Communism Spreads in East Asia (PDF)

wh07_te_ch30_s03_na_s.fm mgwh07_se_ch30_s03_s.fm Page 985 Page 985 Wednesday, Friday, November January 15, 2006 26,...

wh07_te_ch30_s03_na_s.fm mgwh07_se_ch30_s03_s.fm Page 985 Page 985 Wednesday, Friday, November January 15, 2006 26, 2:49 PM 2007 12:56 PM The “little red book” of quotations from Mao Zedong WITNESS HISTORY AUDIO SECTION 3 Step-by-Step Instruction 3 Communist Victory in China On September 21, 1949, at a rally in the Chinese capital, Beijing, the victorious Communist leader Mao Zedong said: “ We have closed our ranks and defeated both domestic and foreign oppressors through the People’s War of Liberation and the great peo- ple’s revolution, and now we are proclaiming the founding of the People’s Republic of Objectives As you teach this section, keep students focused on the following objectives to help them answer the Section Focus Question and master core content. Analyze China’s communist revolution. Describe China’s role as a “wild card” in China. ” the Cold War. Focus Question What did the Communist Explain how war came to Korea and Chinese Communist soldier marching into victory mean for China and the rest of East Asia? how the two Koreas followed different Beijing, 1949 paths. Communism Spreads in East Asia Objectives In the late 1940s, communism made advances in East Asia. With Analyze China’s communist revolution. their victory in China in 1949, the Communists gained control of Describe China’s role as a “wild card” in the one fifth of the world’s people. Prepare to Read Cold War. Explain how war came to Korea and how the China’s Communist Revolution Build Background Knowledge L3 two Koreas followed different paths. Ask students to recall the essential conflicts By the end of World War II, the Chinese Communists had gained Terms, People, and Places control of much of northern China. After Japan’s defeat, Commu- of the Cold War, and how these conflicts collectivization Kim Il Sung nist forces led by Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung) fought a civil war affected the nations of China and Korea. Great Leap Forward Syngman Rhee against Nationalists headed by Jiang Jieshi (jahng jeh shur). Based on their previous reading, ask them Cultural Revolution Pusan Perimeter Battles raged until Mao’s forces swept to victory and set up the to predict ways that China and Korea 38th parallel demilitarized zone People’s Republic of China. The defeated Nationalists fled to the might change during the Cold War era. island of Taiwan, off the Chinese coast. After decades of struggle, China was finally under Communist control. Set a Purpose L3 Reading Skill: Summarize Complete this chart How the Communists Won Mao’s Communists triumphed for WITNESS HISTORY Read the selection to summarize the effects of the Communist several reasons. Mao had won the support of China’s huge peasant aloud or play the audio. Revolution on China and the impact of the Cold population. Peasants had long suffered from brutal landlords and AUDIO Witness History Audio CD, War on China and Korea. crushing taxes. The Communists redistributed land to poor peas- Communist Victory in China ants and ended oppression by landlords. Impact of Communism and While support for the Communists grew, the Nationalists lost Ask What emotions do you hear in the Cold War in East Asia popularity. Nationalist policies had led to widespread economic Mao Zedong’s words? (pride and hardship. Many Chinese people also resented corruption in Jiang’s defiance) Based on Mao’s words and Chinese China in the Korea in the Communist Cold War Cold War government and the government’s reliance on support from West- the photo, what was the nature of Revolution ern “imperialist” powers. They hoped that the Communists would China’s revolution? (a mass move- build a new China and end foreign domination. ment backed by military force) Widespread support for the Communists in the countryside helped Focus Point out the Section Focus them to capture rail lines and surround Nationalist-held cities. One Question and write it on the board. after another, these cities fell, and Mao’s People’s Liberation Army Tell students to refer to this question as they read. (Answer appears with Section 3 Assessment answers.) Vocabulary Builder Preview Have students preview the Section Objectives and the list of Use the information below and the following resources to teach the high-use word from this section. Terms, People, and Places. Teaching Resources, Unit 7, p. 7; Teaching Resources, Skills Handbook, p. 3 Have students read this High-Use Word Definition and Sample Sentence section using the Structured Read Aloud strategy (TE, p. T20). As they