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WEEK 7: FIRST HOMECOMING TO SIDE TRIP TO THE USA  The Governor sent the novel for further assessment to the Permanent Commission on Censorship  August 1887 – Rizal decided to return to the Philippi...

WEEK 7: FIRST HOMECOMING TO SIDE TRIP TO THE USA  The Governor sent the novel for further assessment to the Permanent Commission on Censorship  August 1887 – Rizal decided to return to the Philippines. composed of priests and laymen headed by Fr.  Left Rome by train for Marseilles. Salvador Font, Tondo parish priest.  Boarded the Djemmah bound to Saigon.  The body found the novel with subversive ideas  July 30, 1888- arrived in Saigon, where he transferred to against the Church and the Spanish government. the steamer Haifong.  The Commission recommended that the book be  August 6, 1888 – Rizal arrived in Manila banned and have its circulation in the islands be  Noticed that Manila has not changed that much. totally stopped.  August 1888 – he reached Calamba, where there was a  The move boomeranged because it only made the dramatic meeting. Filipinos more curious in reading the novel.  He turned the ground floor of their house as a medical  Thus, the novel’s price was exorbitantly priced. clinic.  No arrests were made, thanks to the liberal-minded  His first patient was his mother who could hardly see. governor.  He successfully restored the eyesight of his mother which had double cataracts.  Rizal’s Enemies from the Church  The good news spread like wildfire as many sick people 1. Manila Archbishop Msgr. Pedro Payo. flock to seek medical help. 2. UST Rector Fr. Domingo Echevarria.  His professional fee was very simple: 3. Fr. Salvador Font – head of the Permanent - If the patient is poor, a simple “thank you” is enough. Commission on Censorship. Some patients gave him vegetables, fruits, chickens, 4. Fr. Jose Rodriguez – who published an anti-Noli etc. pamphlet entitled “Calingat Cayo.” - If the patient is rich, he would charge in the European  The pamphlet stated that “whoever reads the way. novel commits a mortal sin.”  The people called him Dr. Uleman having arrived from 5. Another attacker of the Noli was Vicente Barrantes, a Germany. Spanish writer who openly criticized the novel in the  Rizal shared his blessings to his townmates: Spanish newspaper La Esperanza Moderna. - He built a gymnasium for the youth to discourage them from engaging in different forms of gambling.  Allies of Dr. Jose Rizal - He wanted them to spend time on productive 1. Marcelo H. Del Pilar – using the pen name Dolores activities. Manapat, published a pamphlet entitled “Caiigat  But he failed to see Leonor in his six months’ vacation due Cayo” that refuted and ridiculed Fr. Rodriguez’ to the conflicts of his parents and Leonor’s “Caiingat Cayo.” 2. Fr. Francisco Sanchez, Rizal’s beloved Ateneo teacher Noli Me Tangere Controversy  Rizal received a summon from Governor-General Emilio Rizal’s Second Travel Abroad Terrero regarding the novel which has become a hot issue.  A Glance of East Asia  He went to Malacañang to answer any question  On February 3, 1888, for the second time, Rizal sailed surrounding his novel. to Hongkong as a frustrated being who wanted the utmost reform in his native land.  He denied that he was a spy from Germany.  He left on board the steamship Zafiro.  He explained that he was only expressing the truth of what is going on in the society in his novel.  He registered at the Victoria Hotel.  The Governor was satisfied with his answer and asked for  A Hong Kong Visit a copy of the novel, since he had not read the novel himself.  In Hongkong, he was accompanied by Jose Maria Basa to Macau.  Rizal’s enemies kept doing everything to persecute him.  They had a short trip to Macau, a former Portuguese  They accused the novel to have subversive ideas against colony on board the ferry Kiu-Kiang. the church and the Spanish government.  The two visited Don Juan Francisco Lecaros, former  The kind Governor assigned a bodyguard for Rizal, to Filipino delegate to the Spanish Cortes. protect him from danger.  Terrero’s former secretary, Jose Sainz de Varanda,  His bodyguard was a young Spanish Lieutenant, Don Jose spied on Rizal in the said colonies. Taviel de Andrade.  The two became true friends in no time at all because they  Impressions About Hong Kong have common interests.  Noisy celebration of New Year.  The Noli Me Tangere Got Banned  Noisy audience in a theatre and boisterous music.  The powerful friars put the novel under strict scrutiny  Marathon lauriat meal. headed by Manila Archbishop Msgr. Pedro Payo. (The  Dominican friars are the richest investors and estate First Person Who Are Against “Noli Me Tangere”) owners.  He sent a copy to the UST Fr. Rector Gregorio  Catholics owned the most extravagant cemeteries. Echevarria for examination.  The latter found the novel heretical, impious, and  Unforgettable Japan scandalous  After almost three weeks, on board the American steamer, Oceanic, he left Hongkong and sailed to  Japan where he was invited by Secretary Juan Perez  They learned later that there were 600 potential Caballero to live at the Spanish Legation. illegal Chinese immigrants to the United States.  His instinct told him that it was a bait – a way for the  Rizal registered himself at the Palace Hotel where he Spanish officials to keep track of his activities. met the founder of the Stanford University, Mr. Leland  And since it was economical to stay at the legation and Stanford. he believed that he had nothing to hide, he accepted it. Stanford’s University  Filipino Entertainers in Japan  Across the United States  While strolling around at a park in Tokyo, Rizal went to  Rizal’s Itinerary in the United States of America. listen to a group of performers playing the Western Strauss music, a rare occasion in this Oriental country.  To his surprise, the musicians started to talk in Tagalog.  They were Filipinos and Rizal introduced himself.  An Affair to Remember  Rizal was impressed by the scenic Japan and had keenly observed the life, customs and culture of the people.  He had fallen in love not only with the view but more to its women, particularly with the 23-year-old Seiko Usui or O-Sei-San. Impressions of America  The friendship bloomed to become a romance.  The United States have maintained its natural beauty in  The relationship became so intimate that Rizal spite of the industrial and technological advancements. believed that it was the best affair he had so far.  The energy and diligence of the people.  Rizal was tempted to settle down in Japan and stay  America is truly a land of great opportunities. with O-Sei-San but his love for his country was more  Racial discrimination between the Whites and the Blacks. important than self.  O-Sei-San understood the feeling of Rizal, and so he let him leave her.  