Introduction to Fruits PDF

Khaled Meselhy 21/10/2024 ‫مشاهدة الصورة بالحجم الكامل‬ ‫مشاهدة الصورة بالحجم الكامل‬...

Khaled Meselhy 21/10/2024 ‫مشاهدة الصورة بالحجم الكامل‬ ‫مشاهدة الصورة بالحجم الكامل‬ ‫مشاهدة الصورة بالحجم الكامل‬ ‫مشاهدة الصورة بالحجم الكامل‬ 1 1 Introduction to Fruit Definition: In botany, the fruit is a ripened fertilized ovary of the flower. It is the seed-bearing organ of a plant. 2 2 1 Khaled Meselhy 21/10/2024 3 3 Function: 1. protect the seeds during their development 2. In many plants it also helps in seed dispersal by attracting animals and birds 4 4 2 Khaled Meselhy 21/10/2024 Morpholgy 5 5 Externally, the surface of the fruit may be smooth as Capsicum, ridged as Umbelliferae or pubescent as Anise or glabrous as Fennel 6 6 3 Khaled Meselhy 21/10/2024 ‫مشاهدة الصورة بالحجم الكامل‬ The fruit is primarily composed of two parts: 7 the pericarp and the seed. 7 Or Exocarp is the outermost Outer layer of the pericarp that forms the skin Epicarp Fruit pericarp is Middle It is the thick, fleshy and juicy composed of Mesocarp middle layer of the pericarp three main layers Inner It is the innermost layer of the fruit which often develops into Endocarp the pith 8 8 4 Khaled Meselhy 21/10/2024 ✓ Thin and membranous as in Umbelliferae. Outer ✓ Leathery as in Banana. Epicarp ✓ Thick and hard as in Colocynth ‫مشاهدة الصورة بالحجم الكامل‬ pericarp Region between the epicarp & endocarp, Macroscopical Middle ✓Succulent as in Prune. characters Mesocarp ✓Parenchymatous as in Colocynth ✓ Thin and membranous as in Date. Inner ✓ Thick and leathery as in Senna pods. Endocarp ✓ Hard and woody form stone as in Olive. 9 9 As epidermal cells but with few or no stomata. ✓ The outer epidermis is generally covered with thick cuticle which may be smooth or striated. ✓ The cells are usually free of content, but they may outer epidermis contain calcium oxalate as in Ammi visnaga. Outer Epicarp ✓ The epidermis like in leaves could bear trichomes which could be of diagnostic value e.g. Anise and Senna pods. ✓parenchyma traversed by fibrovascular bundles. ✓Sclerenchymatous cells are often found in this layer. Fruit pericarp ✓Secretory structures of may be present e.g. oil cells, Middle oil glands as in citrus peel, oil ducts (vittae) as in (Microscopical Mesocarp Umbelliferous fruits. characters) ✓Calcium oxalate, starch & other contents may present inner ✓ In Capsicum, consists of parenchyma with large epidermis islands of lignified sclerenchyma. Inner ✓ In Umbelliferous is developed as parquetory layer Endocarp formed of groups of narrow parallel cells often variously oriented as in Fennel. ✓ may be formed of thickened pitted lignified cells entirely as in Pepper 10 10 5 Khaled Meselhy 21/10/2024 outer epidermis Outer Epicarp Middle Mesocarp inner epidermis Inner Endocarp 11 11 exclusively from the ovary or the gynoecium Fruit of single flower e.g. umbelliferous fruit True False Composite (accessory) (multiple) Tissues other than group of flowers Aggregate the ovary take part (Complete Simple collection of fruits on in the fruit inflorescence) single receptacle. Apple: Pome, edible part Mulberry & pineapple star anise & strawberry is the hypanthium Monocarpous or Syncarpous (one Apocarpous (free fruit is formed) carpels of 1 flower) etaerio of achenes e.g. Strawberry or etaerio of follicles e.g. Star anise 12 12 6 Khaled Meselhy 21/10/2024 13 13 Simple True fruit ✓Most of Pericarp fleshy. Succulent Dry (fleshy) Pericarp becomes dry as the fruit Drupe Berry ripen Tomato & Orange Almond , Olive & Peach Pepo in Cucurbitaceae Hesperidium