients who have diminished autonomy like the prisoners, the risk the researcher can justify conducting the study and it will or may be at high risk of unintended side effects because of their probably approve the IRB or the Institutional Review Board. circumstances like the pregnant women. So as a researcher, we should All the research involves some risk but in some cases the risk is pay particular attention to the ethical dimensions of the study when minimal. people who are vulnerable are involved. MINIMAL RISK is defined as risk anticipated to be no greater than those ordinarily encountered in daily life or during routine physical Vulnerability of Research Participants or psychological test or procedures. So when the risk is not minimal researcher must proceed with a. Children - legally and ethically speaking, children do not have caution taking every step possible to reduce the risk and maximize competence to give their informed consent. Therefore, the informed the benefits. consent of children's parents or legal guardians should be obtained. However, it is advisable, especially if the child is at least 7 years old to obtain the child's assent as well. If the child is developmentally mature enough to understand the basic information involved in the informed consent, the researchers should also obtain written consent from the child, as well as evidence of respect for the child's right to self- determination. There are processes in obtaining children's consent. That includes, describing on their level of understanding the purpose of the study, explaining the risk and benefits associated with their participation, and discuss also with the parents when and what time will the data collection starts. To determine the balance of benefits and risk, the researcher must: b. Mentally or emotionally disabled people - those people with cognitive 1. Predict the outcome of the study. Outcome of the study is impairment of mental illness. These kind of people whose disability predicted through the basis of previous research, clinical makes it impossible for them to weigh the risk and benefits of experience and the theory. participation in the study and make also an informed decision. They 2. Assess the actual and potential benefits and risk on the basis cannot legally or ethically provide informed consent. In such cases, of this outcome. So this actually happen with looking into benefit researchers obtain written consent from the person's legal guardian. So risk ratio. So assessing the actual and potential benefits. to the extent possible, informed consent also from the prospective 3. Maximizing, make sure that we have to maximize the benefits and participants should be sought as a supplement to consent from the minimize the risk because if the benefits are greater than or equal guardians. to the risk the study will be 100% approved but if the risk outweighs the benefits the study will not be approved and most c. Physically disabled people - special procedures for obtaining consent likely be rejected by the IRB. may also be required. For example, for deaf people, the entire consent process may need to be in writing. So for those people who cannot read  Now if you want to balance the benefits and risk of a particular study like, or write, who have physical impairment, preventing them from writing examining the effect of an exercise and diet program on a serum lipid alternative procedures for documenting consent can be used like values and cardiovascular risk level of a particular people or person, the videotaping the consent proceedings. benefit there is the exercise, diet and suctions and information about their serum lipid values also and the cardiovascular risk level at the start of d. The terminally ill - Terminally ill people who participate in the study can the program and even after a year later. seldom expect to benefit personally from the researcher and thus, the  The potential benefit is an improved serum lipid values, lowered risk risk of benefit ratio needs to be carefully assessed. The researcher has level and better exercise and dietary habits. to make that their health and comfort are not compromised.  Now what do you think would be the risk? The risk there is discomfort of having blood specimens drawn twice for serum lipid measurements and e. Institutionalized people - Nurses also conduct studies with hospitalized also the time spent participating in the study. people such people may feel pressure participating or may also believe that their treatment will jeopardized by failure to cooperate. So inmate ASSESSMENT OF BENEFITS prisons and other correctional facilities which have lost their autonomy in A research benefit defined as something of health related psychological or many spheres of activity may similarly feel constraint in their ability to other value of individual research subject or something that will contributed give free consents. So researcher studying institutionalized people or acquisition of generalized knowledge. groups need to emphasize the voluntary nature of participation.  Money and other compensations are not benefit but rather remuneration for research related inconveniences. Important benefits of research are 4  the development and refinement of knowledge which can affect the with his/her personal relationship with their work and utilization of individuals. This knowledge has forceful influence on the discipline and this by others. members of society.  For example, for therapeutic nursing research individual subject has a ANONYMITY AND CONFIDENTIALITY potential to benefit. Direct potential benefit from the procedure like for Research participants have the right to privacy and example skin range of motion and touch etc. confidentiality. Consistent with respect for human dignity.  