AP Comp Gov Yearlong Class Notes PDF

Homework Notes Major Geographic and Demographic Features - China has the second largest population in the world - Most of the population lives in the South and on the coast due to higher rainfall, more arable land, and better temperatures - Two major rivers: Yellow River and Y...

Homework Notes Major Geographic and Demographic Features - China has the second largest population in the world - Most of the population lives in the South and on the coast due to higher rainfall, more arable land, and better temperatures - Two major rivers: Yellow River and Yangtze River - The two lifelines of the region - Due to the large population and the lack of access to clean water and electricity, there have been several projects to help fix these issues - Three Gorges Dam created millions of kilowatts of electricity and prevents flooding, but destroyed historic sites  - There have been 3 projects that diverted water to the Northern part of China where there have been droughts, destroying more of the environment - Despite the large population, over 90% of Chinese people identify themselves as the ethnic group Han - This is due to the geography of China with mountains across the Southwest and West as well as the Gobi desert to the West - Due to the large population of China, the government implemented a “One child policy” in the 1970s to limit the number of people being born each year to hopefully slow the growth of the population Historical development of the State - Since around the 18th century BC, china has been unified on and off through the dynastic cycle - In 221 BCE, the Qin dynasty formed and saw the first appointment of non hereditary officials to govern the various provinces of China, mint currency, and develop a standardized weight system for trade - They also made the Great Wall, various canals and roads, and famous public works - Centralization and Dynastic Rule - When the Han dynasty came about in 206 BCE, the philosophy of Confucianism heavily influenced the leaders and fostered civil service. No other philosophy like this emerged for centuries in the West - When the Han collapsed, China was divided for 400 years until the Sui and Tang dynasties came about - The revival of rule in China restored unity, resurrected the bureaucracy, and fostered flourishing economic and cultural life - The Bureaucracy became the way to keep China glued together, even when there were dynasties controlled by foreign rule from Mongolia. - Affluence without industrialization - Throughout the Ming dynasty (1368-1644), China led the world in science, economics, communication, technology, and public works - However, Europe underwent the Renaissance during this time where there was international exploration, industrialization, and a revival of the classical art styles which saw China fall behind the west - By the mid 1400s, China banned long distance sea travel and did not innovate their inventions - Confucian thought influenced the Chinese to do this because the ideas and beliefs did not relate to the new technology, seeing the Chinese change their country rather than belief  - Another reason for this is China becoming less entrepreneurial due to the bureaucracy - Another reason for this is the geography of China that facilitated early unification limited competition since there was less of a threat of a lack of innovation leading to descruction from the outside - Europes economic and technological advancement continued and many countries began to see China as a possible trading partner - In 1839, China went to war against Britain (first Opium War) - China did not want to trade with the UK and the UK wanted to forcefully with China. - The British won and forced China to give them Hong Kong and pay restitution - Foreign pressures led to domestic instability in China, leading to future political change - The Erosion of Central Authority: Civil War and Foreign Invasion - In 1911, a public revolt swept away the remnants of the Qing dynasty and China was declared a republic - In the midst of the chaos, The Nationalist Party (Kuomintang or KMT) slowly grew in strength under Sun Yat-Sen, aided by student protest led to the May Fourth Movement in 1919 - In 1921, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) was formed under the principles of Marx and Lenin. - Though Sun was educated in Hawaii, the Soviet Union gave support to both parties and actually gave more support to the KMT since they were the more likely contender for control - By 1928, the KMT became the dominant party in the country while the CCP was pushed out of the cities. However, the KMT became very dictatorial and lost all sense of democracy - During this time, Mao Zedong became in control of the CCP and deviated from Marxism and more towards a Communist revolution with a large army made up of the peasant class. - The KMT attacks forced the CCP to