O-Sei-San could have probably waited for Rizal, because since his departure in 1888, she only decided to marry in 1897 after she learned that Rizal had been executed in 1896  Excerpts of Rizal’s Diary “…O-Sei-San, Sayonara, Sayonara! I have spent a lovely golden month; I do not know if I can have another one like that in all my life. “…Love, money, friendship, appreciation, honor… these have not been wanting. “…Your image lives in my memory; and that I am always thinking of you… your name lives in the sighs of my lips, your image accompanies and animates all my thoughts…”  A Tomodachi  Tomodachi (友達; とも だち; or トモダチ) is a Japanese word meaning "friend(s)".  Rizal boarded the ship Belgic going to the United States.  He met a Japanese journalist who was sent to exile for his antigovernment articles.  His name was Tetcho Suehiro.  They became friends, having many things in common.  Suehiro wrote a book entitled “The Deaf Traveler” wherein he mentioned his travel with Rizal.  His novel “Storm Over the Southern Seas” had a similar plot like the Noli.  Across the United States  April 28, 1888 - the Belgic docked at San Francisco, California.  The passengers were not allowed to disembark.  They were put under quarantine. WEEK 8: STUDIES IN LONDON, PARIS EXPOSITION, AND LIFE  However, while on the British library he found the IN BELGIUM “Sucesos De Las Islas Filipinas”.  After reading the book, Rizal have decided to just annotate  After visiting the United States, Rizal lived in London from its contents as he saw that Antonio De Morga’s work was May 1888 to March 1889. He chose this English city to be fair and reliable about the views on Filipino culture so he his new home for three reasons: preferred using it. Not only as a reference but as a main 1. to improve his knowledge of the English language, material of his work. 2. to study and annotate Morga's Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas, a rare copy of which he heard to be available Historical Accounts in the British Museum  Antonio Pigafetta 3. London was a safe place for him to carry on his fight  Chronicler of Ferdinand Magellan’s Expedition. against Spanish tyranny.  Gaspar de San Agustin  May 24, 1888 – Rizal arrived at Liverpool, England from a  Served during Governor Miguel Lopez de Legaspi’s tiring trip across the Atlantic Ocean. Administration.  He moved to London the next day.  He stayed in the house of Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor.  Their writings described the early life and industry of the  An 1872 exile due to Cavite Mutiny and a lawyer in Filipinos that proved the following points: London. 1. That the early Filipinos were engaged in trade with  Then Jose Rizal boarded at the home of the Beckett’s at other Asian neighbors. Primrose Hill. 2. That the dominant religion in Manila, the Visayas and  The Beckett family had three daughters, the eldest was Mindanao was Islam; and Gertrude or Gettie who had an affection for Rizal. 3. That there was already an organized political  The Beckett home was conveniently located a walking government in the country called barangay headed by distance to the British Museum where he intended to have a rajah or a datu. some studies.  He met Dr. Reinhold Rost, the librarian of the Ministry of  Rizal also noted that a Chinese chronicle of the 12ᵗʰ Foreign Affairs at the British Museum. century mentioned that the people of Luzon were  He was a notable authority on Malayan culture. honest and hardworking.  They became friends as they shared common sentiments on the Malayan race. Annotation Of Morga’s “Sucesos De Las Islas Filipinas” And Others… A Letter From Home  Rizal wanted to write a history to disprove the allegation Bad News Good News of the friars that our ancestors were savage and uncivilized  Persecution of Filipino farmers  Rev. Vicente Garcia, an people. who signed the Anti-Friar authority of Theology  He knew that such statements were a product of bigot Petition of 1888 led by Doroteo from the Manila views of a race who are proud of their heritage. Cortez. Cathedral came to the  The Calamba tenants being defense of the Noli  He also wrote many articles for the La Solidaridad to persecuted by the Dominican Me Tangere against counter the attacks of Fr. Rodriguez on the Noli, generally management, including the the attacks of the entitled “Cuestiones de Sumo Interes.” Rizal family. friars.  Wrote a pamphlet entitled “La Vision del Fray Rodriguez,”  Manuel Hidalgo (Saturnina’s using the penname “Dimasalang.” husband) was exiled to Bohol.  Laureano Viado, a UST medical  This satire was written to ridiculed the standpoint of Fr. student and friend of Rizal was Rodriguez on the immorality of the Noli Me Tangere jailed for having a copy of the  Also wrote “To the Women of Malolos” in which he Noli. encouraged the women to pursue their education and not merely blind followers of the friars. Sucesos De Las Islas Filipinas  He contributed articles to the Trubners Record, related to  Knowledge of the country’s history was an essential tool Asian Studies such as the “Two Eastern Fables,” and needed by Rizal to effectively campaign for people’s honor “Specimens of Tagala Folklore. and pride.  He engaged in extensive research about the Philippines at An Unsolicited Attention the British Museum.  While in London, Rizal resided on Primrose Hill where the  He copied and annotated the 1609 edition of Antonio de Beckett Family live. Here he met Gertrude Beckett or Morga’s “Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas.” Gettie.  Rizal decided to leave London to see the Paris Universal Antonio De Morga Exposition.  A 17th century Spanish official and historian in the Philippines. The Paris Exposition of 1889  His historical accounts were considered as one of the most  Paris was bursting with excitement in preparation for the objective during the Spanish period. Universal Exposition of 1889.  His book contained accounts of two of the earliest writings  Tourists from all parts of the world moved to the city. of pre-colonial Philippines.  Rizal arrived here via train together with other passengers  Rizal had been always wanted to write about the previous speaking various languages history of the Filipinos to study their culture.  Inns, hotels and boarding houses were all filled and fully  Noli Me Tangere, exposed the cancer present in the booked for the event. society by presenting the condition of the country under  Their rates grew sky high. the Spanish oppressive rule.  In Paris, he continued his research at the Biblioteque  While the El Fili is a call for a revolution, the last resort and Nationale to check on Morga’s book. ultimate solution against Spanish oppression.  He also spent time with his friends; and visited the Boustead family at Rue de Bassins. In Brussels, Belgium  While in the Paris, Rizal also attended the inauguration of  Wrote several chapters of the novel El Filibusterismo. the Eiffel tower that was headed by French President  Wrote articles sent to the La Solidaridad. Marie François Sadi Carnot.  