Philippine Revolution History PDF

PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION HISTORY 1. GOMBURZA Hermano Pule (Apolinario de la Cruz) was another key figure who fought for Filipino rights, particularly in the religious sphere. In 1841, decades before the execution of the Gomburza, Pule led a revolt in Tayabas (now Quezon province) against Sp...

PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION HISTORY 1. GOMBURZA Hermano Pule (Apolinario de la Cruz) was another key figure who fought for Filipino rights, particularly in the religious sphere. In 1841, decades before the execution of the Gomburza, Pule led a revolt in Tayabas (now Quezon province) against Spanish authorities who denied Filipinos the right to hold religious positions. After his repeated attempts to join religious orders were rejected due to his race, Pule founded the Confraternity of Saint Joseph, a religious organization designed for Filipinos. His efforts to create a space for Filipino spirituality and community were seen as a direct challenge to the colonial system, which was heavily controlled by Spanish friars. When the Spanish government declared the confraternity illegal, Pule led a military revolt but was ultimately captured and executed. Pule's rebellion is considered one of the earliest attempts to assert Filipino rights, particularly the right to practice religion free from colonial oppression. His actions predate the Gomburza martyrdom, yet both share a common goal of pushing back against the dominance of Spanish rule. Pule's revolt, though unsuccessful in the short term, laid the groundwork for a growing awareness among Filipinos of the injustices they faced. His sacrifice mirrored that of the Gomburza, contributing to a larger national consciousness of the need for reform and resistance. Hermano Pule Revolt Memorial Another significant figure in the religious struggle for Filipino rights was Pedro Palaez, a Filipino priest who advocated for the secularization of the Church. Palaez, like Pule, fought against the dominance of Spanish friars in Filipino religious life. He worked tirelessly to ensure that Filipino priests were given the same rights and opportunities as Spanish clergy. Although Palaez passed away in 1863, his efforts were part of the broader movement for Filipino empowerment and set the stage for the martyrdom of the Gomburza. Palaez's work in PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION HISTORY championing Filipino clergy inspired many, including the Gomburza priests, and was a precursor to the growing demands for Filipino participation in both the Church and the political sphere. GOMBURZA represents the surnames of priests Mariano Gomez, Jose Apolonio Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora, who were executed on February 17, 1872, in Manila. Falsely accused of participating in the Cavite Mutiny—a protest against Spanish rule—the priests were unfairly tried by the Spanish colonial government, which sought to stifle the growing movement for reform. Despite insufficient evidence, Gomez, Burgos, and Zamora were sentenced to death, with their execution intended as a demonstration of Spanish power to discourage opposition. However, their execution had the opposite effect, fueling public outrage and strengthening Filipino resistance. The priests’ courage and steadfastness in their beliefs resonated deeply, transforming them into martyrs for justice and freedom. Rather than quelling dissent, the brutal nature of their deaths sparked widespread anger and mobilized Filipinos, who began to see GOMBURZA as symbols of the struggle against oppression. Their martyrdom ignited the nationalist movement and inspired many to stand for the rights and dignity of their people. Mariano Gómez de los Ángeles PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION HISTORY Father Mariano Gomez was born on August 2, 1799, in Sta. Cruz, Manila. He became one of the three priests remembered in Philippine history as GOMBURZA. At age 25, Gomez was appointed head priest of Bacoor, Cavite, where he advocated for the rights of Filipino priests and challenged the abuses of Spanish friars. His actions eventually angered the Spanish clergy, leading to his arrest and imprisonment. He was jailed along with Father Burgos, Father Zamora, Joaquin Pardo de Tavera, and Maximo Paterno. The subsequent execution of the priests became a major catalyst for the Philippine Revolution. Before his execution, Father Gomez founded a publication called La Verdad (The Truth), which provided a platform for Filipino reformists to voice their opposition to Spanish rule. Jose Apolonio Burgos y Garcia PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION HISTORY Father José Burgos y García, born on February 9, 1837, in Vigan City, was a highly educated priest who advocated for the secularization of parishes—promoting the assignment of Filipino clergy rather than foreign (Spanish) priests. His push for reform drew the attention of Spanish authorities, who viewed his ideas as a challenge to their colonial and religious control. Although innocent, he was charged with sedition and executed, becoming a hero and symbol of Filipino resistance against Spanish oppression. Jacinto Zamora y del Rosario PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION HISTORY A Filipino Catholic priest, Jacinto Zamora, was born on August 14, 1835, in Pandacan, Manila. He was wrongfully accused of involvement in the Cavite Mutiny, a brief uprising of Filipino soldiers and workers against Spanish colonial authorities. Though innocent, Zamora was accused of plotting against Spanish rule due to his support for reform and his role in the secularization movement, which aimed to transfer control of Philippine parishes from Spanish friars to Filipino clergy. 2. The Propaganda Movement (Acosacion Hispano-Filipino) The Propaganda Movement, specifically known as Acosacion Hispano-Filipino, refers to the organized efforts of Filipino reformists between 1872 and 1892 to address the injustices of Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines. This movement advocated for civil rights, the separation of religious leaders from politics, and various reforms, including Filipino participation in the Spanish Cortes. Primarily composed of young mestizos and creoles (individual who were born in the Philippines and have Spanish ancestry), such as José Rizal, Marcelo H. Del Pilar, Mariano Ponce, and Graciano Lopez Jaena, these reformists utilized newspapers, essays, and novels to raise awareness about the mistreatment of Filipinos. PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION HISTORY They promoted a sense of unity and national identity among Filipinos through their works, in addition to criticizing the rule of colonialism. They promoted social awareness that prioritized respect, rights, and dignity by drawing attention to the injustices that their countrymen had to endure. Although the Propaganda Movement did not yield immediate reforms, it profoundly influenced a generation of Filipinos to consider armed resistance and ignited a spirit of national pride, paving the way for the Philippine Revolution. The movement's emphasis on education, activism, and unity left a lasting legacy, ensuring that the sacrifices of its leaders and the spirit of GOMBURZA continued to inspire Filipinos in their struggle for independence. Ultimately, The Acosacion Hispano-Filipino acted as an inspiration for future efforts at freedom and self-determination. Filipino Ilustrados Jose Rizal Marcelo del Pilar Mariano Ponce La Solidaridad PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION HISTORY La Solidaridad was a significant newspaper established in 1888 as the official publication of the Propaganda Movement by Filipinos in Spain. Its primary goal was to advocate for reforms, including representation in the Spanish Cortes, and to raise public awareness of the socioeconomic abuses committed during Spanish colonial rule. A total of 160 issues of La Solidaridad were published from its inception on February 15, 1889, until its final edition on November 15, 1895. Key contributors included Marcelo H. Del Pilar and José Rizal, along with Graciano López Jaena, who wrote essays and articles on various social issues. The publication was essential in bringing the Filipino people together in their fight for independence and spreading nationalistic values. Despite discontinuing publication in 1895, La Solidaridad had a significant influence on Philippine nationalism and the reform movement, ultimately leading to a turn toward an armed conflict. Mariano Ponce y Collantes Mariano Ponce, born on March 23, 1863, in Baliuag, Bulacan, was a Filipino physician, writer, and an influential member of the Propaganda PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION HISTORY Movement. He studied medicine in Spain and became a prominent leader among Filipino expatriates in Europe who advocated for reforms in the Philippines. As an editor and regular contributor to La Solidaridad, the movement’s official newspaper, Ponce used his writings to push for reform and to promote Filipino culture and identity. To protect his identity from Spanish authorities, he wrote under the pen names Naning, Kalipulako, and Tigbalang. Ponce’s commitment to reform and independence made him a significant figure in the rise of Filipino nationalism. Graciano López Jaena PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION HISTORY Graciano López Jaena, born on December 18, 1856, in Jaro, Iloilo, was a Filipino nationalist, journalist, and a key leader in the Propaganda Movement. Originally trained in medicine, he left his medical studies to pursue a career in journalism and activism. He is best known as the founder of La Solidaridad, the newspaper that became a crucial platform for advocating social and political reforms during Spanish colonial rule. Writing under the pen name Diego Laura, López Jaena used his powerful speaking and writing skills to call for Filipino representation in the Spanish Cortes and the abolition of oppressive colonial practices. His writings and speeches inspired many Filipinos to join the movement for