commune, p. 986 n. a commonly owned and operated farm or community read, have students fill in the chart We visited several communes where I was impressed by the cooperation I saw. summarizing effects of communism and the Cold War on China and Korea. Reading and Note Taking Study Guide, p. 278 Chapter 30 Section 3 985 wh07_te_ch30_s03_na_s.fm Page 986 Tuesday, April 18, 2006 11:53 AM mgwh07_se_ch30_s03_s.fm Page 986 Friday, February 3, 2006 3:24 PM emerged victorious. After their vic- Teach BIOGRAPHY tory against the Nationalists, the Mao Zedong Communists conquered Tibet in 1950. In 1959, Tibet’s most revered China’s Communist During the mid-1950s, divisions religious leader, the Dalai Lama, was arose within the Communist party Revolution L3 in China. In response, Mao Zedong forced to flee the country. (1893–1976) launched a campaign Instruct under the slogan “Let a hundred Changing Chinese Society Mao Zedong built a Communist one-party Introduce Have students read the flowers bloom, let a hundred totalitarian state in the People’s introductory paragraph and the black thoughts contend.” Mao hoped that by offering people the Republic of China. Communist ideol- headings under China’s Communist ogy guided the government’s efforts to opportunity to openly express Revolution. Have students predict their views he would gain more reshape the economy and society that what challenges China will face during support. When people began to China had inherited from the dynastic its Communist Revolution. Then have criticize the Communist party, period. The Communist government students read to find out whether their however, Mao ended the discouraged the practice of Buddhism, predictions were accurate. campaign. Of the nearly 550,000 Confucianism, and other traditional Chinese who had spoken out, Chinese beliefs. Meanwhile, the gov- Teach Review the key events of China’s thousands were executed and ernment seized the property of rural Communist Revolution. Discuss the rev- hundreds of thousands were exiled landlords and urban business owners olution’s goals and its methods. Then to the countryside to “rectify their throughout China. ask How did China change as a thinking through labor.” What Opponents of the Communists result of its Communist Revolu- methods did Mao use to keep power for himself? were put down as “counterrevolu- tion? (It became a communist nation tionaries.” Many thousands of peo- with a centralized government and econ- ple who had belonged to the propertied middle class, or “bourgeoisie,” omy. Its people endured great suffering were accused of counterrevolutionary beliefs. They were then beaten, because of the government’s brutal poli- sent to labor camps, or killed. cies and poor decisions.) With Soviet help, the Chinese built dams and factories. To boost agri- culture, Mao at first distributed land to peasants. Soon, however, he Quick Activity Have students read called for collectivization, or the forced pooling of peasant land and the biography of Mao Zedong on this labor, in an attempt to increase productivity. page and review the visuals in this sec- tion. Discuss what qualities or charac- The Great Leap Forward Fails From 1958 to 1960, Mao led a pro- teristics enabled Mao to capture a gram known as the Great Leap Forward. He urged people to make a nation’s support and allowed him to Vocabulary Builder superhuman effort to increase farm and industrial output. In an attempt carry out extreme policies. communes—(KAHM yoonz) n. commonly to make agriculture more efficient, he created communes. A typical com- owned and operated farms or mune brought together several villages, thousands of acres of land, and communities up to 25,000 people. Rural communes set up small-scale “backyard” Independent Practice industries to produce steel and other products. Remind students of Chinese efforts to The Great Leap Forward, however, proved to be a dismal failure. identify and eliminate “counterrevolu- Backyard industries turned out low-quality, useless goods. The commune tionaries,” particularly during the Cul- system cut food output partly by removing incentives for individual tural Revolution. Using the Think-Write- farmers and families, leading to neglect of farmland and food shortages. Pair-Share strategy (TE, p. T23), have Bad weather added to the problems and led to a terrible famine. Between students write a paragraph on whether 1959 and 1961, as many as 55 million Chinese are thought to have this policy was in the nation’s long-term starved to death. interest. The Cultural Revolution Disrupts Life China slowly recovered from the Great Leap Forward by reducing the size of communes and taking a Monitor Progress more practical