Sent letters to family and friends.  The tower was built by Alexandre Gustave Eiffel and was  Spent part time working in a medical clinic. constructed at the beginning of 1887 to 1889.  Had gymnastics, target practice and fencing. The Kidlat Club La Solidaridad (Quincenario Democrático)  Rizal organized a social group with his fellow Filipinos in  A fortnightly newspaper that serves as the official voice of Paris by the end of March 1889, he called it the Kidlat Club. the Propagandists, founded by Graciano Lopez Jaena.  It was a temporary society to simply unite the Filipinos  Heralded the demand of the illustrados to push for here in Paris during the International Exposition. reforms in the Philippines.  While touring the exposition, Rizal and Juan Luna attended the American Buffalo Bill’s Wild West Show.  Editor-in-Chief of La Solidaridad  The show featured the proud, powerful and brave Indians  1st - Graciano Lopez Jaena headed by Sitting Bull, a former Indian Chief  2nd - Marcelo H. Del Pilar - succeeded Jaena  Realizing that the Indians are proud and brave, Rizal and  3rd - Dr. Jose Rizal Luna decided to rename the Kidlat Club and adapt the name “Indios Bravos” as Filipinos was also referred as  Contributors of La Solidaridad “Indios” by the Spaniards  Mariano Ponce  Jose Rizal, Juan Luna and Felix Hidalgo joined a painting  Eduardo De Lete competition. Felix Hidalgo won the first prize while Luna  Jose Maria Panganiban won the second prize. Aims of Propaganda Movement White Christmas in Paris  Representation of the Philippines in the Spanish Cortes,  December 25, 1889 was a cold winter in Paris. the Spanish parliament;  Rizal and Jose Alberto planned to have a delightful Yuletide  Secularization of the clergy; dinner.  Legalization of Spanish and Filipino equality;  They had fried chicken, rice, and vegetables  Creation of a public school system independent of the  Shortly after New Year, Rizal went to London, then back to friars; Paris again.  Abolition of the polo (labor service) and vandala (forced  On January 28, he went to Brussels, Belgium on the reason sale of local products to the government); that he can’t stay in Paris any longer for it was too  Guarantee of basic freedoms of speech and association; expensive.  Equal opportunity for Filipinos and Spanish to enter government service; Better in Brussels  Recognition of the Philippines as a province of Spain;  In Brussels, Belgium  Secularization of Philippine parishes;  Lifestyle was more affordable.  Recognition of human rights.  Beautiful.  Architecturally impressive. Rizal’s Articles at La Solidaridad  “Los Agricultores Filipinos,” (The Filipino Farmers)  Rizal Boarded at the Jacoby Residence described the deplorable farmers’ conditions  Owned by Suzanne and Catherine Jacoby.  “La Verdad Para Todos,” (Truth for All) – An article  They had a 17 years old niece named Suzanne Thill. written to oppose insulting discussion of the Spaniards to  They were delighted with Rizal’ presence the native Filipinos  Rizal and Suzanne spent a lot of time together.  “Una Profanacion,” (A Desecration) – attack against friars’  Affectionate sentiments were developed between the refusal to bury Mariano Herbosa in a Catholic cemetery two but Rizal didn’t pursue whatever he feels towards  “Diferencias” (Differences) - an article countered the Suzanne. biased article entitled “Old Truths” which was printed in La  While in Brussels, Rizal spent most of his time trying Patria on August 14, 1889 to finish El Filibusterismo, the sequel of Noli Me  “Filipinas Dentro de Cien Años” (The Philippines A Tangere. Century Hence) – Rizal estimated the future of the  He gave Valentin Ventura a sculpture “The triumph of Philippines in the span of a hundred years and foretold the Science over Death” (The Naked Woman). catastrophic end of Spanish rule in Asia. He ‘prophesied’ Filipinos’ revolution against Spain, winning their El Fibusterismo (The Reign of Greed) independence, but later the Americans would come as the new colonizer. The essay also talked about the glorious past of the Philippines, recounted the deterioration of the  economy, and exposed the causes of natives’ sufferings under the cruel Spanish rule.  “Sin Nombre” (No Name)  “Ingratitudes” (Ingratitude) - article was the hero’s reply to Governor General Weyler who told the people in Calamba that they “should not allow themselves to be deceived by the vain promises of their ungrateful sons.  “Sobre la Nueva Ortografia de la Lengua Tagala” (On the New Orthography of the Tagalog Language)  “Cosas de Filipinas” (Things About the Philippines)  Sobre la Indolencia delos Filipinos” (On the Indolence of the Filipinos) – An essay that rationally countered the accusations by Spaniards that Filipinos were indolent (lazy) during the Spanish reign “  A la Defensa” (To La Defensa) – This was in response to the anti-Filipino writing by Patricio de la Escosura published by La Defensa on March 30, 1889 issue.  “Crueldad” (Cruelty) – Written to defend his friend Blumentritt from defamatory insulting attacks of the latter’s enemy. WEEK 9: FRUSTRATIONS IN EUROPE  Asked the Spanish media: La Justicia, El Dia, El Globo- - to publish article about the issue to exert pressure Anti-Gambling Pope on the government.  He received news from Juan Luna and Valentin Ventura  Del Pilar and Dominador Gomez helped him too. that some Filipinos in Spain are engaged in too much gambling.  Panganiban Dies (1863-1890)  He advised them not to waste their money but supporting  Called "Avenger of Filipino Honor" the continue Propaganda instead, which was the main  Born in Mambulao, Camarines Norte, on February 1, reason for coming to Madrid. 1863.  The gambling Filipinos were angered upon learning about  A good friend and co-worker of Rizal. Rizal's comments and ridiculed him for acting like a  He was Bicolandia's greatest contribution to the "Pope." historic campaign for reforms more popularly called  Rizal countered, in his letter to Del Pilar, that his fellow the Propaganda Movement. Filipinos came to Madrid to work for the Fatherland's  He wrote articles for La Solidaridad, under the pen freedom. names Jomapa and J.M.P.  Died in Barcelona, Spain, on August 19, 1890. The Sequel: "El Filibusterismo"  Rizal wrote the "Eulogy to Panganiban," whom he  It is Rizal's novel on a nation that is on the brink of a admired as an energetic patriot who had pure love for revolution. the country.  It is presented as an alternative course to the reform efforts of Filipinos.  Duel For Nelly's Honor  It also presented the dangers of taking an alternative  August 1890 Rizal had a heated argument with based on hate and vengeance. Antonio Luna.  "...is a morality, a profound description of the mentality  Reason: Luna made tactless remarks about Nelly, the and climate of revolt... to Spain it was a last and terrible girl he had courted but chose Rizal. warning."  