reform. Spending much of his life in Spain, he continued his advocacy until his death, leaving a lasting legacy in the struggle for Philippine nationalism and identity. Marcelo H. del Pilar Marcelo H. del Pilar, born on August 30, 1850, in Bulakan, Bulacan, was a Filipino nationalist, lawyer, journalist, and a key figure in the Propaganda PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION HISTORY Movement. Known for his fierce advocacy for reform, he used his legal and writing skills to challenge colonial abuses and fight for Filipino rights. Del Pilar initially practiced law in the Philippines, where he also campaigned against the excesses of Spanish friars in the church. Later, he became the editor of Kalayaan, the newspaper that became the voice of the Katipunan, and contributed extensively to La Solidaridad after moving to Spain. Writing under the pseudonym Plaridel, he used his articles to expose colonial injustices, advocate for civil rights, and promote national unity. His work inspired many Filipinos to join the revolutionary cause, and he continued supporting the independence movement even while in exile in Spain, where he remained until his death. o Kalayaan Founded by Marcelo H. del Pilar in 1896, Kalayaan served as the official newspaper of the Katipunan, the revolutionary society dedicated to achieving independence from Spanish colonial rule. By shedding light on the injustices faced by Filipinos and advocating for reform, the publication aimed to strengthen Filipino nationalism, independence, and equality. It featured articles and essays that used humor and sharp language to expose the wrongdoings of the Spanish government and the clergy. Kalayaan fostered a sense of national identity, encouraged unity among Filipinos against colonial oppression, and raised awareness of the need for independence, despite censorship and persecution from colonial PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION HISTORY authorities. Its influence was crucial in fueling nationalist sentiment and advancing the movement for Philippine independence. José Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION HISTORY José Rizal was a Filipino nationalist, writer, and revolutionary leader, widely regarded as a national hero of the Philippines. Born on June 19, 1861, in Calamba, Laguna, he was the seventh of eleven children in a well-to-do family. Rizal received his education in the Philippines and later in Europe, where he became involved in the reform movement aimed at addressing the injustices of Spanish colonial rule. His most significant literary works, Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, provided sharp critiques of colonialism and highlighted social injustices, contributing to the awakening of national consciousness among Filipinos. He wrote under several pen names, with the most notable being Laong Laan and Dimasalang. In 1892, Rizal founded La Liga Filipina, an organization that sought to promote unity and reform; however, it was short-lived due to his arrest shortly after its establishment. He was executed by the Spanish authorities on December 30, 1896, and his martyrdom became a rallying point that inspired the revolution against colonial rule. Rizal's legacy as a champion of education, reform, and Filipino identity continues to resonate in contemporary society. o Noli Me tangere PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION HISTORY Noli Me Tangere, written by José Rizal and published in 1887, is a seminal novel that critiques Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines. The story revolves around Crisostomo Ibarra, a young Filipino who returns home from Europe, only to find out that his countrymen are facing corruption and oppression, particularly at the hands of the clergy and colonial authorities. Rizal addresses important topics like racism, social injustice, and colonialism through an impressive cast of characters, ultimately inspiring Filipinos to seek social reform and independence. Noli Me Tangere has since become a cornerstone of Philippine literature, deeply influencing national identity and inspiring future generations to advocate for justice and equality. Its themes and messages continue to resonate, making it an enduring symbol of the Filipino struggle against colonialism. o El Filibusterismo El Filibusterismo, published by José Rizal in 1891, serves as the sequel to Noli Me Tangere and presents a controversial, more revolutionary perspective. The story centers on Simoun, a wealthy jeweler who is actually the disguised PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION HISTORY Crisostomo Ibarra, seeking revenge against the corrupt Spanish authorities who oppress his fellow Filipinos. Simoun believes that meaningful change would be achieved only through igniting a revolution, viewing violent conflict as a necessary course of action. The novel critiques the failures of the reform movement and explores complex themes such as nationalism, morality, and the consequences of revenge. Through El Filibusterismo, Rizal seeks to awaken Filipino awareness and inspire the fight for freedom. This work is a significant contribution to Philippine literature and plays an important role in shaping national identity, reflecting the strong desire for justice and independence among Filipinos. Its compelling messages continue to resonate, encouraging readers to consider the importance of activism in the struggle against oppression. Apolinario Mabini Apolinario Mabini Apolinario Mabini became an influential adviser and strategist during the Philippine Revolution. He was known for his intellectual contributions and played a crucial role in shaping the political direction of the revolutionary government. Mabini’s PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION HISTORY writings, which reflected his political philosophy and advocacy for Philippine independence, provided invaluable ideological support to the revolution and helped articulate the aspirations of the Filipino people for freedom and self-governance. Some of his notable works include "El Verdadero Decálogo" (The True Decalogue), "Pahayag" (Declaration), "A La Patria" (To the Fatherland), and Political Essays. These writings underscored his belief in the principles of democracy, justice, and national sovereignty. Though Mabini did not directly participate in the Propaganda Movement, which was active in the 1880s and early 1890s, his political and intellectual outlook was heavily influenced by the ideas and reformist goals that emerged from this movement. The Propaganda Movement, led by figures such as José Rizal, Graciano López Jaena, and Mariano Ponce, sought to address the social and political issues under Spanish colonial rule, advocating for reforms like equality before the law and greater autonomy for the Philippines. While Mabini became prominent in the later stages of the revolution, he shared many of the same ideals as the Propaganda Movement, particularly the vision of an independent and self-governing Philippines. His writings and political views echoed their calls for justice, freedom, and national unity. Mabini's contributions, especially his advocacy for Filipino self-determination, were deeply aligned with the reformist goals of the movement. His intellectual work and his role as an adviser to Emilio Aguinaldo during the revolution connected him to the broader currents that sought to challenge Spanish colonialism and later American imperialism. Mabini’s influence and enduring legacy as a political thinker make him a key figure in the ideological foundation of the Philippine Revolution and the struggle for independence. o "Pahayag" (also known as "El Verdadero Decálogo"): This refers to Mabini's statements in which he shared his views on governance, sovereignty, and the roles and responsibilities of both the revolutionary PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION HISTORY leaders and citizens. The "True Decalogue" consisted of a set of moral principles that Mabini believed were crucial for the Filipino people during the revolution. It highlighted virtues like unity, patriotism, and self-discipline, which he saw as essential for the success of the fight for independence. In both "Pahayag" and "El Verdadero Decálogo", Mabini emphasized that real freedom could only be achieved through righteous leadership and the personal responsibility of each individual. o "A La Patria" (To the Fatherland): In this work, Mabini expressed his deep commitment to the Philippines, focusing on nationalism and the importance of collective action for the country's future. "A La Patria" called on Filipinos to unite in their struggle for independence, stressing that the nation's future depended on the strength and unity of its people. Mabini urged his fellow countrymen to put the nation’s welfare first, above individual interests. This piece reflected his dedication to the cause of Philippine independence and his belief in the moral and intellectual potential of Filipinos. 