approach to the economy. However, in 1966, Mao launched Ask students to reread the black head- the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution. Its goal was to purge ings and summarize the content under China of “bourgeois” tendencies. He urged young Chinese to experience each one. revolution firsthand, as his generation had. Solutions for All Learners L2 Less Proficient Readers Have students identify each change in China men- Use the following resources to help students acquire tioned in the text and give examples of how those basic skills. Answer changes led to upheaval in that country. Then ask stu- Adapted Reading and Note Taking dents to draw a flowchart of the events of the Chinese Study Guide BIOGRAPHY He executed anyone who Communist Revolution. threatened his power and sent critics to the Adapted Note Taking Study Guide, p. 278 countryside for forced labor. Adapted Section Summary, p. 279 986 The Cold War  wh07_te_ch30_s03_na_s.fm mgwh07_se_ch30_s03_s.fm PageAugust Page 987 Thursday, 987 18, Tuesday, October 2005 11:02 AM 25, 2005 2:23 PM In response, teenagers formed bands of Red Guards. Waving copies of the “little red book,” Quotations From Chairman Mao Tse-tung [Zedong], China, the Cold War’s Red Guards attacked those they considered bourgeois. The accused were “Wild Card” L3 publicly humiliated or beaten, and sometimes even killed. Skilled work- ers and managers were forced to leave their jobs and do manual labor on Instruct rural farms or in forced labor camps. Schools and factories closed. The Introduce Ask students to define the economy slowed, and civil war threatened. Finally, Mao had the army term wild card and if necessary explain restore order. its meaning. Ask them to speculate what What were the main successes and failures of the role China could play as a wild card in Chinese Communist Revolution? the Cold War struggle between the United States and the Soviet Union. How might each Cold War superpower China, the Cold War’s “Wild Card” benefit from ties with China? Then dis- In 1949, the triumph of the Communists in China had seemed like a gain play Color Transparency 184: East for the Soviet Union and a loss for the United States and its democratic Asia and Southeast Asia to show the allies. The number of people under communist rule had more than tri- alliances in this region. pled. China’s role in the Cold War, however, proved to be more complex Color Transparencies, 184 than a simple expansion of communist power. Teach Discuss China’s early postwar Split With the Soviet Union The People’s Republic of China and the alliance with the Soviet Union and its Soviet Union were uneasy allies in the 1950s. Stalin sent economic aid later relations with the United States. and technical experts to help China modernize, but distrust between the Ask students to trace and explain the two countries created tensions. Some of these tensions dated back to ter- course of relations with both countries. ritorial disputes between tsarist Russia and dynastic China. By 1960, Ask students how the Cold War influ- border clashes and disputes over ideology led the Soviets to withdraw all aid and advisors from China. Western fears of a strong alliance between enced U.S. relations with China. the Soviet Union and China had proved unfounded. Quick Activity Write the phrase “playing the China card” on the board. Review with students how the U.S. alliance with China evolved during the 1970s. Then have students discuss the compromises inherent in the U.S. posi- tion. Do students believe U.S. interests were served by severing ties with Tai- wan in favor of those with the People’s Republic of China? Encourage students to give reasons to support their views. Promoting the Cultural Revolution The Cultural Revolution poster above shows soldiers holding “little red books” and urges them to “destroy all enemies.” The photo to the left shows Chinese soldiers waving their “little red books” during this same period. What do these images suggest about freedom of speech and freedom of thought during the Cultural Revolution in China? History Background Answers China’s main successes were improved public Ping-Pong Diplomacy The rise in relations Great Wall and the Summer Palace and played exhibi- infrastructure and somewhat improved public between the United States and China was a gradual tion games against their host. The trip became known process. The first tentative communications were sent as Ping-Pong Diplomacy. Soon after, presidential advi- hygiene. The Revolution’s main failures were via Yahya Khan, the president of Pakistan, who was sor Henry Kissinger secretly traveled to China to meet the purges of intellectuals, the