Benefits may include improvement in the subject physical condition Particularly when anticipated result has negative implication on which could facilitate emotional and social benefits. In addition, also the them. knowledge generated from the research might expand the subject and Researcher shall exercise prudence in making pronouncements their families understanding about health. regarding the result of study. Complete anonymity exists if the  Now for non-therapeutic nursing research it does not benefit directly the subject identity cannot be linked even by the researcher with his or subject but is important to generate and refine nursing knowledge. So by her individual responses. participating in the research subject has the potential to increase their In situation in which anonymity is impossible, researchers also understanding of the research process and an opportunity to find the implement other confidentiality procedure. Confidentiality is the findings from a particular study. researcher's management of private information shared by the subject that must not be shared with others w/o authorization of ASSESSMENT OF RISK subject.  Researcher also must assess the type and severity and number of risk Extra precautions are also often needed to safeguard participant’s the subject experience or might experience by participating in the study. privacy in qualitative studies because researchers become  Risk involve depends on the purpose of the study and the procedure thoroughly involved with participants and because of the in-depth used to conduct it. It can be physical, emotional, social and economic in nature of many qualitative studies there may be greater invasion of nature and can range from no risk or mere inconvenience to the risk of the privacy done in quantitative research. permanent damage.  Studies can have an actual or known risk and potential risk for subject. BREACH OF CONFIDENTIALITY For example, if you want to know the effects of prolonged bed rest. The It can occur when researcher by an accident or direct actions allow actual risk there would be muscle weakness. Potential risk would be unauthorized persons to gain access to the raw data of the study. severe cramps or lower extremity thrombophlebitis. American Nurses Code of Ethics for Uurses 2001 recognizes that duties of confidentiality are not absolute, so they may need to JUSTICE AND FAIRNESS modify to protect the pt. and other innocent people and incase of The third brought principle articulated in the Belmont report mandatory disclosure for public safety. The vulnerability principle concerns justice. BELMONT REPORT is the title of the report w/c is the duty to protect others from harm is stronger than the third submitted by the National Commission for Protection of Human party w/c is dependent on others or in some way vulnerable. Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research. Vulnerability implies the risk or susceptibility to harm when This report articulated three primary ethical principles in which vulnerable individuals have relative inability to protect themselves. standards of ethical conduct of research are based. Example, nurses have absolute duty to report child abuse because  Beneficence children are dependent and vulnerable. So they are at the greater  Respect for human dignity risk of harm. So breach of confidentiality is technically justifiable is  Justice. this case. In justice, study participants deserve fair and equitable treatment before, during and after the study. This principle includes the THE RIGHT TO PRIVACY AND DIGNITY participant’s right to fair treatment and their right to privacy and their Based on the principle of respect, privacy is the freedom of a right to intellectual property right. person to determine time extent and circumstances which private The principle of justice imposes obligation towards individuals who information is shared or with help of others. This occurs most are unable to protect their own interest to ensure that they are not frequently during data collection when questions are asked that exploited for the advancement of knowledge. might result in a loss of job, friendship or dignity or even might create an embarrassment and mental distress. THE RIGHT TO FAIR TREATMENT Occurs also when subjects are unaware that information is being Under justice; this principle holds each person should be treated shared with other. We have personal questions like “were you fairly and should receive what she/he is due or owed. The sexually abused as a child?”, “do you use drug?”, “what are your researcher should also provide all target participants equal chances sexual preferences?”. This kind of delicate questions clearly in the selection process. The selection of the study participants violates privacy of the participants. should be based on the research requirements and not on the When the questions are also asked using hidden microphones or vulnerability or compromised position of a certain people. tape recorders, privacy is invaded because they have no knowledge Like for example, lower social standing like the poor, prisoner, that the data are being shared with others. slaves, mentally retarded. Subjects have also the right to control access of other to the So the researcher must also comply with an agreement as a regard records. That’s why researchers have gather data from the subjects to procedure, techniques, or benefits due to participants. When a w/o their knowledge by taping the conversation observing thru one researcher gives an adequate orientation and training, be provided way mirror, using hidden camera and microphone. This is actually to the participants if there is a need for them giving also the respect not justifiable. Researchers clearly violated the right to privacy