move westward on the Long March Key Terms (through p.518) Anticorruption Campaign - Xi Jinping’s sweeping campaign against graft and other forms of corruption, launched in 2012 and used both to tackle government malfeasance at all levels and eliminate political rivals Century of Humiliation  - China’s self-described long century of intervention and exploitation at the hands of Western and Japanese imperialists Chinese Communist Party - Authoritarian party that has ruled China from 1949 to the present Chinese Dream - Paramount leader Xi Jinping’s policy vision calling for China’s national rejuvenation, modernization, and prosperity Confucianism - Philosophy attributed to Chinese sage Confucius, emphasizing social harmony Cultural Revolution - Mao’s radical movement launched in 1966 to regain political controls from rivals, resulting in a decade of social and political chaos Danwei (work unit) system - Maoist program providing all Chinese citizens lifetime affiliation with a work unit governing all aspects of their lives Deng Xiaoping - Paramount leader (1978-97) who launched China’s policy of economic reform and opening Falun Gong - Meditative martial arts movement founded in 1992 and banned by the Chinese government in 1999 as an “evil cult” Floating Population - China’s roughly 300 million itinerant peasants who have been leaving the countryside to seek urban employment since the 1990s Great Leap Forward - Mao’s disastrous 1958-60 effort to modernize China through localized industrial production and agricultural communes Harmonious Society - CCP propaganda term for the continuation of economic reform but with more concern for the growing wealth and welfare gap between urban and rural China Hu Jintao - China’s paramount leader from 2002-12 Hukou (household registration) System - Maoist program that tied all Chinese to a particular geographic location Hundred Flowers Campaign - Program (1956-57) in which Mao encouraged intellectuals to offer criticism of national policy, followed by crackdown on critics Jiang Zemin - Deng’s successor in the 1990s as China’s paramount leader Kuomintang  - China’s Nationalist Party founded by Sun Yat-sen and led by Chiang Kai-shek, who was overthrown by Mao’s communists in 1949 and forced to flee to Taiwan Li Keqiang - China’s premier and head of government (2013-present) Long March - The CCP’s 6,000-mile heroic retreat (1934-35) to northwestern China during the country’s civil war with the Chinese Nationalist Party, the KMT Mao Zedong May Fourth Movement National Party Congress National People’s Congress People’s Liberation Army Red Guards Reform and Opening Sun Yat-sen Three Represents Tiananmen Square Uighurs Xi Jinping China Introduction 10/18 - Intro to China Unit - China has been communist since 1949 - This summer was the 75th anniversary - Chinese kids were starving in the 70’s - China had a GDP growth rate of between 7 and 10 percent a year - Mao (communist) bound the country together and kicked Chiang Kai Shek off the mainland and to Taiwan - Pu Yi - Last emperor of China - Emperor at 3.5 years old - Wanted to raise him as an emperor - Kicked out at 7 by the Communists  - End of a 2000+ year dynastic era - Longest on the planet - Got fireworks, paper, currency, writing, city structures, and more - Zhongguo means “Middle Country” and is what China is called in China - Britain wanted to trade with China in the 1700s - British representative did not want to bow to the Chinese emperor and the Chinese emperor said Britain was “puny” - Led to three wars over 40 years - R.O.C.(Republic of China) led by Chiang Kai Shek from 1927-1949 (To Taiwan) - P.R.C (People’s Republic of China) led by Mao Zedong from 1949-1976 (death) - China has 160 cities over 1 million people, we have 12 - China has 50 over 5 million people, we have 5 - China has 11 over 10 million people, we have none 10/21 - China INTRO - Geography - Eastern part of mainland Asia - Borders over a dozen countries - Including but not limited to Russia, Vietnam, and North Korea - 22 provinces - 5 autonomous regions - 4 centrally administered cities - Including 3 special economic zones (SEZ’s) including Hong Kong and Macao (where gambling is legal) - Manchuria, (Northeastern most corner - Xinjiang - Home of Uyghurs who are not the same ethnicity as Han (China’s main ethnicity which makes up 92% of the population) - Closer related ethnically to Stans and are Muslim - Called enemies of the state and Xi Jinping said Uyghurs must “become more Han” - Tibet (Xiazang) - Capital is Lhasa at about 12k feet of elevation - There is a highway from Shanghai to Lhasa, but you must have a family to use it  - China is trying to populate Lhasa with Han (plantation-like with the British) - Maintaining your ethnic group - Western China - Significantly different from the coast - Lots of mountains, deserts, and high plateaus - Sparsely populated (56% of the