failure of the friendly with both governments. In the first public sign Premier Chou En-lai, paving the way for Nixon’s his- Great Leap Forward, and inadequate progress of improved relations, Mao’s regime invited the U.S. toric visit. in improving productivity. Ping-Pong team to visit China. The team toured the Caption that the government tried to control all thought and expression, and that Mao Zedong was the ultimate authority Chapter 30 Section 3 987 wh07_te_ch30_s03_na_s.fm Page 988 Tuesday, April 18, 2006 11:53 AM mgwh07_se_ch30_s03_s.fm Page 988 Wednesday, February 22, 2006 1:42 PM Independent Practice Washington Plays the China Card Relations between China and the United States were even more complex. After Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Tell students to suppose they are a team Kai-shek) fled to Taiwan, the United States supported his Nationalist of specialists assigned to prepare a brief- government as the rightful representative of China. Washington refused ing for the U.S. President, so he can stay diplomatic recognition of the mainland People’s Republic of China, which abreast of events. Have them prepare a American leaders saw as a communist threat to all of Asia. brief but thorough report on relations As the Cold War dragged on, however, the United States took a second with China and Taiwan during the Cold look at the People’s Republic. From the American point of view, there War, including the pros and cons of the were strategic advantages to improving relations with Communist China current situation. Ensure students after its split with the Soviet Union. By “playing the China card,” as this understand the inherent compromises strategy was sometimes called, the United States might isolate the Sovi- in the U.S. position. ets between NATO in the west and a hostile China in the east. The United States allowed the People’s Republic to replace Taiwan in the United Nations in 1971. A year later, U.S. President Richard Nixon Monitor Progress visited Mao in Beijing. Finally, in 1979, the United States set up formal As students fill in their charts, circulate diplomatic relations with China. to make sure they understand how China’s Communist Revolution affected Taiwan and the Nationalists Jiang Jieshi’s government continued to the nation. For a completed version of the rule Taiwan under martial law as a one-party dictatorship. Not until the chart, see late 1980s did Taiwan’s government end martial law and allow opposition Note Taking Transparencies, 191 The Korean War North Korean control Communist attack South Korean control UN attack Line of control Conic Projection 0 100 mi 䉲 U.S. soldiers advance to fight 0 100 km North Koreans as South Korean civilians retreat from the front. Korea Is Divided North Korea Invades SOVIET SOVIET CHIN A UNION CHIN A UNION R. R. lu lu Ya Ya N N NORTH W E 40° N NORTH W E 40° N KOREA KOREA S S Sea of ˘ P’yongyang Sea of ˘ P’yongyang Ja p a n Ja p a n 38° N 38° N Seoul Seoul Inch’on Inch’on SOUTH Ye l low Ye l l ow KOREA Sea SOUTH Sea KOREA 36° N 36° N Pusan Pusan JAPAN JAPAN 126° E 128° E 130° E 126° E 128° E 130° E Summer 1945 Summer 1950 Korea is divided along the 38th North Korea invades South Korea. parallel into a Soviet-occupied north U.S. and South Korean forces halt and an American-occupied south. their retreat around Pusan. Connect to Our World Connections to Today Since 1949, the People’s In 1999, Taiwanese President Lee Teng-hui created a Republic of China has considered Taiwan a “rebel new uproar when he insisted that China deal with Tai- province” that must be reunited with the parent coun- wan as a separate state. The Chinese responded angrily, try. In 1995, the Chinese drove home that point by renewing their threats of force against Taiwan. In conducting two months of missile tests and live-fire Beijing, the People’s Daily compared Taiwan’s efforts to exercises in the island’s waters. influence China to “an ant trying to topple a tree.” 988 The Cold War  wh07_te_ch30_s03_na_s.fm mgwh07_se_ch30_s03_s.fm PageMay Page 989 Thursday, 98918,Tuesday, 2006 12:40June PM 6, 2006 6:13 PM parties. Mainland China saw Taiwan as a breakaway province and threatened military action when Taiwanese politicians proposed declaring War Comes to Korea L3 the island’s formal independence. In the long term, the mainland govern- Instruct ment insisted that Taiwan be rejoined with China. Taiwan’s government resisted such pressure. Introduce Explain that in the post- war years, Koreans fought a civil war How did China’s relationships with the Soviet Union over political and ideological control of and the United States change during the Cold War? their nation. Ask students