and and courtesy and is also observing the right to fair treatment. dignity. Researcher must also treat well people who decline to participate in the study or who withdraw from the study after agreeing to TRANSPARENCY participate. They should honor all agreements made with the Obligation to make data, analysis, method and interpretive choices participants including payment of any promise steepens. underlying their claims visible in a way that allows others to evaluate Demonstrate also sensitivity and respect for their beliefs, habits, them as a fundamental ethical obligation. lifestyle of people from different culture. It is also the benchmark for writing up research and the presentation and dissemination of findings that is need to be explicit, clear and RIGHT TO INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY open about the methods and procedures used. Researcher must guarantee factual and evidence-based data. At the journal of clinical nursing, all nursing research should be There should be no plagiarism or presenting the ideas or words of conducted with integrity and in compliance with internationally another as one’s own or distortion or fabrication of data for the recognized and accepted reporting guidelines. purpose of completing the research on time. The end consumer of published paper will benefit by reading paper The Philippine copyright law or also known as the RA 8293 protect that clearly and transparently states how study was conducted. the intellectual property rights of the author and artist with respect 5  TOPIC 3 Refers to the right of prospective participants to voluntarily participate or refuse to participate in the study. OTHER ELEMENTS OF RESEARCH ETHICS Participants have the right to ask questions, refuse to give information or withdraw from the study. Beneficence No angio pressure or coercion such as threats of penalty for failing An obligation to benefit others and maximize possible benefits. to participate or excessive rewards for agreeing to participate. The Persons are treated in an ethical manner, their decisions are issue of coercion may also require scrutiny even if there is not pre- respected, they are protected from harm and efforts are made to establish relationship. secure their well-being. Beneficence requires a promotion of good Responses therefore, full disclosure of information could undermine that’s why it is considered as an active verb. Beneficence actions the study. One technique that some researcher might be used in can be taken to mean merely preventing or removing harm or to that situation is called simply improve situation of others. Example, a generous monetary incentive was offered to encourage Imposes a duty to researchers to minimize harm and maximize participation of an economically might be coercive because such benefits. incentives could play angle pressure on the prospective participants. The right to self-determination includes freedom from Nonmaleficence coercion of any type because coercion involves explicit or implicit “Do no Harm” threats to penalty from failing to participate in a study or excessive Derived from the Latin word Primum non nocere. rewards from agreeing to participate. Nurse researchers have a tradition of utilitarian approaches The obligation to protect people from coercion requires careful meaning that the greatest good should be accomplished through thought when the researcher is in a position of authority, control or any public health action. Therefore, researchers’ duty is to avoid, influence over potential participants as might often be the case in a prevent, or minimize harm. This principle places an obligation upon nurse-patient relationship. Even if there is no pre-establish the research to do no harm. relationship like choosing those economically disadvantaged This is also a fundamental ethical principle in research which means participants. to do good and do no harm to study participants. Based on the ethical principle of respect for person, people should be treated as autonomous agents who have the freedom to choose Freedom from any Physical and Psychological Harm without external control. Autonomous agents are the one who are Researchers should minimize all kinds of harm or discomfort and informed of the proposed study withdraw from the study without provide safety measures to prevent potential injuries, distress or penalty. disability imposed on the participant during the time of study. Researchers must guarantee the safety and protection of the Right to Full Disclosure participants from the detrimental effects of the study. The researchers have the right to fully describe the nature of the Protecting human beings from physical harm may have reasonably study, the person's right to refuse participations, the researchers’ straightforward, the psychological consequences of participating in responsibility and the likely risk and benefits that could be incurred. the study are generally subtle and thus require close attention and One of the major elements in informed consent. sensitivity. Adherence to the guidelines of full disclosure is not always For example, participants may be asked questions about their straightforward because it creates two types of biases, personal views, weaknesses or fears. Such queries might lead 1. Bias resulting from inaccurate data people to reveal sensitive personal information. 