Rizal was offended by Luna's remarks and attempted  Austin Coates Rizal's Biographer. to attack the latter.  The two exchanged words. The Calamba Deportation 1890  Rizal challenged Luna to a duel. He offered Luna to  From the time Rizal left Calamba, the agrarian problem choose between a pistol or saber. had turned from bad to worse.  Luna chose the saber.  The Dominicans increased the land rent without reason.  Luna finally realized his mistake and asked forgiveness  Rizal advised his family and other tenants to refuse paying. from Rizal, who accepted the apology.  This move only enraged the administrators.  The Dominicans filed a suit against the Calamba tenants.  Almost Another Duel... For His Family’s Honor  Through the order of Gov. Valeriano Weyler, the tenants  Wenceslao Retaña, a pro-friar journalist, made were persecuted and ejected from their lands and homes disrespectful remarks against the Rizal family and the in Calamba. Calamba tenants in the anti-Filipino newspaper La  25 members of the Mercado family were affected. Epoca.  Paciano and brothers-in-law Antonio Lopez and Silvestre  He wrote that the family and the tenants deserve Ubaldo were exiled to Mindoro. what happened to them for failing to pay the  Manuel Hidalgo was earlier exiled to Bohol. Dominicans their land rents.  Rizal felt guilty about these sufferings of his family and  Upon reading the offensive article, Rizal sent a town mates. message to Retaña challenging him to a duel in  Spain's hate on him had turned to his loved ones. whatever weapon he would choose, anywhere and  Rizal decided to return home no matter what the dangers anytime. are.  Retaña immediately made a public retraction and an  He confided to MH del Pilar his death wish. apology to Rizal and his family.  He expressed his readiness to die if it would do good to his family and country.  End of Eleven Years Engagement  He called himself "Laong-Laan" which means "Ever Ready."  Amidst Rizal's frustrations in Madrid, he received a letter from Leonor Rivera, his girlfriend for 11 years Frustrations in Madrid informing him that she was getting married.  Rizal went to Madrid to bring his protest against the  It pained his heart greatly. injustices done by gov. Weyler and the Dominicans to the  He still loved Leonor despite having courted girls Calamba farmers at the ministry of colonies headed by before. minister fabie. The meeting was fruitless; no compromise  He grew pale and sickly having been jilted by Leonor. was reached.  In his letter to Blumentritt, he accused Leonor of infidelity.  Frustrated in Madrid  His love turned to hatred.  Rizal even asked his comrades in the Asociacion  Galicano Apacible, a UST friend, consoled him by Hispano Filipina to assist him. saying there are many girls in the world.  He informed Rizal that the daughter of Pi y Margall, was deeply in love with him, ready to marry him.  Printing of the El Filibusterismo  Leonor Rivera Finally Got Married  February 1891 - Rizal went back to Brussels to edit and  On Leonor’s side, she was mad at Rizal having been revise the novel. very quiet.  End of May 1891 - it was ready for printing  She said that she still loved Rizal, that her decision to  Brought the novel to Ghent because printing was cheaper marry was not because she no longer loved him. there.  She did it because she thought Rizal no longer loved  No financial aid was sent by the Centro de Propaganda her.  He had spent all his money for the printing cost  Eleven years of waiting was too long. Leonor wasn't  He only received P100 from his countrymen as part of his younger and lamented the fact that Rizal didn't bother allowance to see her. Rizal could have misunderstood her. Leonor  He was abandoned by the society after just a month. married henry kipping, an englishman in manila.  He was consoled by the financial help given by Valentin Ventura  The Leader of All Filipinos  The novel was printed at F. Meyer van Loo Press  In a banquet at Calle de Atocha some Filipinos  Gave the original manuscripts to Ventura proposed for the creation of a movement to bind the colony together. Rizal Resigns  A leader called "Responsible" would be the official  Before Leaving for Manila: representative of all Filipinos abroad. - He sent a letter of resignation as a contributor of the  Rizal felt he would be the rightful person. La Solidaridad.  Others thought otherwise. - He also sent a message to his compatriots his decision  They endorsed MH del Pilar's candidacy to give up his political leadership and fight in his own.  In the 1st meeting, Eduardo de Lete presided. - This news saddened many Propaganda members.  Rizal was in favor of the creation of a new movement.  He quickly visited Nelly to bid goodbye.  Del Pilar objected because to him they already have  He will go back to the Philippines to take care of his the La Solidaridad and the AHP to take care of the said family's problems. objectives.  He boarded the SS Melbourne, a ship from Marseilles  His argument lost was overruled. bound to Hong Kong.  A committee was formed to draw the statutes.  He was with the company of many friars including Fr.  Rizal and Del Pilar became the two candidates. Volunteri, less like Fr. Damaso  They both wanted to withdraw.  The Rule of the Election: the winner must garner 2/3 majority vote.  1st Balloting – Rizal was ahead but not enough.  2nd and 3rd Balloting – The same results Rizal In Hong Kong  The meeting adjourned.  In Hongkong  The next day, del Pilar was absent.  November 20, 1891- Rizal arrived in Hongkong.  The results didn't change.  His friends welcomed him including Jose Ma. Basa.  Rizal grew impatient.  He established his residence at D'Aguilar St.  He announced his withdrawal from the race. Rednaxella Terrace on top of the seaman's bar.  He bade farewell, but Ponce quickly asked Lete,  He put up a medical clinic there. Sandiko, Luna and others to shift their votes to Rizal.  A few days before Christmas, his father, brother and  Dominador Gomez spoke in behalf of the Pilaristas Silvestre Ubaldo arrived. saying they changed their votes for the sake of unity.  Later, his mother and sisters Lucia, Josefa and Trinidad  Thus, Rizal was voted unanimously. also arrived.  Rizal gave his admonitions to the group in his  He noticed that his mother at 65 years old was almost acceptance speech. blind.  Rizal blamed Lete for the election fiasco.  On Christmas day, he celebrated it with his family,  Expressed disappointment with del Pilar. after four years.  He said it would have been a disappointing news to the nationalist movement in Manila to know that Rizal  Medical Practice in Hongkong was defeated because he was the acknowledged  He put up a clinic in order to earn some money. leader back home.  