what, given the Cold War climate of the period, they think the central issues might be War Comes to Korea in that war. The nation of Korea occupies a peninsula on China’s northeastern bor- der. Like East and West Germany, Korea was split in two by rival forces Teach Write the headings North Korea after World War II. And like other divided lands, the two Koreas found and South Korea on the board. Ask themselves on opposite sides in the Cold War. students to supply details describing the two nations. Write their answers on A Divided Nation Korea was an independent kingdom until Japan the board. Then ask What role did conquered it in the early twentieth century. After Japan’s defeat in World the United Nations and China each War II, Soviet and American forces agreed to divide Korea temporarily along the 38th parallel of latitude. However, North Korea, ruled by the play in the conflict between the two Koreas? (The United Nations sent mostly American military aid to sup- port South Korea, and China sent mili- tary aid to support North Korea.) Quick Activity Ask a volunteer to Map Skills In June 1950, North Korea 1. Locate (a) the 38th parallel (b) Pusan define the word stalemate and explain invaded South Korea. U.S. troops made (c) Inch’on (d) Yalu River how this word applies to the Korean up the bulk of the UN force that aided 2. Movement Which nation gained new War. Then ask student groups to dis- South Korea. When UN troops neared the territory by the end of the war? cuss and explain why each side in the Chinese border, Communist China sent 3. Draw Conclusions How might UN For: Audio guided tour Korean War fought so hard and how troops to aid North Korea. forces have avoided war with China? Web Code: nap-3031 living in this divided land might have affected the Korean people. UN Fights Back China Enters the War Stalemate Independent Practice SOVIET SOVIET SOVIET Have students access Web Code nap- C H I NA UNION C H I NA UNION C H I NA UNION 3031 to take the Geography Interac-.. R R R. Ya Ya lu lu lu Ya NORTH NORTH tive Audio Guided Tour and then KOREA N N N KOREA NORTH answer the map questions in the text. W E 40° N W E 40° N W E 40° N KOREA S S S P’yongyang ˘ Sea of ˘ P’yongyang Sea of ˘ P’yongyang Sea of Monitor Progress Ja p a n Ja p a n Ja p a n Check answers to map skills questions. 38° N 38° N 38° N Seoul Seoul Inch’on Inch’on Seoul Inch’on Ye l l ow SOUTH Ye l l ow Ye l l ow KOREA Sea Sea S ea SOUTH 36° N KOREA 36° N 36° N SOUTH KOREA Pusan Pusan Pusan JAPAN JAPAN JAPAN 126° E 128° E 130° E 126° E 128° E 130° E 126° E 128° E 130° E Fall 1950 Late Fall–Early Winter 1950–1951 1951–1953 UN forces land at Inch’on, break out Chinese and North Korean forces UN forces advance to the 38th of the Pusan Perimeter, and advance push UN forces back to the 37th parallel in January 1951. A ceasefire Answers to the Yalu River. parallel. in June 1953 ends a long stalemate. China’s relationship with the Soviet Union deteriorated during the Cold War because of rivalries over ideology and borders. China’s Link to Geography relationship with the United States improved Frostbite in Korea U.S. troops in Korea were not diers camped outside during the harsh conditions. as the Cold War progressed, because the only fighting Communism; they also fought frostbite. During one battle at the Chosin Reservoir, the temper- United States saw China as a useful partner in The troops first landed in Korea during the summer, ature reached 40 degrees below zero, yet the troops its conflict with the Soviet Union. when the temperature was high, the air humid. The still wore summer uniforms. In the first year of battle Map Skills military was not prepared for the Korean winters, alone, an estimated 5,300 troops suffered some form 1. Review locations with students. when Siberian air masses flowed south over the coun- of frostbite. By war’s end, the number would be in the 2. Both the North and South gained and lost territory try; the temperature typically dipped below zero. Sol- tens of thousands. during the war, but ultimately the border was restored to a position close to the 38th parallel. 