land, but 23% of the people) - Average income in Shanghai, Hong Kong, and Guangzhou is around $4500 a month, or $54,000 a year - The Smaller and rural regions are around $2100 a year, or $6 a day - Traumatic disparity that causes grief in China - Resources - Semitropical topography allows for year-round agriculture and rice cultivation - Currently trying to make fuel out of rice - Rich in petroleum and coal - Used up a lot of the finite petroleum and coal resources there - Potential for hydroelectric power. - Three Gorges Dam - Built during 1994-2006 (12 years) - Changed the rotation of the planet because of the volume of the water behind it was so massive - It's already breaking - China vs. Other Countries - About the geographical size of the U.S. - 4x the population though - Only 10% of the world’s arable land and 6% of the water resource - More than 153? cities with population over 1 million - 58 over 2 million - China builds cities that support 5 million people, that only have 10,000 - 92% Han and 8% of 50 other minorities - Empire - The culture is over 4,000 years old - Based around family dynasties unified Chinese kingdoms around 221 B.C. - Fall of the Empire - The Dynastic period lasted over 2,000 years (215 BCE - 1911) because of… - Influence of Confucianism (Filial Piety - Respect your elders) - 5 relationships - Father to Son  - Sibling to Sibling - Husband to Wife - Ruler to Subject - Friend to Friend - Keep old people around because of wisdom - Effective bureaucracy - Strong economy and early urbanization - Structure of traditional Chinese Society - Dominant political, military, and cultural force - What happened between the rebellions - Taiping Rebellion - 1850-1864 - 20 million dead - Europe surpassed China - Opium wars - British defeated China - 1839-1842 - Called trade war is Britain - Xinhai Revolution of 1911 - Overthrew imperial system - Led to Republic of China - Republican Era - Sun Yat-Sen established the Republic of China - Couldn’t hold power and eventually taken over by regional warlords - Sun tried to reunify China under Guomindang, the Chinese Nationalist Party - Chiang Kai Shek took over and unified China by striking deals with warlords - Together, Shek and the warlords suppressed the Chinese Communist Party - Mao and the CCP - After being chased out by Shek, the CCP fled to the countryside - Late 1920’s and early 1930’s - A young leader named Mao Zedong believed the peasants should rise up and take back the power - His “softer side” was Zhou Enlai - Long March - In 1934, Mao began a year long 6000 mile journey across rural China to gather support, and he became quite popular - WWII - Japan invaded China, but Shek’s Nationalist army had an ineffective response - Mao mobilized the peasants to fight the Japanese using guerrilla warfare  - In 1945, Japan surrendered and the CCP had expanded its control and developed its own military - The Nationalists looked bad because of corruption, a bad economy, and the failure to resist Japan’s invasion - Post WWII - The communists defeated the USA backed nationalists and took over China - Shek fled to Taiwan - Mao declared the People’s Republic of China in 1949 - Mao in Power - Mao introduced agricultural and poverty reforms - Also enhanced the status of women, giving him more legitimacy - Collectivized agriculture and nationalized industry - China was now socialist - Hundred Flowers Movement - Mao said people should offer their honest opinions about the government and how it should be run - Vast public criticism - Mao cracked down on the critics and ensured there wasn’t any opposition to his ideals - Great Leap Forward - Mao planned to accelerate economic growth by relying on the labor force - Massive failure - Wasted resources - Industry and agriculture collapsed - 30 million people died - Cultural Revolution - Mao wanted to politically purify the CCP and silence anyone who disagreed with his school of thought (rightists) - Particular focus on public intellectuals and teachers 10/23 - Rise of the CCP - 1931: Japan annexes Manchuria and sells Opioids to the residents to fund the war - 1936: Chiang Kai Shek is kidnapped by his own men and forced to make a deal to fight the Japanese and not the Chinese. He refuses and is exiled. Communists become favored - 1937: Japan bombs the Shanghai Markets at noon on a weekday killing women and children - 1937: Rape of Nanking by the Japanese - The Civil War (1945-9)  - The Chinese Nationalists (Chiang) and the Chinese Communists(Mao) were fighting for power - CCP used Geurilla tactics with support from the rural peasants - The US supported the Nationalists because of Containment and the Truman Doctrine, leading the CCP to hate America - By 1949, the CCP controlled the majority of the large cities - CCP wins the Civil War → Kai Shek fleeing to Taiwan 10/24 - Mao (Class Taught) - Hundred Flowers Campaign - Mao said the people