in Rutaceae One seeded fruit, epicarp is leathary Multi-seeded Mesocarp is fleshy embedded in fleshy part, all pericarp Endocarp is hard layers are fleshy 14 14 7 Khaled Meselhy 21/10/2024 bi-or multilocular Two to many seeded, as ripen split into one Dry Simple True fruit seeded indehiscent parts called mericarps Dehiscent Indehiscent Schizocarpic The pericarp remains The pericarp is usually attached & split open when detached but Not split ripe to release the seeds when ripe to liberate Cremocarp the seeds Umbelliferae as Fennel & Anise Bicarpellary, bilocular splits into two one seeded mericarps15 15 See full size image 16 16 8 Khaled Meselhy 21/10/2024 Dry Simple True fruit Dehiscent Schizoc Indehisent arpic The bi-or pericarp caryopsis multilocular Achene Cypsela Nut remains (Grain) Two to many attached Graminaceous (Rice Strawberry Asteraceae hazelnuts, seeded, as Wheat & Maize) Sun flower chestnuts & split ripen split open 1 carpel/ 1 2 carpel/ More than 1 into one 1 carpel/ 1 when seeded/ 1 seeded/ carpel/ 1 seeded seeded ripe to pericarp is inferior seeded/ hard, indehiscent pericarp is release free from pericarp is woody or parts called fused to the the the testa free from leathery pericarp mericarps testa seeds the testa due to lignin deposition. 17 17 achene Nuts Cypsela Grain 18 18 9 Khaled Meselhy 21/10/2024 Dry Simple True fruit Dehiscent Indehisent Schizocarpic (Multi-seeded) Monocarpellary, unilocular, superior ovary Bi- or multicarpellary syncarpous ovary Follicle Legume Star Anise Leguminosae as Senna, Capsule Beans & Peanuts One carpel, Cardamom , Poppy open along One carpel, Hyoscyamus one suture to open along Open along release seeds two sutures to many suture release seeds (Valve, Pores Lid (pyxis) 19 19 ‫مشاهدة الصورة بالحجم الكامل‬ Follicle ‫مشاهدة الصورة بالحجم الكامل‬ legume Capsule 20 20 10 Khaled Meselhy 21/10/2024 ‫بقدونس‬ ‫كرفس‬ ‫كزبرة‬ http://www.presentermedia.com/files/animsp/00005000/5562/question_mark_serious_thinker_md_wm.gif Which is parsley, celery, coriander 21 By: Khaled Meselhy Umbelliferous (family Apiaceae) Fruits 22 11 Khaled Meselhy 21/10/2024 By: Khaled Meselhy The fruit is: 23 By: Khaled Meselhy General characters of umbelliferous fruits (Apiaceae) 270 genera, 2700 sp. ❖ The fruit is true, simple, dry, schizocarpic, cremocarp, entire or split into two indehiscent mericarps (one cremocarp = two mericarps) ❖The fruit is crowned by stylopod (remains of style and bifid stigma and nectary disc. ❖The fruit is derived from inferior ovary (presence of remains of calyx on top of fruit blow the level of stylopod. The whole 24 cremocarp 24 12 Khaled Meselhy 21/10/2024 By: Khaled Meselhy ❖ When the fruit splits, it divides vertically into two mericarps. ❖ Each mericarp has a flat surface, the commissural surface, and a rounded (curved) surface, the dorsal surface. ❖ The two mericarps are connected by a carpophore. ❖ The carpophore is attached to the cylinder stalk (pedicel) ❖ carpophore which may be simple, split or forked 25 25 By: Khaled Meselhy ❖ Surface of the cremocarp is characterized by the presence of 10 primary ridges 5 on each mericarp (under it five fibro biocollateral V.B on each mericarp) ❖ Four 2ry ridges may present on dorsal side of each mericarp ( under it 4 schizogenous duct called vittae on dorsal side & 2 large vittae on ventral side). Each mericarp = 5 1ry ridges (3 Dorsal + 2 Ventral) + 5 fibro-bicollateral VB (under 1ry ridges) + 6 Vittae (4 dorsal + 2 large ventral) + 4 dorsal 2ry ridges above vittae may present 5 26 13 Khaled Meselhy 21/10/2024 By: Khaled Meselhy ❖ Each mericarp is one- seeded, the seed fills the whole mericarp and its testa is adherent to the pericarp of the fruit. ❖ The seed is albuminous, an oily endosperm suurounds the small dicot apical embryo. It derived from anatropous ovule, raphe extends along the commissural surface (1/2 seed). 