He met some doctors including Dr. Lorenzo Marques who recommended him to his ophthalmologic clients. A Biarritz Interlude  His successful medical practice made him popular to  Rizal went to see Nelly in Biarritz. He finally decided to Asians and Europeans alike. marry Nelly Boustead. Conditions made by Nelly's father:  His friends sent him books and equipment in support - Abort all travels abroad and stay with Nelly. of his great job. - Practice medicine and stay away from politics.  He also successfully restored his mother's eyesight - Become a protestant before marriage. again.  Rizal, however, decided to back down from his proposal thinking he wasn't ready yet to answer the given  Writings In Hongkong conditions set by Nelly's father.  Rizal translated the "The Rights of Man" in Tagalog (about the French Revolution in 1789).   Wrote “A La Nacion Española” which was an appeal to  Unknowingly, he was followed and watched carefully by Spain to rectify the wrongs committed by the spies sent by the government. Spaniards against the Calamba tenants.  The Guardia Civil raided the houses he visited and seized  Also wrote “Sa Mga Kababayan." copies of the Noli and Fili found in their possession.  He also contributed articles to the Hongkong Telegraph, a British newspaper, through Frazier Smith, one of its editors.  When the Spanish censors discovered it, they immediately banned the Hongkong newspaper.  Victoria Gaol Prisons  March 1892 - Rizal wrote about his visit to Victoria Gaol, the colonial prison in Hongkong.  He wrote that the British prison was more humane and more modern than the cruel Spanish prison system in the Philippines.  The Borneo Colonization Project  To save his townmates from the oppressive regime of Gov. Weyler, Rizal dreamed of setting up a Filipino colony in North Borneo (Sabah).  He planned to move the landless Filipino families to Borneo which he will call "New Calamba."  March 7, 1892- Rizal traveled to Sandakan, Sabah to negotiate with the British government re: a possible establishment of a Filipino colony there.  He boarded the steamer, Menon.  He was offered the lands over the Bengkoka River near the Maradu Bay.  The British North Borneo Company agreed to give about 100,000 acres of land free of charge if Rizal would be able to bring in 50 families who will migrate to the area.  Rizal thought this was enough to compensate the lands they lost in Calamba.  He called this the British North Borneo Colonization Project."  May 1892- Rizal returned to the country with the ff. reasons: - To confer with Gov. Despujol re: the Borneo Colonization Project; - To establish the La Liga Filipina; - To request the lifting of the exile order against his family; and - To prove to the propagandists that he had not abandoned the country. The Second Homecoming  June 26, 1892- Rizal and his sister Lucia arrived in Manila  They were met by carabineers and their luggage were inspected.  They checked in at the Hotel de Oriente  In the afternoon, Rizal went to Malacañang to seek audience with the governor.  The Governor granted pardon to his father except to his brother and brothers in law  He was told to return on the 29th of the month, Wednesday. Trip to Luzon  June 27, 1892 Rizal boarded a train bound to the provinces.  He visited his friends from Malolos, San Fernando, Tarlac and Bacolor, Pampanga. WEEK 10: FOUNDING OF THE LA LIGA FILIPINA AND DAPITAN 3. Popular Council: Formed in every town. The EXILE Popular Council only shall have command of the members. Founding of the La Liga Filipina  July 3, 1892- after his interview with Gov. Despujol, Rizal  Duties of the Liga Members together with some patriots had a meeting at the home of 1. Pay monthly dues of ten centavos. Doroteo Ongjungco, a ChineseFilipino mestizo, on Ilaya St., 2. Obey blindly and promptly every order emanating Tondo, Manila. from the council or the chief. 3. Inform the council of whatever they note or hear that  Attendees of the Meeting: has reference to the Liga Filipina.  Here, Rizal introduced the Liga Filipina, a civic league 4. Preserve the most absolute secrecy in regard to the of Filipinos. decisions of the council. 1. Pedro Serrano Laktaw (Panday Pira) a mason and a 5. Help another member in the case of need or danger. school teacher. 6. Each member shall adopt a new name of his own 2. Domingo Franco (Felipe Real) a mason and a shoe choice. keeper. 7. Help recruit new members. 3. Jose A. Ramos (Socorro) an engraver, printer and 8. Treat everyone with respect. owner of Bazar Gran Bretana. 4. Ambrosio Salvador Gobernadorcillo of Quiapo, a Rizal’s Arrest and Banishment mason.  July 6, 1892 – when Rizal went to Malacañang to resume 5. Bonifacio Arevalo (Harem), a dentist and mason. his interviews with the Gov. Despujol, the latter showed 6. Deodato Arellano, brother-in-law of MH Del Pilar and him several printed leaflets allegedly discovered under the a civilian employee of the army. pillow of his sister Lucia. 7. Ambrosio Flores (Musa), a retired lieutenant of  These were entitled “Pobres Frailes” (Poor Friars) which infantry. bore the name of the author P. Jacinto. 8. Agustin de la Rosa, bookkeeper and mason.  A satire exposing the fabulous wealth of the friar’s 9. Luis Villareal, a tailor and mason. contrary to the vows of poverty. 10. Faustino Villaruel (Ilaw), a pharmacist and mason. 11. Mariano Crisostomo, a landlord. Reasons for Rizal’s Deportation 12. Numeriano Adriano (Ipil), a notary public and mason.  Rizal published books and articles abroad which showed 13. Estanislao Legaspi, an artisan and mason. disloyalty to Spain which were anti-Catholic and anti-friar. 14. Teodoro Plata, a court clerk and mason.  Found bundles of incriminatory leaflets which satirized the 15. Andres Bonifacio, a warehouse employee. friars. 16. Apolinario Mabini (Katabay), a lawyer and mason.  Published and dedicated his novel El Filibusterismo to the 17. Juan Zulueta, a playwright, poet, and government three martyred “traitors” employee.  Between July 14 and 15, 1892- under heavy guard, Rizal was brought to the steamer CEBU to be brought to  The Elected Officers Dapitan.  President: Ambrosio Salvador  The captain of the ship was Capt. Delgras, who upon arrival  Secretary: Deodato Arellano in Dapitan on July 17, turned him over to Captain Ricardo  Treasurer: Bonifacio Arevalo Carnicero, the Dapitan Commandant.  Fiscal: Agustin dela Rosa  Rizal would stay here until July 31, 1896, a period of four years.  Aims of the La Liga Filipina 1. To unite the whole archipelago into onecompact, The Dapitan Exile (1892-1896) vigorous, and homogenous body.  Rizal lived as exile in Dapitan, Zamboanga del Norte, under 2. Mutual protection in every want and necessity. the aegis of the Jesuits. 3. Defense against all violence and injustice.  He was abundantly fruitful with varied achievements: 4. Encouragement of instruction, agriculture, and - Practiced medicine. commerce. - Pursued scientific studies. 5. Study and application of reforms. - Kept his literary works. - Enhanced linguistic acumen.  Dapitan Achievements: (Cont.) - Established a school for boys. - Promoted community development projects. - Invented a brick-making machine.  