3. by avoiding the Chinese border Chapter 30 Section 3 989 wh07_te_ch30_s03_na_s.fm Page 990 Thursday, May 18, 2006 1:50 PMmgwh07_se_ch30_s03_s.fm Page 990 Friday, February 3, 2006 3:29 PM Two Koreas L3 Instruct Introduce Tell students that the text compares a divided Korea to a divided Germany. Ask them to predict how these nations would be similar, politi- cally and ideologically. What roles were these areas likely to play in the Cold War conflict? Teach Draw a Venn diagram on the board, labeled Korea, Germany, and Both. Have students supply facts to compare and contrast the two divided nations. Ask In what ways were divided Korea and divided Ger- many similar? (Both were Winter Battle Scene in Korea divided into communist command dictator Kim Il Sung, became a communist ally of the Soviet Union. In U.S. soldiers rest after winning a battle for a economies and capitalist market econo- snowy hill in Korea, February 1951. Based South Korea, the United States backed the dictatorial—but noncommu- mies. In both cases, capitalists thrived on the photograph, what advantage did nist—leader, Syngman Rhee. and communists struggled.) How did these soldiers gain by winning control of this hill? North Korean Attack Brings a United Nations Response Both they differ? (South Korea was not leaders wanted to rule the entire country. In early 1950, Kim Il Sung democratic, while West Germany was. called for a “heroic struggle” to reunite Korea. North Korean troops North Korea had one dictator, while attacked in June of that year and soon overran most of the south. The East Germany had many leaders. Korea United Nations Security Council condemned the invasion. The United remained divided after the Cold War States then organized a United Nations force to help South Korea. while Germany was unified.) United Nations forces were made up mostly of Americans and South Koreans. Although U.S. troops arrived in early July, North Korean troops Quick Activity Invite students to continued to advance until United Nations forces stopped them in suggest reasons why command econo- August along a line known as the Pusan Perimeter. This perimeter was mies seem to stagnate, while market centered on the port city of Pusan, in the southeastern corner of the economies seem to thrive. Korean peninsula. In September 1950, United Nations troops landed on the beaches Independent Practice around the port of Inch’on, behind enemy lines. These U.S.-led troops Have students use the Venn diagram on quickly captured Korea’s north-south rail lines and cut off North Korean the board to write a paragraph comparing troops from their supply of food and ammunition. North Korean forces in the south soon surrendered. By November, United Nations forces had and contrasting the economies and the advanced north to the Yalu River, along the border of China. postwar developments of North Korea and South Korea. China Reverses United Nations Gains The success of the U.S.-led forces alarmed China. In late November, Mao Zedong sent hundreds of Monitor Progress thousands of Chinese troops to help the North Koreans. In tough winter fighting, the Chinese and North Koreans forced United Nations troops As students work on their paragraphs, back to the south of the 38th parallel. circulate to ensure they understand the The Korean War turned into a stalemate. Finally, in 1953, both sides differences between a market economy signed an armistice, or end to fighting. Nearly two million North Korean and a command economy. and South Korean troops remained dug in on either side of the demilitarized zone (DMZ), an area with no military forces, near the 38th parallel. The armistice held for the rest of the Cold War, but no peace treaty was ever negotiated. Explain when and why China became involved in the Korean War. Solutions for All Learners Answers L2 Less Proficient Readers L4 Gifted and Talented In small groups, have students create a Venn diagram Have students research the current state of affairs of Caption relative safety and a better vantage to record the comparisons made in the section North and South Korea. Ask them to answer the fol- point between the Two Koreas and the Two Germanys dur- lowing questions: How does each country’s current China got involved in the Korean War when it ing the Cold War. This will help them organize the situation compare to that of the 1950s? What is the felt threatened by UN forces on its borders. information and make connections across regions. United States’ current relationship with each country? China wanted to help the Communist North Then discuss with students what might account for the How have events from the Cold War influenced these Koreans. differences between these divided nations (Sample: relations? geography, culture, history, economics). 