2. Bias resulting from some pro recruitment problem. The point is, not the researchers are refrained from asking For example, you want to test the hypothesis that high school questions but rather they need to analyze the nature of intrusion in students with the high rate of absenteeism are more likely to be peoples’ side. The need for sensitivity may be even greater in substance abusers than those students with good attendance. You qualitative studies because it involves in-depth exploration to highly approach potential participants and explain the purpose. Some personal areas, the in-depth probing may expose deep seated students would likely to refuse to participate and those least likely worries and anxieties of study participants had previously to participate or volunteer for such study might even be students suppressed thus qualitative researchers must be vigilant in who are substance abusers or those who will participate might not anticipating such problem. give candid responses, therefore, full disclosure of information could undermine the study. Freedom from Exploitation The participants must be safe from situations that will expose them Technique reseacher use in such situation: to threats or liabilities. Any information provided by the participants must not be used against them. The relationship established during  Covert data collection or concealment – a collection of information the research process must be beneficial to both researchers and without participant’s knowledge and thus without their consent. the participants without any consequent risk that will arise the o Example, researchers wanted to observe people’s behavior in outcome of the study. a real world setting and doing it openly would result in changes There should also be no exploitation of self as a researcher or as a in the behavior of interest. There are many concealed research assistant during the study period. Involvement of the techniques used observing in a one-way mirror, videotaping participants in the study should not place them at a disadvantage or with a hidden equipment, or observing while pretending to expose them to a situation for which they have not been prepared. engage in other activities. Participants needs to be assured that their participations or o Covert data collection least likely to be ethically acceptable of information provided will not be used against them. the research is focused on sensitive aspects of people’s Example, a woman divulging her income should not fear losing behavior like for example sexual conduct, drug use or illegal public health benefits or a person reporting drug abuse should not acts. It can only be acceptable if risk is negligible and fear exposure to criminal authorities, because nurse researchers participants' right to privacy has not been violated. should have a nurse-patient in addition to a researcher participant relationship, special care also is needed to be exercised to avoid  Deception – is more controversial technique because the researcher exploiting the ban. deliberately withholds information about the study, providing participants Patient consent to participate in a study may result from their with fake information. understanding of the researchers’ role as a nurse and not as a o For example, Studying High School students used of drugs, researcher. It has the tendency to occur in qualitative research so the researchers would describe the research the study of they need to be extra careful. Qualitative researches should ensure student’s health practices is actually a mild form of that therapeutic imperative of nursing meaning advocacy takes misinformation because disclosing the full information will precedence over the research imperative meaning advancing surely affect the sample recruitment. knowledge. o Concealment and Deception can be ethically problematic if it interferes with participants' right to make a surely informed decision which is about the personal cause and professional Respect for Human Dignity benefits of participating. The second ethical principle articulated in the Belmont report. The rights of all involved in the study must be protected and respected American Nurses Association (ANA) Guidelines offers advice about including the Right to Self-Determination and the Right to Full deception and concealment, there are certain criteria that must be met: Disclosure. A. Small risk for participants B. Rate significant of the advancement of public good can be morally justified. Right to Self Determination C. It would be the last resort when no other approach can ensure validity of the study findings. 6  D. Researchers have a moral responsibility to inform research  As evaluator of research finding participants of any concealment or deception as soon as A nurse must determine the usefulness of research findings in possible to explain the rationale for its use. practice of nursing and continuously relate the findings in actual Debriefing is the strategy the researchers could be used to communicate the situations, which in turn, may lead to another investigation respect and concern for the participants especially when data collection has been stressful or ethical guidelines were ignored. Right after explaining the  As consumers of Research Findings usage of deception you can also conduct a debriefing session for the Nurses are also research users and beneficiaries and they are participants. up to put thing this findings in to use in their practice. Research nurses play a vital role in delivering research and TOPIC 4 ultimately improving patients care. However this must be Florence Nightingale judiciously done to prove reliability of research findings. Is credited as being the first nurse researcher as well as first  As client Advocates in a Research Study modern nurses she clearly illustrated the environmental Nurses must be explained to the clients who are involved in approach in the care of the sick. She applied medical research study. to determine procedures and nursing treatments. That is why She/He answers their questions, supports them as study one of the functions of a nurse is to participate in scientific participants and makes sure the ethics of research must always investigations and uses research finding in nursing practice and prevail. nurses offend used this research to improve client care.  