27 27 By: Khaled Meselhy Histological features Epicarp: ❑ One layer. Polygonal isodiametric cells with stomata, may contain prism of Ca oxalate (coriander). ❑ may contain hairs mostly non glandular, uni- to multicellular having shaggy or stellate form. 28 28 14 Khaled Meselhy 21/10/2024 By: Khaled Meselhy Mesocarp: Several layer of parencyma traversed by ❑ bicollateral fibrovascular bundle ± reticulate parenchyma(fennel). They are 5 in number located in the primary ridges. ❑ Vitteae (schizogenous oil gland) secreting volatile oil or bitter principles. They are 6 (4 in the dorsal side and two in the commissural side). Vittae either Simple(Fennel) branched (Anise) or absent (Hemlock) ❑ Innermost layer of mesocarp have thick lignified pitted walls. Or thick cellulosic walled and porous (Ammi 29 visnaga). 29 By: Khaled Meselhy Endocarp: ❑ One row of narrow elongated cells, arranged in groups which are parquetry (different orientaion) (fennel) or nonparaquetory (parallel) (anise) 30 30 15 Khaled Meselhy 21/10/2024 By: Khaled Meselhy Testa: ❑ One row of dark brown rectangular cells adhere to endocarp Endosperm: ❑ Cells with thick cellulosic walls contain aleurone grains. Aleurone garin cosist of globoid and micro rosette crystal of Ca Oxalate. ✓ Orthospermous: the endoserm is flat or slightly concave of the ventral surface. ✓ Coleospermous: The endosperm is concave on the ventral side. (coriander) ✓ Campylocpermous): the seed has longuituinal groove on the ventral surface. (hemlock) 31 31 from the ovary or the 1 Types of Fruits bi-or multilocular gynoecium of single flower 2 to many seeded, as ripen Tissues other than the 2 1 2 3 12 split into 1 seeded True False Composite ovary take part in the fruit Apple: Pome, edible part Mulberry & pineapple indehiscent mericarps is the hypanthium group of flowers 3 4 5 Bicarpellary, bilocular Aggregate Simple 13 (Complete inflorescence) splits into two one seeded star anise & strawberry Apocarpous (free carpels mericarps 4 One carpel, open along one of 1 flower) 6 7 Dry Succulent 14 suture to release seeds Monocarpous or 5 Syncarpous (1fruit formed) One carpel, open along two 8 9 15 sutures to release seeds Pericarp becomes dry as Berry Drupe 6 the fruit ripen Tomato & Orange Almond , Olive & Peach Open along many suture Pepo in Cucurbitaceae 16 Most of Pericarp fleshy. 7 Hesperidium in Rutaceae (Valve, Pores Lid (pyxis) Usually, indehiscent 1 carpel/ 1 seeded pericarp 17 Multis-seeded, all pericarp is fused to the testa 8 1 carpel/ 1 seeded/ pericarp layers are fleshy 10 11 12 18 is free from the testa unilocular ovary 1 seeded Dehiscent Indehiscent Shcizocarpic epicarp is leathery 2 carpel/ 1 seeded/ inferior 9 Mesocarp is fleshy 19 pericarp is free from the 13 14 Cremocarp Endocarp is hard 15 16 Umbelliferae as testa Follicle Legume Capsule Fennel & Anise The pericarp remains 10 Star Anise Leguminosae as Senna, Cardamom, Poppy More than 1 carpel/ 1 attached & split when ripe Beans & Peanuts Hyoscyamus 20 seeded/ hard, woody or to release the seeds leathery pericarp due to The pericarp is usually lignin deposition detached but Not split 11 17 18 19 when ripe to liberate the Caryopsis Achene Cypsela 20 Nut seeds Graminaceous (Rice Strawberry Asteraceae hazelnuts, walnuts Wheat & Maize) Sunflower chestnuts 32 32 16