should offer their honest opinions about the government - Lifted regulations to allow free criticism - Many people expressed their grievances - Many people had a lot of criticism - Mao canceled the campaign - Sent people to reeducation camps if they disagreed with the government - Ultimately strengthened his position in the government - Second Five Year Plan - Introduction - Meant to last five years - Trying to catch up to other countries - Government organized the citizens - Decided that agriculture could also be developed as well as industry - Did not work (entirely) - Led to famine and intimidation - Goals - Grow the economy by growing industry and agriculture - Grain and steel - Use people rather than machines - Do it in the countryside - Finish in five years - Failed because of this - Collectivisation - Do better than the USSR’s industrialization - What happened - People used lost of wood to make steel - Led to lack of food - Steel produced was useless  - Not made properly - Didn’t have carbon - Central kitchens were organized - Now referred to as the three years of natural disasters - Don’t know how many people died - Somewhere between 15-45 million people - Four Evils campaign - Patriotic health movement - Eliminate rats, mosquitos, flies, and sparrows - Cleanliness and hygiene - Used propaganda to spread these ideas - Kids were partially responsible to deal with these - Sparrows were later switched to bedbugs, because the sparrows also ate insects such as locusts - Led to great Chinese famine along with two other reasons - People went to larger towns or cities to work at steel factories - The worst drought in Chinese history happened - Government pays for dead sparrows - With extra food or money - Cultural Revolution - Goals - Fully convert china from capitalist to communist - Rectify CCP - Ensure commitment to policies - Make education, healthcare, and cultural systems more accessible - Mao was concerned that the bourgeoisie was in his government - Results - Millions died or were banished - Eventually condemned - Four Olds (Cultural Revolution) - Old Habits, Old Customs, Old Culture, Old Ideas - Mao wanted to get rid of them 10/25 - Mao (Class Taught) - The Great Migration - Over 16 to 18 million people were forced to move from cities to countryside - Educate young people - Goal was to get rid of dissenters and force them away from the city - Significant in China’s extreme economic growth - Also led to ecological failures - Zhou Enlai - Died Jan 8th 1976 - Mao didn’t want people commemorating him - People would wear arm bands, - Main point of grieving was Tiananmen square - April 4th, 5th, 6th 1989 - People would put up huge monuments to grieve - Were taken down by police, - Led to riots, and people replacing the previous monuments - Sometimes called First Tiananmen Square Incident - Tiananmen Square Incident (Second?) - June 3 and 4, 1989 - Student led demonstrations calling for individual rights and freedoms - Death of Hu Yaobang sparked a gathering of students demanding reforms - Death of Mao - Gang of Four - Implemented Mao’s harsh policies - As Mao died, he wanted the Gang of Four to take over his power - Manipulated mass media - Red Guard - Convicted after Mao’s death - Imprisoned and later tried - Caused Tiananmen Square - Mao’s Death - Mao died September 9th, 1976 - Heart attack? Parkinson's? - Mao’s death lead to the purge of the Gang of Four left Hua Guofeng, a compromise candidate elevated to the premiership by Mao following the purge of Deng Xiaoping, as the chairman of the CCP and thus the official leader of China - Guanxi - Relationships with others (connections) China 10/29 - Chinese Government - Makeup of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) - Mao Thought - Deng Theory - Jiang Zemin’s - Hu Jintao’s - Harmonious Society - Standing Committee - 7 members - 6 members plus the General Secretary (Xi Jinping) - Smaller cabinet - Meets daily - Politburo - 24 members with one alternate - Standing Committee is part of Politburo - Meets weekly(ish)  - Central Committee - 204 members with 167 alternates - Politburo and Standing Committee are a part of the Central Committee - National Party Congress (NPC) - About 2100 members - All of the above are a part of the NPC - Cadres - About 40 million - Local council people - Only position you can vote for - The General Secretary, Standing Committee, and Politburo make all of the large decisions - TITLES MEAN NOTHING - Hides the real leaders from backlash - President is head of state (Xi Jinping) - Premiere is head of government (Li Qiang [sounds like Chung]) 10/20 - Chinese Government Structure and Hong Kong - Guy from Hong Kong killed his wife in Taiwan - Went back to Hong Kong and confessed - Couldn’t be thrown in jail because he wasn’t in Taiwan, where he committed the crime - Hong Kong wanted to create a law that allows them to prosecute criminals who