As subjects of Research Responsibilities of a Beginning Nurse Research Nurses must also study respondents who will provide data A. Engage in Nursing or Health Related research intended to change and improve nursing practice. B. Evaluate a research study/Report C. Applies the Research Process on Improving Patient Care B. EVALUATE A RESEARCH STUDY/REPORT - Nurse Researcher Identified research questions, design and Evaluate a Research Study/Report conduct scientific study, collect and analyze data, and report Also called as research critiquing their findings. They often rely on grants to fund their work, which A research critique is a critical appraisal of a research study requires writing grant proposals and meeting certain reporting that has been systematically reviewed based on some known criteria. The focus is on judging the investigation scientific merit requirements. Many teach in academic or clinical settings and and worth, so that a decision can be made as to whether or not often write articles and research reports for nursing, medical the result of the study should be incorporated into clinical and other professional journals and publications. practice. An appraisal also of the research strength and limitations is made. So the critique should not concentrate only ROLE OF THE NURSES IN RESEARCH on the flaws in the investigation.  Principal Investigator One of the roles of all professional nurses is to be knowledgeable The Principal Investigator has the primary responsibility for consumers of nursing research. Professional nurses must develop the ensuring the ethical conduct of the research study. This habit of critically reading nursing research, journals, and research studies includes protecting human subjects’ rights, safety and welfare, published in their specialty journals. Only through applying valid research protocol compliance, and adherence to institutional, regulation findings in practice can the nursing profession advance. and guidelines. The PI is responsible for ensuring informed consent is General Criteria for Evaluating a Research Report appropriately obtained from each participant and for The evaluator has to make sure that the following steps are being appropriately maintaining study records. followed: As member of the research team: Step 1. Research Problem  Sub-Investigator (Sub-I)  Evaluator should look into this by asking questions: The Sub-Investigator/Co-Investigator may perform all or some 1. Is the problem clearly and concisely stated? of the PI functions, but they do not accept primary responsibility 2. Is the problem adequately narrowed down into a for the research study. researchable problem? The sub-investigator/co-Investigator is under the supervision of 3. Is the problem significant to nursing? the PI and is responsible for performing study–related 4. Is the relationship of the identified problem to previous research clear? procedures and /or to make important study-related decisions in compliance with the ethical conduct of the study. Step 2. Literature Review 1. Is the literature review logically organized?  Co-Investigator (Co-I) 2. Does the review provide a critique of relevant studies? 3. Are the gaps in knowledge about the research problem  Regulatory Coordinator identified? The Regulatory Coordinator is typically responsible for drafting 4. Are important relevant references omitted? or editing the protocol document and submitting new protocols, protocol amendments, continuing reviews and safety reports to Step 3. Theoretical or Conceptual Framework the appropriate IRB for review. 1. Is the theoretical framework easily linked with the problem, They are responsible for maintaining regulatory binders in or does it seem forced? 2. If a conceptual framework is used, are the concepts accordance with sponsor specifications and general industry adequately defined? standards. They often are the keepers of the delegation of 3. Are relationships among these concepts clearly identified? authority log for key personnel involved in the study. Step 4. Research Variables  Data Coordinator or Research Coordinator or Nurse Researcher 1. Are the independent and dependent variables operationally The Data Coordinator is responsible for the overall data defined? management of a research study. 2. Are any extraneous or any intervening variables defined? Oversees and coordinates the daily activities of clinical research studies. Step 5. Hypotheses 1. Is a predicted relationship between two or more variables included in each hypothesis? 7  2. Are the hypotheses clear, testable, and specific?  Every nurse can benefit from knowing why nursing research is 3. Do the hypothesis logically flow from the theoretical or important and how research is conducted and how research conceptual framework? improves patient care. Step 6. Sampling Evidence Based Nursing Research 1. Is the sample size adequate? The use of EBP approach enable to us challenge and be 2. Is the sample representative of the defined population? 3. Is the method for the selection of the sample appropriate? challenged on our approach practice and to hold ourselves 4. Are the sample criteria for inclusion into the study identified? accountable. It also allow us to continuously review our practice 5. Is there any sampling bias in the chosen method? to save new and more effective and efficient ways of doing things thereby improving our health care delivery system. Step 7. Research Design 1. Is the research design adequately described? Evidence-based practice (EBP) 2. Is the design appropriate for the research problem? Is a process of collecting, processing and implementing 3. Does research design controls for threats in internal and research findings to improve clinical practice, the work external validity of the study? environment and patients’ outcomes. 