990 The Cold War  wh07_te_ch30_s03_na_s.fm mgwh07_se_ch30_s03_s.fm Page 991 Friday,Page 9913,Tuesday, February 2006 3:29 April PM 18, 2006 11:58 AM Two Koreas Assess and Reteach Like the two Germanys, North and South Korea developed separately after the armistice—North Korea as a communist command economy, Assess Progress L3 South Korea as a capitalist market economy. As in Germany, the capital- ist portion of the country had an economic boom and rising standards of Have students complete the Section living, while the communist zone went through economic stagnation and Assessment. decline. Also as in Germany, the United States gave economic and mili- Administer the Section Quiz. tary aid to capitalist South Korea, while the Soviets helped the commu- nist north. Teaching Resources, Unit 7, p. 4 Unlike democratic West Germany, however, South Korea was gov- To further assess student under- erned by a series of dictators and military rulers during much of the Cold standing, use War. Unlike East Germany, where a series of officials led the communist Progress Monitoring government, a single dictator controlled North Korea throughout the Cold War. Whereas Germany was reunited at the end of the Cold War, Transparencies, 130 Korea remained divided. Reteach South Korea Recovers After the war, South Korea slowly rebuilt its economy. By the mid-1960s, South Korea’s economy had leapt ahead. If students need more instruction, have After decades of dictatorship and military rule, a prosperous middle class them read the section summary. and fierce student protests pushed the government to hold direct elec- Reading and Note Taking L3 tions in 1987. These elections began a successful transition to democracy. Study Guide, p. 279 Despite the bloody Korean War, most South Koreans during the Cold War years wanted to see their ancient nation reunited, as did many Adapted Reading and L1 L2 North Koreans. All Koreans shared the same history, language, and tra- Note Taking Study Guide, p. 279 ditions. For many, this meant more than Cold War differences. North Korea Digs In Under Kim Il Sung, the command economy Spanish Reading and L2 increased output for a time in North Korea. However, in the late 1960s, Note Taking Study Guide, p. 279 economic growth slowed. Kim’s emphasis on self-reliance kept North Korea isolated and poor. The government built a personality cult around Extend L4 Kim, who was constantly glorified as the “Great Leader” in propaganda. In the early years of the twenty-first cen- Even after its Soviet and Chinese allies undertook economic reforms in tury, conflict continued in the Koreas over the 1980s, North Korea clung to hard-line communism. North Korea’s development of nuclear How did North Korea’s economic performance compare weapons. Ask students to conduct Inter- to South Korea’s? net research on the issue and present their findings to the class. 3 Progress Monitoring Online For: Self-quiz with vocabulary practice Web Code: naa-3031 Answer Terms, People, and Places Comprehension and Critical Thinking Writing About History North Korea’s economic performance was dis- 1. For each term, person, or place listed at 3. Recognize Ideologies What ideolo- Quick Write: Write a Thesis Statement the beginning of the section, write a gies did Mao’s programs to transform To write a problem-solution essay, you mal compared with the prosperity experienced sentence explaining its significance. China reflect? need to choose the best solution to a in South Korea. 4. Draw Inferences How did the United problem. In this section, you learned that States use the changing relationship both North and South Koreans wanted to 2. Reading Skill: Summarize Use your between China and the Soviet Union to reunify their country, but that Cold War completed chart to answer the Focus its own advantage? differences got in the way. List possible Question: What did the Communist 5. Predict Consequences How might solutions to Korea’s Cold War division and victory mean for China and the rest of the history of Korea have been different write a thesis statement arguing for the East Asia? if United Nations forces had not best solution. stepped in to oppose the North Korean invasion in 1950? Section 3 Assessment 3. They reflected an opposition to “bourgeois” Writing About History property owners and a belief in totalitar- Answers should include a thesis statement 1. Sentences should reflect an understanding ian state control. arguing for a solution. One possible solution of each term, person, or place listed at the 4. The United States improved ties with includes a coalition government that repre- beginning of the section. China in order to isolate the Soviet sents both democratic and communist views. 2. Communist victory meant communist rule Union. in China and in North Korea, as well as 5. Without the United Nations’ involvement, the introduction of a wild card in the con- communist aggression might have suc- flict between the United States and the ceeded in Korea entirely and the nation For additional assessment, have students Soviet Union. would not now be divided. access Progress Monitoring Online at Web Code naa-3031. Chapter 30 Section 3 991