committed crimes in other countries - That “extradition bill” would giver China a lot more power over Hong Kong - China convicts people of crimes 96 percent of the time - Hong Kongers don’t want this bill - Hong Kong’s Chief Executive is not elected, but selected by a small community and approved by china - Legislative Council (LedgCo) - Many parties, but most are either Pro-Democracy or Pro-China - The elections are split between the people and corporations - Many of the corporation seats go to Pro-China, because these businesses benefit from China - This election style has led to outrage among the people - The extradition bill is the largest protested bill in the history of China - First generation under the one-country two systems model - The extradition bill was eventually suspended permanently 11/5 - China’s Internment Camps - Secret Internment Camps - Detains 1 million Uighurs - China has been worried about Uighur separatism - Western China is rich with resources - 40 percent of coal - 20 percent of oil and gas - 20 percent of potential wind energy - Dilute Uighur representation in Xinjiang - Intersperse Han into Xinjiang - Uighurs were left with the worst jobs - Agriculture - Viewed Uighurs as an extremist threat - Banned long beards - Uighurs have also been thrown into camps - Called de-extreamification centers - Infected with extremists values - Forced to criticize their own values and sing Communist propaganda - People worldwide have worked to unearth the existence of these camps - China is willing to take the blow on the international stage in order to control Xinjiang - Belt and road initiative - Cable, rail, and oil/natural gas pipelines that pass through Xinjiang - Fallen Gong (Daba) - Spiritual group - Deemed political enemies by the state - Social Credit - A broad policy category seeking to enforce legal obligations including laws, regulations, and contracts. - High social credit = high respect from the government because you follow the rules 11/6 - Ghost Cities - Mega City - Chinese cities with millions of people - Some of which are relatively unknown - Built from “full throttle” philosophy - Some people refuse to move for the city - Developers build around them - All parts of buildings are prefabricated - Ghost Cities - Entire cities with nobody there - No one can afford to live in them - They build the cities while the materials are cheap  - Like in 2012, during the housing crisis - 400-500 million people living in what China calls “inadequate” housing 11/7 - China Test Questions 1. Started in 1979 by Deng Xiao Ping, the ______________________ allowed foreign investment into China. - Special Economic Zones 2. ______ rejected widespread foreign interference in China and called for its modernization. - May 4th Movement 3. What term best refers to the period of chaos and violence following Mao’s call to “Bomb the headquarters”? - a a. Cultural revolution b. Communist revolt c. August Uprising d. Xinhai revolution 4. ___________ was the term coined to refer to anyone who didn't fully support Mao and the revolution. - Reactionary 5. ______ began in 1956, and promoted citizen participation in government but was shut down quickly. - Hundred Flowers Campaign 6. Which order is correct for the organization of the communist party - E a. Politburo, Standing Committee, Central Committee, National Party Congress b. Central Committee, Peoples National Congress, Politburo, Standing Committee c. Cadres, National Party Congress, Standing Committee, Politburo d. Peoples National Congress, State Council, Politburo, Standing Committee e. National Party Congress, Central Committee, Politburo, Standing Committee 11/12 - China Economy - The Chinese Miracle - Almost 10% real growth per year for 30 years starting in 1981 - Made them the second largest economy after the US - Largest regarding PPP - Purchasing power parity, adjusts for price differences between countries - Maoist Economy - CCP came into power in 1949  - Allowed privatization for gaining support and for the growth of economy - State Socialism - The government owns and controls most of the economic resources - Used for economic development - Command Economy - The economic activity is driven by government planning and the commands rather than market forces - Government decides everything - No motivation for innovation - Five Year Plan - Government controlled the production and distribution of goods and services - Impressive results but also created inequalities - Excitement to develop the country coming out of Chiang Kai-Shek’s rule - Second Five Year Plan - Doesn’t work, we know why - After Mao: China Goes to Market - “It doesn't matter whether a cat is white or black, as long as it catches mice” - Deng Xiaoping - Socialism with Chinese characteristics - Russia-Lenin 1918 democratic centralism - The Mass Line (Mao) - Cadres give the upper government information - The