Motto: Unus Instar Omnium (One Like All) - Engaged in farming and commerce.  Governing Body of the La Liga Filipina  Conditions for him to stay at the Parish Convent: 1. The Supreme Council: The governing body which - Publicly retract errors committed vs. the church and has control over the whole country. It is the government. composed of the president, secretary, treasurer - Perform church rites and make general confessions. and fiscal. - Conduct himself as a model Christian and man. 2. Provincial Council: Formed in every province. The Provincial Council shall have command of the Friendship with Capt. Ricardo Carnicero Popular Chiefs.  Rizal refused to abide with the conditions set by the Jesuit  Juan Lardet, a French businessman who was a personal Society. acquaintance of Rizal had a quarrel that almost ended up  He preferred to stay at the Casa Real, the official residence in a duel. of the commandant, Capt. Carnicero, his warden.  Reasons:  A new friendship developed between them. - Lardet bought logs from Rizal.  The relations between Carnicero (the warden) and Rizal - Found some of the logs to be of poor quality. (the prisoner) were warm and friendly. - Accused Rizal as a cheater.  Carnicero realized that Rizal was not a common felon, nor  Lardet wrote a letter to Antonio Miranda, a Dapitan a filibuster. merchant expressing disgust over the business deal he had  He gave good reports on his prisoner to Gov. Despujol. with Rizal.  He gave him complete freedom to go anywhere, reporting  Miranda sent the letter to Rizal. only once a week at his office.  Rizal confronted Lardet and challenged him to a duel.  Rizal on his part, admired the kind, and generous Spanish  The Frenchman asked for an apology. Captain.  He wrote a poem, entitled “A Don Ricardo Carnicero,” on August 26, 1892 on the occasion of the captain's birthday.  They even shared in buying a Lottery Ticket No. 9736 that Jesuit Mission: “Win Rizal Back” won second prize worth P20,000 which was divided  Fr. Pastells instructed two Jesuit fathers to proceed to between the 3 of them: Capt. Carnicero, Jose Rizal and Mindanao on a mission “Win Rizal Back to the Catholic Francisco Equilor Fold”  They divided the prize and got P6,200 each. Rizal gave - Fr. Obach, Dapitan parish priest P2,000 to Jose Ma. Basa in Hongkong, the rest was used to - Fr. Jose Vilaclara, Dipolog parish priest buy farm lands in Talisay, Dapitan.  Fr. Francisco Sanchez was also assigned to proceed to Dapitan. Birth of the Katipunan  Fr. Sanchez was chosen by the Jesuit superiors being a  Right after Rizal was deported to Dapitan, the Liga well-liked professor of Rizal. members had a meeting to discuss the future of the  He wasn’t able to persuade Rizal. organization  He respected whatever/  The group of patriots was divided into two factions:  Rizal believed in Rizal gave Fr. Sanchez a manuscript 1. The Los Compromisarios – those who are “Estudios Sobre la Lengua Tagala” on the latter’s birthday. conservative members of the La Liga Filipina and still willing to demand reforms and compromise with the Dapitan Medical Practice Spanish government.  Dr. Jose Rizal treated both the rich and the poor patients 2. The Separatists – patriots who wanted to launch an coming from everywhere. armed rebellion to achieve independence from the  He treated the poor free of charge while the rich are asked colonizers payments for consultation and medicine.  On July 7, 1891, the Katipunan was founded on Azcarraga  His name became famous here and abroad. St. (C.M. Recto) in the house of Deodato Arellano  Founders of KKK Were: Rizal’s Community Projects 1. Andres Bonifacio 1. Developed the Dapitan Municipal Park 2. Teodoro Plata  Clean and Green 3. Ladislao Diwa  Beautification  A Relief Map Rizal-Pastells Religious Debates 2. Equipped the town with a lighting system using coconut  Fr. Pablo Pastells sent Rizal a book Sarda advising the latter oil. to refrain from being proud and too judgmental. 3. Constructed the first water system using bamboo  Rizal’s letters revealed his anticatholic ideas caused by the pipelines. abuses committed against his family and people.  He criticized the friars for using their religious authority to Relief Map of Mindanao oppress and abuse other people.  Rizal believed in the power of education in the human  He said that individual judgment is a gift from God and transformation. everyone should use it to light his way; that self-esteem if  In 1893, he established a school for boys for free. used moderately, saves man from unworthy acts.  He also engaged in scientific researches: collecting various  He further argued that pursuit of truth has different paths, species of plant and animal life which he sent to his friends thus, religions may vary, but they all lead to the light. abroad.  Fr. Pastells tried to win back Rizal to the fold of Catholicism.  The Draco Rizali, a small lizard popularly known as a flying  He admonished Rizal that divine faith supersedes dragon; everything: reason, self-esteem and individual judgment.  Apogonia Rizali, a rare kind of beetle; and the  No matter how intelligent a man is, his intelligence is Rhacophorus rizali, a peculiar frog species. limited; he still needs God’s guidance. - Draco Rizali  He failed to convince Rizal. - Apogania Rizali - Rhacophorus Rizali An Aborted Duel Rizal, The Inventor and Sculptor  As an inventor, Rizal made a lighter that ignites through stones; and a brick maker machine.  A lighter called "sulpakan" which he gave to a friend as a birthday gift.  As an artist, he carved a number of sculptures: 1. “The Mother’s Revenge” a tribute to his dog Syria, whose child was killed by a crocodile. 2. “The Dapitan Girl” 3. Josephine’s Image 4. Busts of Fr. Guerrico and St. Paul Period of Pain  Unhappy Days in Dapitan  He missed his family; until his mother, three sisters and nephews arrived and stayed with him.  He was sad because of the plight of his family, the country and the people.  He had no opportunity to see Leonor when she died in August 1893.  A Beautiful Stranger  In his darkest moments in Dapitan, an 18-year-old Irish girl arrived in Dapitan.  She’s Josephine Bracken, whose mother died in childbirth.  She is adopted by Mr. George Taufer, who later became blind.  The two came to the Philippines to have Mr. Taufer’s eyes be cured. Dapitan Writings  “Himno a Talisay” (Hymn to the Talisay Tree) – a hymn/poem written in tribute to a tree to which a town was named after; where Rizal often stayed.  Rizal and his students have always used the talisay tree as a meeting place.  In gratitude, the students would always sing the hymn.  “Mi Retiro” (My Retreat) –depicts Rizal’s life as an exile in Dapitan  “Canto del Viajero ” (Song of the Traveler) – a poem celebrating his renewed opportunity to travel abroad and end of his exile in Dapitan WEEK 11: 1896 REVOLUTION, END OF EXILE IN DAPITAN TO  The Isla de Luzon had left. ARREST, TRIAL and MARTYRDOM  Rizal was told to wait for the Isla de Panay which will arrive in 28 days. The Philippine Revolution 1896  Rizal was transferred to the Castilla, manned by Enrique  1895 – the Cubans revolted against the Spaniards 'Santalo, where he would wait for another 26 days.  1896 – the Filipinos also staged their revolt against Spain  Aboard a launch Caridad, some KKK members sneaked in  The Filipinos thought that it would be advantageous for and made a last-ditch attempt to rescue Rizal. them because Spain would have divided attention and  Jacinto introduced himself and told Rizal he would be strength rescued.  April 1896 – in a Montalban cave, Bonifacio and the  Rizal politely refused the offer saying he knew what he was Katipunan decided to start the revolution. doing.  May 2, 1896 – Dr. Pio Valenzuela was sent by the KKK Supreme Council to convince Rizal in Dapitan to join and The 1896 Revolution lead the Katipunan, he being the recognized leader and  Inside the Castilla, while waiting for the arrival of the Isla savior of the Filipinos. de Panay, the Katipunan was discovered.  Rizal did not adhere to the idea of the KKK.  On the 26th of the month, Bonifacio and the rest of the  He believed the KKK would fail to defeat the powerful KKK raised the "Cry of Pugadlawin," which marked the Spanish army because of several reasons. start of the Philippine Revolution.  Rizal expected this to happen. Reasons Why Filipinos Would Fail According to Dr. Jose Rizal 1. The KKK does not have enough weapons to fight against Last Voyage Abroad the fully equipped Spaniards.  August 30, 1896 - Rizal finally received the letter of Gov. 2. The KKK members do not have enough skills and training Blanco, expressing his congratulations and to fight a professional army tested in war. recommendation. 3. The KKK hierarchy lacks credibility which would result to  September 3 – Aboard the Isla de Panay, he left for Spain. confusion in the chain of command.  The ship proceeded to Singapore.  His co-passengers Pedro and Periquin Roxas escaped and he was encouraged to do the same.  Rizal refused because he didn't want to become a fugitive. Rizal Advised When Delclaring Revolution Rizal & The Katipunan 1. The enemy has allies which necessitates that the  The discovery of the KKK led to the uncovering of its revolutionaries must have foreign aid to ensure sufficient secrets. funds.  Bulk of documents were uncovered. 2. Naval ships are needed, especially in an archipelago like  Many of these documents implicated Rizal to the KKK. the Philippines for communication purposes.  Pictures, copies of the Noli and Fili were also found. 3. Rizal believed that it was not yet time for a revolution.  Documents declaring Rizal as the KKK honorary president 4. It must not be held solely on the basis of sentiment and were likewise discovered. burning passion.  Spanish authorities learned that Rizal was used as a rally 5. It must be launched on the context of the ability to cry of the members. succeed in the end.  He was regarded as their true leader and hero. 6. If the revolution is the last resort, it must be prepared for  These documents, together with many letters and another five to ten years to ensure victory. testimonies from those arrested led to the conclusion that 7. He advised Valenzuela to seek the leadership of Antonio Rizal was part of the revolutionary group. Luna, a man of military expertise. 8. The KKK must also seek the financial support of the Rizal's Arrest Japanese.  As per instruction of Gov. Blanco and the prodding of End of Rizal's Exile Manila Archbishop Bernardino Nozaleda, Rizal was ordered arrested and detained inside the ship.  Rizal applied as a volunteer war physician to the Cuban revolution hoping to end his Dapitan exile.  September 30, 1896 – Capt. A. Alemany followed the order and kept Rizal in his cabin during the remainder of  His letter was finally approved after months of waiting. the trip.  July 31, 1896 – he left Dapitan together with Josephine,  October 6 – The ship reached Barcelona. Narcisa, three nephews and a niece or board the steamer España.  Rizal was imprisoned at the Montjuich detention cell.  This ended his Dapitan exile.  Eulogio Despujol, the former Philippine governor who banished him to Dapitan visited later that day.  Arrival of España in Manila was delayed.  October 7 – Rizal was transferred to a new ship, the SS  The Isla de Luzon had left. Colon bound for Manila.  Rizal was told to wait for the Isla de Panay which will arrive in 28 days. Rizal's Final Homecoming  Rizal was transferred to the Castilla, manned by Enrique  Rizal kept records of the Philippines since he left for Santalo, where he would wait for another 26 days. Barcelona.  He was implicated by the Madrid newspapers to the Rizal Stranded in Manila bloody revolution.  Arrival of España in Manila was delayed.  He thought of coming home to confront his accusers and  The principal organizer and the living soul of Filipino vindicate his name. insurrection.  Few friends from Europe and Singapore tried to help Rizal  The founder of societies, periodicals and books escape his present predicament. dedicated to fomenting and propagating ideas of  Ma. Regidor and Lopez sent a telegram to Atty. Hugh Fort rebellion. asking him to file a writ of habeas corpus in Rizal's behalf.  When asked regarding his sentiments or reaction on  Chief Justice Lionel Cox denied the writ for lack of the charges, Rizal replied that: jurisdiction. - He does not question the jurisdiction of the court. - He has nothing to amend except that during his The Investigation and Trial exile in Dapitan in 1892, he had not dealt in  Preliminary Investigation (ARRAIGNMENT) political matters.  November 20, 1896, the preliminary investigation on - He has nothing to admit on the charges against Rizal began. him.  During the five-day investigation, Rizal was informed - He had nothing to admit on the declarations of of the charges against him before Judge Advocate the witnesses, he had not met nor knew, against Colonel Francisco Olive. him.  He was put under interrogation without the benefit of knowing who testified against him. Manifesto to the People  Presented before him were two kinds of evidences –  Two days after, Rizal's case was endorsed to Blanco's documentary and testimonial. successor, Governor Camilo de Polavieja, who had the  There was a total of fifteen exhibits for the authority to command that the case be court martialed. documentary evidence.  