4. Are the data collection instruments described adequately? This problem approach to the clinical practice encourages 5. Are the reliability and validity of the measurement tools nurses to provide individualized patient care. adequate? Evolves from the integration of the best research evidence with Step 8. Data Collection Methods clinical expertise and patient needs and values. 1. Are the data collection methods appropriate for study? 2. Are the data collection instruments described adequately?  Best research evidence is the empirical knowledge generated 3. Are the reliability and validity of the measurement tools are from the synthesis of a quality study findings to address a adequate? practice problem. ⮚ So if you noticed, all of these are all asked on the step 7 when you  Clinical expertise on the other hand is the knowledge and skills try to look into checking the research design. of the health care professionals providing the care. Clinical expertise depends on the use of the clinical experience as well Step 9. Data Analysis as the current knowledge on the research and the clinical 1. Is the results section clearly and logically organized? literature and even educational preparation. 2. Is the type of analysis appropriate for the level of measurement  Patient needs and values (these are unique preferences and for each variable? concerns and expectations each patients bring to a clinical 4. Are the tables and figures clear and understandable? encounter. Patients and families are encouraged to take an 5. Is the statistical test the correct one for answering the research active role in the management of their health. questions? IMPORTANCE OF BUILDING AND EVIDENCE-BASED NURSING Step 10. Interpretation and Discussion of the findings RESEARCH 1. Are the interpretations based on the data obtained? 2. Does the investigator clearly distinguish between actual findings Nurses learn about evidence based practice which aims to pin point care and interpretations? strategies that can help their patients. In recent decades EBP become a 3. Are the findings is cast are relation in previous research and to key component to exceptional patient care the conceptual framework? 4. Are warranted generalization made beyond study sample are EBP help nurses to determine and effective course of action of care the limitations of the result are identified? delivery. 6. Are implication of the result for clinical nursing practice discussed? EBP INVOLVES 5 STEPS 7. Are recommendation for future research identified? 1. Ask formulates an answerable clinical questions 8. Are the conclusions justified? a. Converting the need for information, like about prevention, diagnosis, prognosis, therapy, causation etc. into C. APPLIES THE RESEARCH PROCESS ON IMPROVING PATIENT answerable questions. CARE 2. Find information or evidence to answer the question. Tracking down the best evidence with which to answer that question. Nurses need research because it helps them advance their field, stay updated and offer better patient care. Information literacy skills can help 3. Critically appraising the information or evidence. Critically nurses use information more effectively to develop their own conclusions. Evidence-based practice is important for nurses. Nursing Research appraising it’s validity which means is there any closeness to the promotes lifelong development of the discipline of nursing and this truth? Or the impact? Meaning the size of the effect and applicability supports the fact that nursing is a professional discipline. – meaning usefulness in the clinical practice.. 4. Integrate the appraised evidence with owned clinical expertise and Nursing Research patient’s preferences. Integrating the critical appraisal with our improves clinical expertise and personal knowledge helps to clinical expertise and with the patient’s unique biology, values, and implement changes to provide excellence in nursing care and circumstances. helps to locate additional resources 5. Evaluate. Evaluating our effectiveness and efficiency in executing Research the steps 1 – 4 and seeking ways to improve them over the next time.  Research help nurses determine effective best practices and improve patient care. Research also helps nursing response to changes in the health care environment, patient population and How Does EBP Benefit Nurses and Patients? even government regulation.  scientific research  As researchers, nurse also make discoveries, the practice of  well founded decision nursing contain change and the information students learn can  updated about new medical protocols for patient care become quickly outdated so being able to keep up in the new  increase their patient’s chances for recovery development in nursing helps in their career.  The inclusion of the EBP in nursing provides nurses to make a well founded decision making. So through EBP nurses can 8  stay updated about new medical protocols for patient care, c) Microsoft Academic Search - it is a great search engine from the by searching for documented interventions that fit the profile of software GIANT MICROSOFT, it allows to explore more than 38 M. their patients, nurses can increase their patient’s chances for publications and it contains more than 40 million publications and 20 recovery. million authors.  