3. La Liga Filipina La Liga Filipina (Philippine League) was a secret society, founded by José Rizal on July 3, 1892, was an important movement aimed at promoting unity among Filipinos to pursue peaceful reforms under Spanish colonial rule. Rizal envisioned the organization as a civic group that would empower Filipinos to confront injustices and advocate for their rights. The league focused on education, mutual aid, and social improvement, highlighting the necessity of political representation for Filipinos in the Spanish Cortes. Through this initiative, Rizal aimed to foster a sense of nationalism and solidarity, encouraging Filipinos to engage in reform efforts to enhance their social conditions and assert their rightful place in society. PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION HISTORY However, the promising start of La Liga Filipina was abruptly cut short when Rizal was arrested and exiled to Dapitan shortly after its formation. His imprisonment deeply discouraged many members and led to the organization's fragmentation. The loss of Rizal's leadership hindered the group's ability to sustain its momentum and achieve its goals through legal means. Despite this disillusionment, the ideals of La Liga continued to resonate with many Filipinos, serving as a reminder of the importance of unity and collective action against oppression. While La Liga did not fulfill its original objectives, it laid the groundwork for more radical movements that followed, illustrating the complexities of the struggle for independence during this challenging period. The legacy of La Liga Filipina, despite its brief existence, played a crucial role in the emergence of the Katipunan. The disappointment that arose from Rizal's arrest intensified the urgency among the more radical factions within the Filipino reformist movement, leading to a strategic shift from peaceful reform to revolutionary action. OFFICER OF LA LIGA FILIPINA Officer of La Liga Filipina PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION HISTORY Domingo Franco y Tuason– President Domingo Franco Domingo Franco was a Filipino businessman and advocate for reform in Manila during the late 1800s. He was deeply involved in the nationalist movement and worked with other reformists who aimed to improve the conditions under Spanish colonial rule. When La Liga Filipina was founded by José Rizal in 1892, Franco was chosen as its President due to his leadership abilities and dedication to the cause of Filipino rights. Although initially a supporter of peaceful reform, Franco recognized the growing need for stronger action as tensions with the Spanish authorities increased. After Rizal's arrest led to the disbanding of La Liga, Franco helped form the Cuerpo de Compromisarios, a group focused on supporting the Propaganda Movement through financial contributions and advocacy. He also maintained ties with the Katipunan, a separate group that pushed for independence through armed rebellion. Franco’s involvement in these nationalist efforts eventually led to his arrest, and he was executed by the Spanish in 1896, making him one of the martyrs of the Philippine Revolution. Deonato Arellano y de la Cruz– Secretary and Treasurer PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION HISTORY Deonato Arellano Deodato Arellano was a Filipino accountant and reformist, born in Bulacan, Philippines. Known for his administrative skills, he was a key figure in the nationalist movement and an early member of La Liga Filipina, which was founded by José Rizal in 1892. Arellano served as the Liga’s Secretary and Treasurer, handling its finances, records, and organizational matters. His role was crucial in maintaining the Liga’s structure and supporting its reformist agenda. After Rizal's arrest and the Liga’s dissolution, Arellano became one of the founding members of the Katipunan, the revolutionary society that sought independence from Spanish rule. He was elected as the Katipunan's first president, where he helped lay the groundwork for the Philippine Revolution. Isidro Francisco – Fiscal Isidro Francisco was a Filipino reformist and a dedicated member of the nationalist movement during the Spanish colonial period in the Philippines. Born into a modest family, Francisco developed a strong sense of justice and commitment to the rights of his fellow Filipinos, which led him to become involved in reformist activities aimed at improving conditions under Spanish rule. His legal knowledge and passion for justice made him a valuable asset to La Liga Filipina, which was established by José Rizal in 1892. PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION HISTORY Within La Liga, Francisco served as Fiscal, or legal officer, where he provided advice on legal matters, helped draft documents, and ensured that the Liga operated in accordance with Spanish law while pushing for social reforms. His role was crucial in upholding the Liga's legal integrity and supporting its goals to unite Filipinos, promote education, and advocate for their rights in a peaceful, organized manner. Juan Zulueta – Councilor Juan Zulueta was a Filipino reformist and an active supporter of the nationalist movement during the Spanish colonial era. Not much is known about his early life, but he became involved in the advocacy for reforms alongside other prominent figures of his time. As a member of La Liga Filipina, founded by José Rizal in 1892, Zulueta served as a counselor, helping to promote the Liga’s objectives of unity, mutual aid, and peaceful reform under Spanish rule. In his role as councilor, Zulueta worked to support the Liga's activities and expand its influence among Filipinos. His involvement contributed to organizing and strengthening the Liga’s reach within the community, encouraging Filipinos to work together for social and economic improvements. Although the Liga was short-lived due to Rizal’s exile, Zulueta’s participation reflected his commitment to the Liga’s vision of peaceful reform and social change. Timoteo Legaspi – Councilor Timoteo Legaspi was born in 1856 in the town of Taal, Batangas, Philippines. He belonged to a prominent family, which provided him with access to education and opportunities for leadership. Legaspi became a lawyer, which further established his reputation as an advocate for justice and reform. In addition to his role as a counselor in La Liga Filipina, he was also involved in local governance and other civic organizations, demonstrating his commitment to public service. His advocacy for social justice and political reform was instrumental in the PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION HISTORY broader movement for Philippine independence from Spanish colonial rule. Legaspi's contributions to La Liga Filipina and his active participation in the reform movement reflect his dedication to the welfare of his fellow Filipinos and the quest for national identity. José Paes – Councilor José Paez was a Filipino revolutionary leader born in 1857 in Cavite, Philippines. He became actively involved in the nationalist movement during the late 19th century. As a counselor in La Liga Filipina, founded by José Rizal in 1892, Paez contributed to the league's efforts to promote unity and social reform among Filipinos. His leadership helped shape the organization’s strategies in advocating for Filipino rights and independence. Paez’s role was vital in the broader context of the Filipino struggle against colonial oppression. Andres Bonifacio y de Castro – Councilor Andres Bonifacio PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION HISTORY Andrés Bonifacio was born on November 30, 1863, in Tondo, Manila, Philippines. He came from a modest family and had limited formal education, but he was a self-taught individual with a deep passion for nationalism. He is best known as a key leader in the Philippine Revolution against Spanish colonial rule and is often referred to as the "Father of the Philippine Revolution." He was a notable member of La Liga Filipina, where he served as a counselor. In this role, he was instrumental in promoting the league's objectives of national unity and social reform among Filipinos. As a counselor, Bonifacio worked alongside other leaders to strengthen the organization and advocate for the rights of Filipinos under Spanish colonial rule. His position allowed him to influence the direction of the league and foster a sense of civic responsibility, which aligned with his broader revolutionary goals. His involvement in La Liga Filipina highlighted his commitment to the struggle for Philippine independence and his belief in the power of organized collective action. Moyses Napcil – Councilor Moyses Napcil was born in 1845 in Cavite, Philippines. He was known for his commitment to the Filipino nationalist movement. As a counselor in La Liga Filipina, he played a significant role in advocating for reforms and uniting Filipinos in their struggle against Spanish colonial rule. Napcil's involvement in the league helped mobilize support for the revolutionary cause, contributing to the broader movement for Philippine independence. His dedication and leadership were essential during this transformative period in Philippine history. PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION HISTORY Adriano de la Cruz – Councilor Adriano de la Cruz was a Filipino revolutionary leader born in 1861 in Cavite, Philippines. He was well-educated and became actively involved in the nationalist movement against Spanish colonial rule. As a counselor in La Liga Filipina, founded by José Rizal in 1892, Adriano played a key role in advocating for reforms and fostering unity among Filipinos. His contributions helped advance the league's mission to promote national consciousness and push for the rights and welfare of the Filipino people during a pivotal period in history. Apolinario Mabini y Maranan – Councilor Apolinario Mabini Apolinario Mabini was born on July 23, 1864, in Tanauan, Batangas, Philippines. He was a highly educated individual, becoming a lawyer and a key political figure in the Philippine Revolution. Despite being paralyzed from the waist down due to polio, Mabini became known for his sharp intellect and exceptional leadership abilities. Mabini was involved in La Liga Filipina, the nationalist organization founded by José Rizal in 1892, although his primary contributions were more aligned with the revolutionary government rather than within the league itself. As a counselor in La Liga Filipina, he played a crucial role in promoting the league’s goals of national unity and social reform. His writings and political ideas were influential in shaping the ideology of the Philippine revolutionaries. Mabini later served as the prime minister of the First PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION HISTORY Philippine Republic, demonstrating his enduring commitment to Philippine independence and governance. His involvement in La Liga Filipina highlighted his dedication to advancing the cause of freedom and social justice for Filipinos. Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista y Altima– Councilor Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista Ambrocio Rianzares Bautista was born in 1852 in the Philippines, specifically in the province of Bulacan. He was educated and became a lawyer, which allowed him to engage deeply in social and political issues of his time. Bautista was a key figure in La Liga Filipina, the nationalist organization founded by José Rizal in 1892. As a counselor, he played an essential role in promoting the goals of the league, which aimed to unite Filipinos and advocate for reforms under Spanish colonial rule. Bautista's involvement in La Liga Filipina highlighted his commitment to the movement for Philippine independence and his dedication to advancing civil rights and social justice for his fellow Filipinos. His legal expertise and leadership within the organization contributed to the broader struggle for national sovereignty during a pivotal period in Philippine history. Moises Flores – Councilor PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION HISTORY Moises Flores was a Filipino leader born in the mid-19th century, with limited information available about his early life. He emerged as a significant figure in the nationalist movement during the period of Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines. As a counselor in La Liga Filipina, the organization founded by José Rizal in 1892, Flores played an important role in advocating for the league’s goals of national unity and social reform. His involvement was part of the broader movement aimed at mobilizing Filipinos to seek reforms and push for independence from colonial oppression. While specific details about his contributions may be less documented than those of other leaders, his participation in La Liga Filipina underscored his commitment to the cause of Filipino nationalism and the fight for civil rights during a transformative period in Philippine history. 4. The Radical Movement Members of the Radical Movement were driven by a deep sense of Filipino nationalism, which fostered unity among diverse groups of people across the archipelago. This nationalism was not merely a sentiment but a powerful call to action that inspired ordinary Filipinos to rise against their oppressors. Through the formation of the Katipunan, individuals from different social backgrounds, including farmers, workers, and intellectuals, came together to strategize and execute uprisings against Spanish forces. The movement's PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION HISTORY emphasis on direct action ignited a revolutionary spirit that resonated throughout the nation, encouraging participation in battles and campaigns aimed at dismantling the colonial system that had long subjugated the Filipino people. Formation of the Katipunan (KKK) On July 6, 1892, just three days after the formation of the Liga Filipina, José Rizal was arrested on fabricated charges. The following day, Governor General Eulogio Despujol ordered his immediate exile to Dapitan. In response to this news, members of the Liga Filipina—including Ladislao Diwa, Teodoro Plata, Andrés Bonifacio, José Dizon, and Valentín Díaz—gathered at the home of Deodato Arellano on the evening of July 7. During this meeting, they organized PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION HISTORY the Katipunan (KKK), which stands for Kataastaasan, Kagalanggalangan, Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan. The term "katipunan" translates to "association" and is derived from the Tagalog root word "tipon," meaning "to gather together" or "society." OFFICER OF KATIPUNAN First Supreme Council Deonato Arellano y de la Cruz – President Deonato Arellano PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION HISTORY Deonato Arellano was born in 1860 in Cavite, Philippines. He was a well-educated individual significantly involved in the struggle for Philippine independence. As the first supremo and president of the Katipunan, he played a pivotal role in organizing the revolutionary efforts against Spanish colonial rule. Arellano's leadership helped unite members of the society and promote the ideals of nationalism, laying important groundwork for the broader movement for independence in the Philippines. Andres Bonifacio y de Castro Andres Bonifacio Andrés Bonifacio was born on November 30, 1863, in Tondo, Manila. He came from a modest family and was largely self-taught. Bonifacio played a vital role in the Philippine Revolution against Spanish colonial rule. As the secretary of the Katipunan, he was responsible for administrative tasks, correspondence, and organizing the society's activities. His leadership and strategic vision were crucial in mobilizing support for the revolutionary cause, establishing him as a central figure in the fight for Philippine independence. PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION HISTORY Valentine Diaz – Treasurer Valentine Diaz Valentin Diaz was born in November 1 1845, he a member of Logia Taliba No 165, Masonic name Tupas. Diaz was from Paoay, Ilocos Norte. He became Oficial de Mesa del Juzgado de Binondo and, like the others, joined Rizal’s Liga Filipina. He served as a counselor in the Supreme Council of the Katipunan from 1892 to 1893. He was one of the signatories of the pact of Biak-na-Bato and joined General Aguinaldo in exile in Hong Kong. He served as Colonel of the army during the Philippine-American War. Diaz died in 1916. Ladislao Diwa y Nocon – Counselor Ladislao Diwa PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION HISTORY Ladislao Diwa was born in June 27, 1863 in Cavite, Philippines. He was an educated individual who became actively involved in the Philippine nationalist movement. As a counselor in the Katipunan, he played a significant role in promoting the organization’s goals and facilitating its operations. Diwa's contributions included strengthening the ties among members and advocating for the revolutionary cause against Spanish colonial rule. His efforts were instrumental in the early organization and mobilization of support for Philippine independence. Briccio Brígido Pantas y Maranan – Counselor Bricio Pantas also known as “bungahan” was born in 1856 in Cavite, Philippines. He was a committed nationalist and became involved in the revolutionary movement against Spanish colonial rule. As a counselor in the Katipunan, Pantas played a key role in organizing efforts and fostering unity among members. His contributions were essential in advancing the organization's goals and mobilizing support for the fight for Philippine independence. Pantas’s dedication and leadership helped strengthen the revolutionary movement during this critical period in history. Teodoro de Jesus Plata – Counselor Teodoro de Jesus Plata PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION HISTORY Teodoro Plata was born in 1856 in Cavite, Philippines. He was an educated individual and a dedicated member of the nationalist movement seeking independence from Spanish colonial rule. As a counselor in the Katipunan, Plata played a vital role in organizing the group's activities and promoting its objectives. His contributions helped strengthen the unity among members and advance the revolutionary cause. Plata's leadership and commitment were instrumental in the fight for Philippine independence during this pivotal era. The Katipunan was established as a secret revolutionary society with the aim of achieving independence from Spanish colonial rule. Founded on July 7, 1892, in a house on Arcarraga Street (now Claro M. Recto) in Tondo, Manila, it began with around 100 members, primarily led by Andrés Bonifacio. The society implemented a structure based on triangulos (triangles)—three-member units designed to ensure that each member would only know two others. These triangulos evolved into cells known as Hasik (meaning "to sow" or "scatter"), which were responsible for recruiting new members in their respective areas. The Katipunan's initiation process included the solemn sanduguan (blood contract), where members demonstrated their loyalty by signing their names in blood, solidifying their commitment to the cause of Philippine independence. This marked the beginning of a vibrant and dynamic revolutionary movement that would play a critical role in the struggle against Spanish colonialism. PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION HISTORY Women also provided essential services to the Katipunan. Initially, it was simply a patriotic society for men, but as suspicions among women grew regarding their husbands' nocturnal absences, the loss of their monthly salaries, and the "long hours of work," Andres Bonifacio was compelled to include them in the KKK. To be admitted, a woman had to be a wife, daughter, or sister of a Katipunero. They played a crucial role in protecting society's secret papers and documents. Additionally, they served as distractions for the civil guards during the Katipuneros' meetings, making it appear as though they were merely harmless social gatherings. The towns and cities that supported the Katipunan cause were given symbolic names, such as Magdiwang (to celebrate) for Noveleta; Magdalo (to come) for Kawit; Magwagi (to win) for Naic; Magtagumpay (to succeed) for Maragondon; Walangtinag (never-diminished) for Indang; and Haligue (wall) for Imus—all located in the province of Cavite. Over the next four years, the founders of the Katipunan would search for additional members. By the time the group was discovered, historian Teodoro Agoncillo believed that membership had grown to roughly 30,000 in 1896, while Ilocano writer Isabelo de los Reyes estimated membership to be between 15,000 and 50,000. The members agreed to recruit more individuals under the Sistemang Patatsulok, or "triangle system," of enlisting. Each original member would recruit two new members who were unrelated to one another. Each new member would then repeat the process, and so on. Thus, the organization was structured into three-man units. Bonifacio formed his first triangle with his two comrades, Teodoro Plata and Ladislao Diwa. PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION HISTORY However, the triangular system allowed for gradual expansion, and it was determined in October 1892 that members could recruit as many people as they could. Members were also encouraged to contribute one Real (approximately 25 centavos) per month to help