Iron Rice Bowl (Mao) - It cannot be broken - Deng later said “the iron rice bowl has been broken” - You must work for a living and earn your own money to buy your own food - Socialism - Under Deng, capitalist-style free-market economy - Reforms Under Deng (THESE MAY BE INCLUDED IN ALL OF THE FOLLOWING EXCEPT… TEST QUESTION) - Prices determined by market forces - The state no longer dictated how to make and what to make - Privatization encouraged - State Owned Enterprises went down - Authority for making economic decisions went from government to factories - Industrial autonomy - Factories can make their own decisions  - Individuals were encouraged to make money for themselves - Consumer revolution - The 1970s, people shop for consumer goods made by state-owned factories - Now, there are many high-quality products, foreign and domestic stores - Socialist Market Economy - Both socialism and capitalism - Socialism with Chinese characteristics - They can’t run a fully command economy because they have too many people - Remaking the Chinese Countryside - Land reform (1949) leads to collective farms (1950s) - Household Responsibility System (profit based “if you don't meet the mandate” you owe bushels if you exceed it you get to sell it on the free market for profit) - Abolish collective farming - Land overseen by contracted families - Increased agricultural production - Everyone will do what they are good at - If you’re short, you grow the stuff close to the ground, if you’re tall, you grow stuff that grows on trees - 2008 CCP new land reform law - Stimulate agricultural production - Raise rural incomes - Stop corruption - Contracts for land - Rural Industrial and Commercial Revolution - Agriculture decollectivized - Township and Village Enterprises (TVEs) - You can just move stuff like factories - - Rural factories run by local government - Low labor costs = increase in workers = fast growing = foreign investment - Factories being moved from the city to rural towns to prevent floating population increase - Economic growth = more disparity in wealth - Disparities in gender equalities - Men dominate rural economic life - 70% of women illiterate rurally - Women workers are first to be laid off  - Pollution vs development: emphasis on sustainable development - Balances economic growth and environment concerns - Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) - Massive trade network and political vision - Building a new trade route based on the silk road - Through Central Asia, Europe, and Africa - China imports tons of raw materials and exports a ton of value added goods - China can expand globally and build bridges, roads, and buildings to make a country dependent on them, giving them a bit of political power - Risks - Corruption - Chinese loans - Debt trap - China is putting countries in debt and then forcing them to pay them back, which is often too much - Maybe China is giving smaller countries opportunities for economic advancement 11/14-15 - Tiananmen Square - NPC and PNC both meet right next to TS - Forbidden city is right across the street - Tiananmen Square Protests - Mostly college students and workers with college degrees - Mourning Hu Yaobang - Gen Sec - People are called “enemies of the state” for mourning here by an editorial (April 26th) after protests break out - Want freedom of press and more democracy - May 4th Movement - A protest of the Treaty of Versailles - Country is fracturing into warlords - Lots of important years end in nine - Tiananmen Square Protests (cont.) - Li Peng accepts a meeting with the students - Students have two main demands - Forced eviction of the square is demanded 11/21 - Review With Dino - Opium War - 1st large rebellion - Century of humiliation followed - Second one ended in the late 1800s  - Led to Hong Kong being held by Britain for 99 years - Provides China with foreign intrusion - Signed the one country, two systems agreement that lasts 50 years - 2047 - Xi Jinping has decided to end that - Umbrella Movement - Want to keep the format they have for elections - Now it has to go through LedgeCo and approved by mainland China - Extradition Bill - China wanted to be able to take people from Hong Kong to the mainland for trial - Mad about the conviction rate changes - Got removed - Article 23 - Closed door trials - Benefits of a one party system - Stuff gets passed immediately - Taiping Rebellion - 2nd large rebellion - Missionaries get spread through China and many get killed - About foreign influence - First time they really rebelled against the dynasty - Close to 20 million dead - Movement of Righteous and Harmonious Fists (Boxer Rebellion) - 3rd large rebellion - Pu Yi in power - Add years for all rebellions (important) - May 4th Movement (1919) - During treaty of versailles - China gets screwed over and Japan gets a bunch of land because China is fragmented - Protests by students - Some of whom get killed - Precursor to communist revolution - ROC is started - Jan 1st 1912 - Nationalism (Minzu) - Democracy (Minquan) - Socialism (Minsheng) - Want Sun Yat Sen out - Seen as a westerner - Chiang Kai Shek - Sun Yat Sen could not hold control  - Chiang removes CCP - Long March - Large scale engagement then guerilla warfare - Running away from KMT - Xi’an Incident - A fed generals of the KMT and CCP make Chiang promise to fight Japan - 2nd Sino-Japanese War (1937-45) - China is split and Japan is much more prepared - After WWII, Japan must give up S China Sea - Communist Revolution (1945-49) - Ends in Oct of 49 when Mao declares the PRC open - First Five Year Plan - Aimed at rapidly industrializing the country and transforming the economy under the CCP - Agriculture is wildly successful - Mostly hand farming - Hundred Flowers Campaign - Allowing constructive criticism of the government - Purges anyone who criticizes the government - Not originally “beating the grass to startle the snakes” - Capitalist Roaders - Reactionaries - 2nd five year plan - Try to make steel - Didn’t work at all - During 4 evils campaign - Cultural Revolution - Mao mobilized millions of people, mainly students, into the Red Guard - Destruction of Four Olds - Customs, culture, habits, ideas - Brain Drain - The removal of all the people who are described as intellectuals - Afterwards, Dung invites back the intellectuals - Pro-democracy movement of 1989 - After Hu Yaobang’s death - People use this as a chance to speak out against what they dislike in their community - Dongluan - Turmoil and chaos - Post-Mao Changes  - GenSec most powerful - Standing Committee 7 most powerful - Politburo 25 most powerful 11/22 - Review with Dino 2 - Jiang Zemin - Gen Sec starting in 93 - Pushed Red Capitalists - Capitalism within the party - More disparity of wealth - Hu Jintao - More harmonious society - Wants to eliminate wealth gap - Xi Jinping - China becoming a global leader - Does not bring up wealth gap that much - Chinese Dream - Beauty - Harmony - Prosperous modern socialist society - BRI - Trying to build trade routes in other countries - Aiding small countries with infrastructure who need aid - Small countries can’t pay back the loans, allowing China control of ports - Sea trade network, oil and gas, communication - Anti-corruption campaign/act - Wanted to eliminate anyone connected to Hu Juntao - Whoever is opposing him - One child policy - Started by Mao, not Deng - Slow down absurdly huge population growth - Says you can have one child - If you have more than one, you have to pay for healthcare, education, and other stuff - NOW you can have more than one child if both parents are “little emperors”, or single children - Birth rate has slowed - One child policy does not apply in the countryside - More birth to laborers - Reform and Opening  - Privatization of industry - PLA (People’s Liberation Army) - Began with the start of the Chinese Civil War - Criminal Justice System - Burden of proof is on the defendant - Between 95 and 100 percent conviction rate - China has 13 bordering countries - State owned enterprises - Businesses owned and run by the government’ - National bank, oil, natural gas, and airline - Average 10% growth for over 10 years - Iron rice bowl - Caring issues - Only cadres are voted for - 8 minority political parties (ish) - Under 1 million combined - Loyal non opposition - PRC supports war on terror - Allows them to go after the Uighurs - Martial Law - Can’t leave your house - Mao thought - Little red book with rules - Ghost Cities - Cities with the hope of attracting people to work in service industry jobs - Zhongguo - Middle Kingdom - Chinese self sufficiency - Red Guards - Student radicals - 13-26 year olds who wanted - Great Firewall of China (Golden Shield) - Can’t use western technology in China, so they use all their own technology - You can’t get around it using a VPN - Can’t look up anything regarding Tiananmen Square - Hukou - Reinforced the danwei system - Tells people what they can and can’t do - Many people just violate it and move - Zhushan protests  - Fees for busses got jacked up by a government company - Caused huge protests and one person and died - Just because it was videotaped and got out to the world 11/25 - In Class Review - Dongluan- chaos, turmoil (Mao’s permanent revolution) - 1897 - Treaty of Hong Kong - May 4th movement (1919-1926?) - Jiang Zemin's Three principles- nationalism, socialism, democratic 12/2 - In Class Review - Beijing Consensus - State capitalism - In China, it includes several SOEs (State Owned Enterprise) - 30% of China’s economy is SOEs - 3000 SOEs in 1980 but around 200 today - State driven capitalism allows the country to invest in businesses which grows the company, national economy, and allows foreign investors to invest more money. - Increased FDI (Foreign Direct Investment)