EBP also enables nurses to evaluate research so they can d) iSeek - this search engine is safe intelligent and time-saving and its understand the risk or effectiveness of diagnostic tests or rules from trusted resources from universities, government, and treatments so the application of EBP enables nurses to include established non-commercial sites. patients in their care plan. This allows the patients to have pro- - It is a great search engine for students, teachers, and active role in their own healthcare since they can voice administrators. So simply ask a question or enter search topics concerns, share beliefs and preferences, and make suggestions or tools and iSeek will pull from scholastics sources to find on how they want to proceed. exactly what you are looking for. What is The Advantage of EBP for Healthcare Organizations? e) ResearchGate - so over 11 million researchers submit their work which totals more than 100 million publications on the site for anyone  With the application of EBP comes better outcomes, which can to access. decrease the demand for healthcare resources. Thus, - it is a unique social networking site for scientists and healthcare organizations can reduce expenses. For example, researchers, so you can search by publication, by data, and an updated practices may have included supplies, equipment, author or you can even as researchers questions. or products that are no longer necessary for certain procedures - Research gates own collections of publications which provides or techniques. a hard to selection for any inquisitive scholar. Utilization of Evidence based nursing research f) Mendeley - is a company based in London United Kingdom which provides products and services for academic researchers so it is most known for its reference manager which is used to manage and  When utilizing evidence, it remains imperative that nurses share research papers and generate bibliographies for scholarly continue to use (nursing) perspective that respects dignity, articles. worth, and desires of each patient. The goal of evidence- - they have a caption “Mendeley bring your research to life so based nursing is to make practice less subjective and increase you can make an impact on tomorrow” accountability that provides stronger foundation on which to make clinical decisions. g) PubMed - is operated by the national center for biotechnology  The utilization of EBP is an ongoing initiative that involves a information, which is a division of the US national library of medicine. broader approach to promoting acceptance of EBP including - This site is perfect for those studying anything related to strategies that correct misperceptions about EBP and the healthcare or science the database contains more than 3 million development of skills. These skills can be achieved through full-text journal article. educational endeavors such as workshops, conferences, - Similar also to a PubMed health which is specifically for health- publications, and handouts. related research and studies and it includes citations and abstracts to more than 26 million articles. Use of Technology in Research STATA A. Search Engine - is defined as a program that searches for and is an interactive data analysis program that runs on a variety of identifies items in a database that corresponds to keywords or platforms. -it can be used for both simple and complex statistical characters specified by the user or use specially for finding particular analysis sites on the World Wide Web. STATA uses a point and a click interface as well as a command syntax which makes it easy to use a to use status a makes it B. Software in Research - are typically more abundant than hardware simple to generate graphs and plots of data and results. tools in the social sciences. SAS Statistical Analysis System - Software is usually thought of two main computer programs that allows programmers to perform report writing, graphics, tell the hardware what to do but any to not related to a physical device can be considered software. business planning, forecasting quality improvement and even project management. - Included in this category statistical software consent forms a published test, questionnaires, observation, forms, and to a NVIVO lesser degree the interview. is a qualitative data analysis computer software package with it is produced by QSR international and helps qualitative THE STATISTICAL SOFTWARE researchers to organize analyze and find insights in a structured or qualitative data. So, in other words it helps Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) researchers organize and analyze complex non-numerical or is the most widely used statistical software for social science unstructured data, whether it can be bought in text or research. multimedia. SPSS can perform hundreds of statistical computation and even graph your data so simple statistical problems such as Copyright determining the mean or the median of a small data set can is a bundle of exclusive rights over not authors or creators work easily be done with a with a calculator, so well calculator will for a limited but rather lengthy period of time. work as a Statistical Program can reduce a computation time by this rights enable the author to control the economic use of his hours by days or even weeks. work in several ways and to receive payment a) Google Scholar - is a tool used to congregate scholarly literature on Copyright Law - also provides moral rights which protect among other the web and it is an academic search engine from the house of things and authors' reputations and integrity of the work. Copyright Law google. also protects a wide variety of regional work such as books, magazines, - The documents found in google scholar are you able to hunt for newspapers, music, paintings, photographs, sculptures, architecture peer reviewed papers, thesis, books, abstracts, articles from films, computer programs, video games, and original database. academic publisher, professional societies repositories of universities and other scholarly organizations. Copyright Law in the Philippines