raise finances for the association. The “Kataastaasang Sanggunian” (Supreme Council) was the highest governing body of the Katipunan. It was headed by a supremo, or president. Each province had a “Sangguaniang Bayan” (Provincial Council), and each town had a “Sangguniang Balangay” (Popular Council). PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION HISTORY The Katipunan's organizational structure consisted of three tiers of membership: Katipon (member) for first-degree members, with symbols including a black hood, revolver, and/or bolo; Kawal (soldier) for second-degree members, represented by a green-ribboned medallion with a Malayan "K" inscription; and Bayani (patriot) for third-degree members, denoted by a red hood and sash with green borders. PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION HISTORY They formed small branches called Sangguniang Balangay, which would then create larger provincial councils governed by the Sangguniang Bayan. All of these were overseen by the Kataastaasang Sanggunian (Supreme Council), composed of the Pangulo (president), Kalihim (secretary), Tagausig (fiscal), Tagaingat-yaman (treasurer), Pangalawang Pangulo (vice president), Pangalawang Kalihim (vice secretary), mga kasanguni (councilors), Mabalasig (terrible brother), Taliba (guard), Maniningil (collector/auditor), Tagapamahala ng Basahan ng Bayan (custodian of the People's Library), Tagapangasiwa (administrator), Manunulat (clerk), Tagatulong sa Pagsulat (assistant clerk), Tagalaan (warden), and Tagalibot (patroller). OFFICER OF KATIPUNAN 1895 The 1895 Supreme Council Andres Bonifacio y de Castro - President PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION HISTORY Andres Bonifacio was born on November 30, 1863, and became a major motivator for the revolutionary movement as the founder of the Katipunan. He dedicated significant effort to gathering supporters and planning revolutions, driven by his belief that urgent action against Spanish control was necessary. His strong sense of nationalism and unwavering commitment to the cause of freedom were defining characteristics of his leadership. Bonifacio authored several significant writings and speeches that articulated his revolutionary ideas, including “Ang Dapat Mabatid ng mga Tagalog,” “Decalogue of the Katipunan,” and “Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa.” These works reflect his passion for the Filipino struggle for independence and have left a lasting impact on the nation’s history. Written works of Andres Bonifacio ⮚ “Ang Dapat Mabatid ng mga Tagalog” (What the Tagalogs Should Know), written by Andres Bonifacio, describes the goals and principles of the Katipunan. It provides guidance to Filipinos on issues of nationalism, the value of independence, and the struggle against injustice brought forth by colonization. PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION HISTORY ⮚ “Decalogue of the Katipunan” was created by Andres Bonifacio, the founder of the Katipunan. This document consists of a set of ten principles or commandments that served as a guide for the members of the revolutionary society. It emphasized values such as love for the country, courage, unity, and the importance of fighting for freedom and justice. The Decalogue played a crucial role in shaping the ideology and moral framework of the Katipunan as they sought to challenge Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines. ⮚ "Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa" “Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa” (Love for the Motherland) is a powerful poem written by Andres Bonifacio in 1896, during the Philippine Revolution. Though primarily a literary work, it was often recited or sung during revolutionary gatherings, inspiring Filipinos with its deep sense of patriotism. The poem calls on Filipinos to love and honor their homeland, the Philippines, and to be willing to make sacrifices for its liberation from Spanish colonial rule. It embodies the spirit of nationalism and emphasizes that true love for the country requires dedication, selflessness, and, if necessary, the ultimate sacrifice—one's life for the freedom of the nation. PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION HISTORY Emilio Jacinto y Dizon He was a prominent leader in the Radical Movement during the Philippine Revolution and a key member of the Katipunan. He joined the organization at a young age and became known for his writings, including A La Patria, Pahayag, Sa Mga Kababayan Ko, and Liwanag at Dilim, which inspired nationalism and the fight for independence. As editor of PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION HISTORY the Katipunan's newspaper, Kalayaan, he spread revolutionary ideas and encouraged action against Spanish oppression. Jacinto actively participated in battles, demonstrating his commitment to the cause. The Kartilya ng Katipunan is a foundational document of the Katipunan that serves as a moral and ethical guide for the members of the society, outlining the core principles they should uphold in their fight for freedom. He is remembered as a symbol of youthful courage and a significant figure in the struggle for Philippine independence. Written works of Emilio Jacinto ⮚ "A La Patria" is a poem by Emilio Jacinto that expresses profound love for the Philippines and calls for national pride and unity. It emphasizes patriotism, urging Filipinos to rise against Spanish colonial rule and highlighting the moral duty to fight for their homeland. The poem serves as a powerful rallying cry for the revolutionary movement, inspiring courage and sacrifice in the quest for independence. ⮚ “Pahayag” by Emilio Jacinto is a declaration that encapsulates his revolutionary ideals and principles as part PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION HISTORY of the Philippine independence movement. Jacinto, a key leader in the Katipunan and often called the "Brains of the Katipunan," used Pahayag to emphasize the need for unity, patriotism, and moral conduct in the struggle against Spanish colonial rule. In it, he calls on Filipinos to fight for their rights and freedom while upholding principles of justice and equality. Jacinto’s writings were heavily influenced by his desire for national dignity and the ethical responsibility of revolutionaries. His works aimed to inspire members of the Katipunan to commit themselves fully to the cause of independence while maintaining honor and integrity. ⮚ "Sa Mga Kababayan Ko" by Emilio Jacinto is a patriotic address to his fellow Filipinos, urging them to unite in the fight against Spanish oppression. Jacinto, a key figure in the Katipunan and the Philippine Revolution, stresses the importance of love for country and solidarity among the people to achieve freedom and dignity. He condemns the injustices brought by colonial rule and appeals to the Filipino sense of nationalism and justice. The work encourages Filipinos to take pride in their identity and to resist tyranny with courage, discipline, and moral integrity. Through this piece, Jacinto sought to inspire collective action for the cause of independence. PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION HISTORY ⮚ "Liwanag at Dilim" (Light and Darkness) is an essay by Emilio Jacinto that explores the struggle between good and evil and emphasizes the importance of moral clarity in the fight for freedom. Jacinto advocates for education and awareness as essential tools for empowerment, urging Filipinos to recognize their identity and resist colonial oppression. The essay conveys hope and the potential for positive change through collective action, inspiring readers to actively engage in the struggle for independence. Kartilya ng Katipunan ⮚ The Kartilya ng Katipunan is a moral and ethical guide written by Emilio Jacinto for the members of the Katipunan, the secret revolutionary society fighting for Philippine independence from Spain. It outlines core principles such as love for country, equality, and personal integrity, emphasizing that true revolutionaries must live virtuous lives, free of selfishness, and dedicated to justice. The Kartilya calls for self-sacrifice PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION HISTORY for the nation’s welfare, equality among all people, and the responsibility to defend the oppressed. It served as both a code of conduct and a philosophical foundation for the Filipino struggle for freedom. 5. Military Conflicts The Cry of Pugad Lawin, PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION HISTORY Also known as the Sigaw ng Pugad Lawin, the Cry of Pugad Lawin is a significant event that marks the start of the Philippine Revolution against Spanish colonial rule. It symbolizes the collective decision to fight for independence after years of oppression. Led by Andres Bonifacio, the founder of the Katipunan, he, along with the Katipuneros (members of the Katipunan), tore their cedulas (residence tax certificates) and shouted “Mabuhay ang Pilipinas! Mabuhay ang Katipunan!” This act of rebellion against the Spanish government signified their rejection of Spanish sovereignty and the oppressive colonial system. The event took place in Pugad Lawin, a location now part of Quezon City. While the exact date has been debated, with various sources citing either August 23 or August 24, 1896, the importance of the event lies in its role as the formal beginning of the revolution. The public show of rebellion at Pugad Lawin energized the revolutionary movement and led to a series of battles and uprisings throughout the country. A significant consequence of the Cry of Pugad Lawin was the mobilization of various revolutionary forces across the Philippines. It served as a rallying point for Filipinos who sought freedom from colonial rule and laid the groundwork for subsequent armed conflicts, eventually leading to the declaration of Philippine independence in 1898. Bonifacio's leadership and commitment to the cause of liberation positioned him as a key figure in Philippine history, and the Cry of Pugad Lawin remains a powerful symbol of the fight for freedom and national identity. Battle of Pinaglaban PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION HISTORY The Battle of Pinaglabanan, or Battle of San Juan del Monte, led by Andrés Bonifacio, saw Katipuneros launch an attack on a Spanish weapons depot in San Juan del Monte (now part of modern-day San Juan City in Metro Manila) on August 30, 1896, aiming to seize firearms and ammunition that could fuel the rebellion. This strategic location housed a water reservoir, which was also critical to the infrastructure of Manila. Despite the Katipunan’s determination and bravery, the Spanish forces, supported by reinforcements from Manila, repelled the assault. The Filipino revolutionaries, though outgunned and outnumbered, fought fiercely but were ultimately forced to retreat. Many Katipuneros were killed or captured, making the battle a significant but tragic moment in the revolution’s early stages. The Battle of Pinaglabanan is remembered for its symbolic value in Philippine history. Although it ended in defeat for the revolutionaries, it marked a powerful statement of resistance and a bold step toward Philippine independence. The battle remains a source of national pride, and its site is commemorated today with the Pinaglabanan Shrine in San Juan, honoring those who fought and died in the quest for freedom from colonial rule. Battle of Imus On September 1-3, 1896, Aguinaldo's army attempted to conquer Imus, a critical town in Cavite. The Filipino forces confronted well-equipped and experienced Spanish PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION HISTORY troops. Despite being outnumbered, Emilio Aguinaldo and his troops demonstrated extraordinary bravery and tactical acumen. They used guerrilla warfare techniques, utilizing their knowledge of the local terrain to their advantage. The conflict was noteworthy not only for its immediate military significance but also for its long-term impact on the morale of Filipino revolutionaries. The successful seizure of Imus was a watershed moment that boosted the confidence of the Katipunan and its allies. This victory also prompted additional recruitment and mobilization in the battle for independence. Following the capture of Imus, Aguinaldo's forces continued to gain momentum in Cavite, leading to further victories in the region. The town became a crucial base of operations for the revolutionaries, enabling them to coordinate attacks against Spanish forces in other areas. The success at Imus inspired neighboring towns to join the revolutionary cause, contributing to a broader uprising across Cavite and other provinces. Overall, the capture of Imus not only marked a significant military achievement but also helped to galvanize the Filipino people's determination to fight for their freedom. It underscored the effectiveness of the Katipunan's strategies and set the stage for subsequent battles in the Philippine Revolution, ultimately leading to Aguinaldo's declaration of independence in 1898. Battle of Binakayan-Dalahican The Battle of Binakayan-Dalahican, which took place on November 9, 1896, was an important fight during the Philippine Revolution against Spanish rule. It occurred in PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION HISTORY the towns of Binakayan and Dalahican in Kawit, Cavite. Led by Emilio Aguinaldo, the Filipino forces demonstrated their strength and military skills as they faced Spanish troops. The revolutionaries employed smart tactics, such as guerrilla warfare, to take advantage of their knowledge of the local area. This battle ended in a significant victory for the Filipino forces, boosting their morale and uniting various groups fighting for independence. The win at Binakayan-Dalahican was a key moment that helped inspire Filipinos to continue their struggle against colonial rule. The success of Aguinaldo and his troops in this battle not only secured control of Cavite but also enabled them to gain momentum in subsequent engagements. It solidified Aguinaldo’s leadership and showcased the effectiveness of the Katipunan's strategies, demonstrating that organized Filipino forces could effectively challenge the Spanish military. Additionally, the victory contributed to the establishment of revolutionary councils and local governance in the area, fostering a sense of national identity among Filipinos. The Battle of Binakayan-Dalahican is remembered as a critical point in the Philippine Revolution, further igniting the desire for freedom and independence from colonial oppression. Battle of Alapan Aguinaldo initiated the fight against Spanish forces in Cavite to solidify his leadership in the region and strengthen the broader uprising against Spanish colonial rule. The conflict, which PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION HISTORY saw intense and bloody fighting, highlighted the determination and organization of the Filipino rebels. The revolutionaries demonstrated their ability to challenge the Spanish military, which had long been seen as a formidable power in the Philippines. This battle was part of a larger series of engagements that ultimately aimed to achieve Filipino independence and end centuries of Spanish colonial dominance. The revolutionaries' success at the Battle of Alapan on May 28, 1898, was a key moment in the struggle. This victory not only boosted the morale of the Filipino forces but also played a crucial role in consolidating Aguinaldo’s leadership. It was a turning point in the revolution, proving that coordinated and well-organized resistance could succeed against a colonial power. The Battle of Alapan, where Aguinaldo’s forces successfully repelled the Spanish, became symbolic of the broader Filipino fight for freedom. This victory helped galvanize more Filipinos to join the revolutionary cause, further weakening Spanish control in the region and paving the way for the eventual declaration of Philippine independence. Battle of Manila Bay During the Spanish-American War, on May 1, 1898, the Battle of Manila Bay took place. Under the command of Commodore George Dewey, the US fleet decisively destroyed the PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION HISTORY Spanish fleet in the Philippines in a critical naval confrontation. The Spanish fleet, composed of outdated and poorly equipped ships, was quickly overrun by the American fleet, which was equipped with superior weaponry, modern technology, and more advanced naval tactics. The battle lasted just a few hours, with the Spanish fleet suffering catastrophic losses, including the destruction of several warships and the death of hundreds of Spanish sailors. This resounding victory marked the end of Spanish naval dominance in the region and effectively neutralized Spain's ability to defend its colonies in the Pacific, including the Philippines. With the Spanish fleet defeated, the US gained control of Manila Bay and had an unchallenged military presence in the area. While the Philippines had not yet formally been ceded to the United States, the defeat of Spain's naval forces sealed the fate of Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines. The battle also paved the way for the eventual occupation of the Philippines by the United States. The victory at Manila Bay was a turning point in the Spanish-American War, contributing to Spain’s decision to sue for peace. The Treaty of Paris, signed later that year, resulted in Spain ceding the Philippines, along with Puerto Rico and Guam, to the United States for $20 million, officially ending over 300 years of Spanish colonial rule in the islands. The battle and its aftermath marked the beginning of American imperial rule in the Philippines and reshaped the geopolitical landscape of the Pacific. George Dewey PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION HISTORY George Dewey was a prominent U.S. naval commander best known for his significant victory at the Battle of Manila Bay during the Spanish-American War on May 1, 1898. Born on December 26, 1837, in Montpelier, Vermont, Dewey had a long and distinguished naval career, but his reputation was cemented by his decisive win against the Spanish fleet in Manila Bay. Leading a squadron of U.S. warships, Dewey's forces quickly obliterated the Spanish fleet, securing control of the waters around the Philippines. This battle marked a turning point in the war, contributing to the end of Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines and ushering in American involvement in the region. 6. The execution of José Rizal PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION HISTORY Although José Rizal never directly joined or supported the Katipunan, he remained an inspirational figure for the revolutionary society, which held him in such high regard that his name was used as a password among its highest-ranking members, known as bayani. Andres Bonifacio, one of the Katipunan’s leaders, greatly admired Rizal’s intellect and vision, even though Rizal did not know Bonifacio personally. This admiration led Bonifacio to send Dr. Pio Valenzuela to Dapitan in June 1896 to seek Rizal’s guidance on the planned revolution. Rizal, however, advised against an armed rebellion, fearing the people were not prepared and that it might lead to unnecessary bloodshed. The Matyrdom of Rizal Mural The Spanish colonial government viewed Rizal as a dangerous influence, as his writings, such as Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, exposed the abuses of the colonial administration and ignited a strong sense of nationalism. Despite his peaceful advocacy for reform, he was accused of inciting rebellion and subsequently imprisoned. On the night before his execution, December 29, 1896, Rizal composed his farewell poem, Mi Último Adiós, in his cell at Fort Santiago, which his family later found hidden in a small alcohol stove. The poem expressed his love for his homeland and his hopes for its eventual freedom. On December 30, 1896, Rizal faced a firing squad in Bagumbayan (now Luneta Park) with calm resolve. His execution had a profound impact on the Filipino people, igniting widespread outrage and a new fervor for the revolutionary cause. For many, his death marked a turning point, strengthening the resolve of those who PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION HISTORY continued the fight for independence and serving as a catalyst for action against Spanish rule. Today, Rizal’s legacy endures as a symbol of patriotism and national pride. His death is commemorated each year on Rizal Day, December 30, honoring his sacrifice and the enduring influence of his ideals in the continued Filipino struggle for justice, equality, and independence. o "Mi Último Adiós" ("My Last Farewell"), it is a farewell poem expresses his deep love for his country and his readiness to sacrifice his life for the cause of Philippine independence. He reflects on the beauty of the nation, the oppression under Spanish colonization, and his hope for the country's future freedom. PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION HISTORY 7. Tejeros Convention The Tejeros Convention, held on March 22, 1897, in Tejeros, Cavite, was a pivotal assembly of Katipunan leaders, including Andrés Bonifacio and Emilio Aguinaldo. The convention aimed to unite revolutionary forces under a single leadership and to create a formal government for the revolution, as the Katipunan had grown in size and scope beyond its original structure. During the proceedings, Aguinaldo was elected president of the new revolutionary government, while Bonifacio was assigned a lower post as director of the interior, a decision that led to significant tensions and dissatisfaction, particularly among Bonifacio’s supporters. PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION HISTORY The convention's outcome was contentious, as Bonifacio and his allies felt the process was unfair, claiming that Aguinaldo's Magdalo faction had manipulated the proceedings. This disagreement ignited a power struggle between two factions: the Magdalo faction, led by Aguinaldo, and the Magdiwang faction, which supported Bonifacio. The split weakened the unity of the revolutionary movement, with both factions vying for control and influence. Tejeros Convention The power struggle reached a tragic climax when Bonifacio, accused of attempting to establish his own leadership and allegedly planning to assassinate Aguinaldo, was arrested along with his brother Procopio Bonifacio. After a military trial, both were executed on May 10, 1897, in Maragondon, Cavite. This event not only marked a deep fracture within the revolutionary movement but also symbolized the internal conflicts that challenged the unity of the Filipino struggle for independence. The Tejeros Convention is often remembered as a turning point in the revolution, highlighting the complex dynamics of leadership, loyalty, and personal rivalry that shaped the early stages of the Philippine fight for independence. Magdalo Faction PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION HISTORY The Magdalo Faction, led by Emilio Aguinaldo, was primarily based in Cavite and recognized for its strong military organization and strategic discipline. Named after Saint Mary Magdalene (which had her surname Magdalo), the patron saint of Kawit, Aguinaldo’s hometown, the Magdalo faction advocated for a centralized and structured leadership to streamline the revolutionary efforts against Spanish forces. This approach stood in contrast to the more loosely organized Magdiwang faction, which operated in nearby areas of Cavite under the leadership of Andrés Bonifacio and supported a more egalitarian approach within the movement. The influence of the Magdalo faction was evident during the Tejeros Convention on March 22, 1897, where Aguinaldo was elected president of the newly established revolutionary government. This election marked a significant shift, as it symbolized the Magdalo's rising prominence and preference for a formal government structure. However, this shift also fueled tensions with the Magdiwang faction, who saw Bonifacio as the leader of the Katipunan and were concerned about what they perceived as the Magdalo's increasing dominance in the movement. The factional divide between Magdalo and Magdiwang weakened the unity of the revolutionary forces and contributed to internal conflicts, which ultimately culminated in the tragic execution of Bonifacio. Nonetheless, the Magdalo faction's influence continued to shape the course of the Philippine Revolution, with Aguinaldo later becoming a prominent leader in the struggle for independence and eventually declaring Philippine independence from Spanish rule on June 12, 1898. PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION HISTORY Magdiwang Faction The Magdiwang – to celebrate faction, led by Andrés Bonifacio, focused on mobilizing support from the masses and advancing the broader goal of revolution. Bonifacio’s leadership was more inclusive and participatory, attracting many lower-ranking revolutionaries and ordinary people. He emphasized a decentralized approach to leadership, which appealed to those who felt more aligned with his vision of a more equal and democratic society. The Magdiwang played a significant role in the early stages of the Katipunan, the secret society dedicated to gaining Philippine independence from Spain. Bonifacio, one of the Katipunan’s founders, believed in direct action and mass involvement in the fight against Spanish rule. His faction was especially active in organizing revolutionary activities in Cavite, Batangas, and Manila. However, as the revolution continued, tensions between the Magdiwang and the rival Magdalo faction, led by Emilio Aguinaldo, led to divisions within the movement. The Magdiwang's focus on broader participation and democratic leadership clashed with the Magdalo’s preference for a more centralized and formal government structure. These internal conflicts reached a climax during the Tejeros Convention in March 1897, when Bonifacio’s leadership of the Katipunan was challenged, resulting in his removal from power. Despite these divisions, Bonifacio remained committed to the cause of Philippine independence and is remembered as a key figure in the revolution. PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION HISTORY 8. The Discovery of Katipunan Rumors about a secret revolutionary group had been circulating for some time, but there was no solid evidence to confirm their existence. On August 19, 1896, Teodoro Patiño, a member of the Katipunan (KKK), revealed the existence of the organization to his sister, Honoria. This was a significant breakthrough for the Spanish authorities. Patiño worked at the printing press of Diario de Manila, a Spanish-language newspaper in Manila, where he had access to sensitive materials related to the group. Honoria, who was living at an orphanage run by nuns in Mandaluyong, was deeply alarmed by what her brother had shared with her. PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION HISTORY Teodoro Patino Concerned for her safety and the potential danger this information posed, Honoria confided in the Mother Superior of the orphanage, Sor Teresa de Jesus. After hearing of the Katipunan, Sor Teresa advised Honoria to seek help from Father Mariano Gil, the parish priest of Tondo, a district in Manila. Father Gil was known to be an ally of the Spanish authorities, and it was believed that his influence could help uncover the details of the secret society. Father Mariano Gil Following the revelations from Patiño, Father Mariano Gil and several Guardia Civil officers began to investigate the Diario de Manila and other local newspapers. They found evidence of the Katipunan's existence, including articles and publications that contained coded messages and references to the group’s activities. Alarmed by this discovery, the Spanish authorities immediately informed the Governor-General, who took swift action to suppress the movement. The printing press was shut down, and its operations were seized. In the days that followed, hundreds of suspected Katipunan members were arrested, many of whom were tortured to reveal the identities of others involved in the revolutionary group. This discovery set off a chain of events that led to the arrest of key Katipunan leaders, including Andrés Bonifacio, and ignited widespread arrests and executions. Despite the PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION HISTORY crackdown, the discovery of the Katipunan only fueled the resolve of the revolutionaries, and it marked the beginning of an intense period of resistance against Spanish rule. The revelation of the Katipunan played a pivotal role in the Philippine Revolution, which eventually led to the declaration of Philippine independence from Spain in 1898. 9. Execution of Andres Bonifacio and Procopio The Katipunan's founder, Andrés Bonifacio, felt becoming increasingly excluded as his revolutionary ideal grew divided. After the Tejeros Convention in March 1897, where he was defeated in an election for president of the revolutionary government by Emilio Aguinaldo, Bonifacio rejected the results. He accused the proceedings of being rigged and felt betrayed by his fellow revolutionaries, especially Aguinaldo and his allies. As tensions rose, Bonifacio and his brother Procopio Bonifacio were arrested on charges of treason and conspiracy to undermine the revolutionary government. PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION HISTORY A military tribunal, convened by Aguinaldo's government, was set up to try the Bonifacio brothers. The court found them guilty of treason, despite the fact that the trial was widely criticized for its lack of fairness. Many historians argue that the trial was politically motivated, as Aguinaldo and his supporters saw Bonifacio’s leadership as a challenge to their authority. Aguinaldo and his allies feared that Bonifacio, as a popular leader and symbol of the Katipunan’s origins, could rally support against their leadership, especially given the fragile state of the revolution at the time. On May 10, 1897, Andrés and Procopio Bonifacio were executed by firing squad in the mountains of Maragondon, Cavite. Andrés Bonifacio's execution remains one of the most controversial moments in Philippine history. While it was presented as necessary to preserve the unity and progress of the revolution, it led to a deep rift among revolutionary factions. The death of Bonifacio, the Katipunan's founder, symbolized the internal divisions that weakened the Filipino struggle against Spanish rule. Bonifacio Brothers PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION HISTORY Despite his death, Bonifacio's legacy as a national hero endured, and his execution only fueled further resentment against the Spanish and the emerging American colonial presence. Aguinaldo’s government would eventually declare Philippine independence from Spain in 1898, but Bonifacio’s death continued to serve as a poignant reminder of the sacrifices and struggles that defined the Philippine Revolution. Andrés Bonifacio Andrés Bonifacio was a Filipino revolutionary leader and the founder of the Katipunan, a secret society that initiated the Philippine Revolution against Spanish colonial rule in 1896. Born on November 30, 1863, in Tondo, Manila, Bonifacio was often called the "Father of the Philippine Revolution." He came from a poor background and was self-educated, reading works on revolution and politics, which inspired his nationalist beliefs. Bonifacio believed that the only way to achieve independence from Spain was through armed revolt, which led to the creation of the Katipunan in 1892. His vision of freedom for the Philippines emphasized equality and democracy for all Filipinos, including the working class. However, Bonifacio's leadership was challenged after internal divisions emerged within the revolutionary movement. Following his defeat in the Tejeros Convention of 1897, he was arrested, tried for treason, and executed by firing squad along with his brother Procopio in Maragondon, Cavite, on May 10, 1897. His execution remains a PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION HISTORY deeply controversial and pivotal moment in Philippine history, highlighting the internal conflicts that threatened to undermine the revolution he had started. Procopio Bonifacio Procopio Bonifacio was the younger brother of Andrés Bonifacio. Born on July 21, 1864, Procopio grew up in a similar environment as his brother, facing economic hardships and limited educational opportunities. Procopio was a loyal member of the Katipunan and took part in various revolutionary activities. He was known for his commitment to the cause and played a role in organizing the revolution. Following the internal divisions within the revolutionary movement, Procopio, along with his brother Andrés, was arrested after the Tejeros Convention of 1897. Both were tried by a military tribunal, found guilty of treason, and executed by firing squad on May 10, 1897, in Maragondon, Cavite. Procopio's death, like that of his brother, was a tragic turning point in the Philippine Revolution, marking the deep internal rifts that ultimately weakened the revolutionary movement. 10.The Pact of Biak-na-Bato A major agreement between the Spanish colonial authority and revolutionary leader Emilio Aguinaldo was the Pact of Biak-na-Bato, which was signed in December 1897. The pact was a result of peace negotiations aimed at ending the ongoing Philippine Revolution. Under the terms of the agreement, the Spanish government promised Aguinaldo and his supporter’s financial compensation and certain political reforms in exchange for their voluntary exile to PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION HISTORY Hong Kong. A payment of 800,000 pesos was included in the deal, meant to support the revolutionaries during their exile and encourage the cessation of hostilities. Pact of Biak-na-Bato Filipino negotiators In return, Aguinaldo and his followers agreed to disband their forces and cease fighting against the Spanish, although the pact did not explicitly recognize Philippine independence. While the Spanish saw the Pact of Biak-na-Bato as a temporary solution to quell the rebellion, it ultimately failed to resolve the deeper issues of colonial rule. The promised reforms were never fully implemented, and the payment of 800,000 pesos was not immediately provided in full. As a result, the agreement fell short of expectations and did not satisfy the Filipino people's growing desire for independence. The pact’s failure to achieve lasting peace would be one of the factors that led to the resumption of hostilities. Aguinaldo’s return to the Philippines in 1898, after the outbreak of the Spanish-American War, marked the continuation of the fight for independence, which ultimately led to the declaration of Philippine independence on June 12, 1898. 11.Declaration of Philippine Independence This declaration of Philippine independence was made on June 12, 1898, in Kawit, Cavite, under the leadership of Emilio Aguinaldo. The proclamation took place in the historic Aguinaldo House, where the Philippine flag, designed by Marcela Agoncillo and her team, was raised for the first time. The flag featured a sun and three stars, symbolizing freedom, PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION HISTORY enlightenment, and the three main geographical regions of the Philippines: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. The sun represented the dawning of a new era of independence, while the eight rays of the sun symbolized the first eight provinces that revolted against Spanish rule. Pahayag Ng Kasirinlan ng Pilipinas The declaration was a direct challenge to Spanish colonial authority, as it marked the official proclamation of a sovereign Filipino nation. It rallied the Filipino people around the idea of independence and served as a bold statement of national identity. The event also featured the playing of the Lupang Hinirang, which would later become the national anthem of the Philippines. However, while the declaration was a significant milestone in the Philippine struggle for independence, it did not immediately result in full freedom. At that time, the Philippines was still embroiled in the ongoing Spanish-American War. The arrival of American forces in the Philippines shortly after the declaration shifted the course of the revolution. In the aftermath of the war, the Treaty of Paris (1898) was signed, which transferred control of the Philippines from Spain to the United States, leading to the Philippine-American War (1899–1902). This new conflict would see Filipinos, led by Aguinaldo and other revolutionary leaders, fighting against American colonization, which delayed full independence for several more decades. Julian Reyes Felipe PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION HISTORY Julian Felipe Julián Felipe was a Filipino composer and musician born on January 28, 1861, in Cavite, Philippines. He is best known for composing the music to the Philippine national anthem, Lupang Hinirang, a piece that has become one of the most recognizable symbols of Philippine independence and national pride. Felipe, a member of the revolutionary Katipunan movement, was deeply involved in the fight against Spanish colonial rule. His musical talent, which he honed through formal education and self-study, made him a natural choice to compose a piece that would represent the aspirations of a newly emerging nation. In 1898, when Emilio Aguinaldo declared Philippine independence, Felipe was tasked with creating a stirring anthem for the occasion. His composition, originally titled Marcha Nacional Filipina, was a rousing instrumental march that captured the spirit of Filipino resistance and the hope for freedom. Lupang Hinirang was first played during the historic proclamation of Philippine independence on June 12, 1898, in Kawit, Cavite, when the Philippine flag was raised for the first time. Felipe’s music, with its triumphant and majestic melody, became synonymous with the birth of the nation. The anthem was later paired with lyrics written by José Palma in 1899, further solidifying its role as a symbol of Filipino patriotism. The song quickly became ingrained in the national consciousness, eventually being adopted as the official national anthem of the Philippines. Felipe’s work continues to be celebrated today, not only for its artistic merit but also for its role in shaping the national identity of the Philippines, embodying the struggle for freedom and independence that defined the nation’s birth. PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION HISTORY The Philippine flag is a powerful symbol of the nation's history and identity. It features a blue field, which represents peace, truth, and justice, and a red field, symbolizing courage, bravery, and the willingness to fight for freedom. The flag also includes a white equilateral triangle, which stands for equality and the unity of the Filipino people. Inside the triangle are three stars, representing the three main geographical regions of the Philippines: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. At the center of the flag is a golden sun with eight rays, each representing one of the first eight provinces—Manila, Cavite, Batangas, Bulacan, Pampanga, Laguna, Nueva Ecija, and Tarlac—that revolted against Spanish colonial rule. Philippine Flag The design of the Philippine flag was created by Marcela Agoncillo, a Filipino seamstress, and her daughter, Delfina Herbosa de Natividad, along with Luis Aguinaldo, the brother of Emilio Aguinaldo. Marcela Agoncillo, who is often credited as the primary designer, was commissioned by Aguinaldo to create the flag for the declaration of Philippine independence. The flag was first raised on June 12, 1898, during the historic proclamation of Philippine independence in Kawit, Cavite, under the leadership of Emilio Aguinaldo. This momentous event marked the declaration of the country's sovereignty, and the flag was prominently displayed as a symbol of a new nation emerging from centuries of colonial oppression. The flag's colors and design not only reflect the struggles of the Filipino people but also the ideals of liberty, justice, and unity that continue to inspire the nation today. The raising of the flag on Independence Day has become a national tradition, PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION HISTORY symbolizing the unyielding spirit of Filipinos in their ongoing pursuit of freedom and national identity.