On December 15, inside his cell at Fort Santiago, Rizal  Testimonial evidences, on the other hand, were wrote a controversial letter, The Manifesto addressed to comprised of oral proofs provided by: his countrymen. - Martin Constantino  The Manifesto was a letter denouncing bloody struggle, - Aguedo del Rosario Jose Reyes and promoting education and industry as the best means - Moises Salvador to acquire independence. - Jose Dizon  Judge Advocate General Nicolas de la Peña requested to - Domingo Franco Gov. Polavieja that the publication of the manifesto be - Deodato Arellano prohibited. - Pio Valenzuela - Antonio Salazar The Trial of Rizal - Francisco Quison  December 26, about 8 o'clock in the morning, the court - Timoteo Paez martial of Rizal commenced. The hearing was actually a  These evidences were endorsed by Colonel Olive to kind of moro-moro, a planned trial wherein Rizal, before Governor Ramon Blanco. hearing his verdict, had already been prejudged.  Blanco designated Capt. Rafael Dominguez as the  Unlike other accused, Rizal had not been allowed to know Judge Advocate assigned with the task of deciding the people who witnessed against him. what corresponding action should be done.  The trial took place at Cuartel de España, a military  Dominguez, after a brief review, transmitted the building, with a court composed of seven military officers records to Don Nicolas de la Peña, the Judge Advocate headed by Lt. Col. Jose Togores Arjona. General.  Present at the courtroom were Jose Rizal, six other officers  Judge Advocate General Peña's recommendations in uniform. Lt. Taviel de Andrade, Judge Advocate Capt. were as follows: Rafael Dominguez, Lt. Enrique de Alcocer (Prosecuting - Rizal must be immediately sent to trial. Attorney) and a number of spectators, including Josephine - He must be held in prison under necessary Bracken. security.  Judge Advocate Dominguez opened the trial. - His properties must be issued with order of  It was followed by Atty. Alcocer's reiteration of the charges attachment, and as indemnity, Rizal had to pay against Rizal, urging the court that the latter be punished one million pesos. with death. - Instead of a civilian lawyer, only an army officer is  Accordingly, the three crimes accused to him were allowed to defend Rizal. rebellion, sedition and illegal association.  Rizal chose Lt. Don Luis Taviel de Andrade, 1st Lt. of  Lt. Taviel de Andrade, on the other hand, later took the the Spanish Artillery to be his defense lawyer. floor reading his speech in defense of Rizal.  Rizal discovered that the said lieutenant was the  To supplement this, Rizal read his own defense which he brother of Lt. Jose Taviel de Andrade who worked as wrote in his cell in Fort Santiago. Rizal's personal body guard in Calamba in 1887.  On the 11th of December 1896, in the presence of his Dr. Jose Rizal's Defense Spanish counsel, charges against Rizal were read.  According to Rizal, there are twelve points to prove his  Rebellion – punishable by death. innocence:  Sedition – also punishable by death.  As testified by Pio Valenzuela, Rizal was against  Illegal Association – punishable with reclusion rebellion. perpetua or lower.  He had not written a letter addressed to the  He was accused of being: Katipunan comprising revolutionary elements.   Without his knowledge, his name was used by the  Fr. Antonio Rosell – another friend of Rizal who gladly Katipunan; if he really was guilty, he could have eaten a fine breakfast with him; returned in the afternoon escaped while he was in Singapore. to resume his talk with Rizal.  If he was guilty, he should have left the country while  Lt. Taviel de Andrade – Rizal extended his appreciation for in exile; he shouldn't have built a home, bought a Andrade's services as his defense counsel. parcel of land or established a hospital in Dapitan.  Fr. Federico Faura – had prophesied earlier rather  If he was really the leader of the revolution, the comically that Rizal would lose his head for writing the Noli revolutionists should have consulted him. Me Tangere, and the latter "congratulated" the priest for  He did not deny that he wrote the by-laws of the La being right. Liga Filipina, but to make things clear, the organization  Fr. Jose Villaclara – Rizal’s former teacher in Ateneo; ate was a civic association, not a revolutionary society. lunch with him.  After the first meeting of La Liga, the association  Fr. Vicente Balaguer – accompanied Fr. Villaclara; ate luch banished because of his exile in Dapitan, thus, did not with Rizal as well. last long.  Santiago Mataix – contributor in the El Heraldo de Madrid.  If the La Liga was reorganized nine months later, he  Teodora Alonzo – Rizal knelt before his beloved mother, had no idea about it. begging for forgiveness and understanding; the mother  If the La Liga had a revolutionary purpose, then and son were separated by the strong grip of the prison Katipunan should not have been organized. guard.  If the Spanish authorities found his letters having  Trinidad – arrived when Teodora left the chapel; to her, bitter atmosphere, it was because in 1890 his family Rizal handed down an alcohol cooking stove and was being persecuted resulting to their dispossession whispered that something was inside it (turned out to be of properties and deportation of all his brothers-in- his last piece, the Mi Ultimo Adios (in English translation, law. “My Last Farewell”), written in a small piece of paper).  He lived an exemplary life in Dapitan - the politico-  Gaspar Castaño – fiscal of the Royal Audiencia; had a good military commanders and missionary priests in the conversation with Rizal. province could attest to that.  Late at night, around 10 o'clock, a retraction letter  If according to witnesses the speech he delivered at prepared by Archbishop Bernardino Nozaleda was Doroteo Ongjunco's house had inspired the presented to Rizal. revolution, then he wants to confront these persons. If he really was for the revolution, then why did the The Retraction Katipunan sent an unfamiliar emissary to him in  He rejected it for being too long. Dapitan? It is so because all his friends were aware  Fr. Balaguer, on the other hand, showed another draft that he never advocated violence. from Fr. Pio Pi.  Rizal liked it but wanted some parts of which be changed. The Final Verdict  By 11:30pm, Rizal wrote and signed the retraction letter in  The military court remained indifferent to the pleads of which he renounced the mason movement. Rizal. After a short deliberation, he was sentenced to be  Witnesses to this event were Juan del Fresno (Chief of the shot in musketry until death at 7 o'clock in the morning of Guard Detail) and Eloy Moure (Assistant of the Plaza). December 30, 1896 at Bagumbayan Field (Luneta).  The decision was submitted to Gov. Camilo de Polavieja Text Of Rizal's Retraction Polavieja who immediately sought the opinion of Nicolas I declare myself a Catholic and in this religion in which de la Peña - the latter found the verdict just and final. I was born and educated I wish to live and die.  Two days later, the governor general signed the court's I retract with all my heart whatever in my words, decision and ordered Rizal's M. execution. writings, publications and conduct has been contrary to my character as son of the Catholic Church. Dr. Jose Rizal's Last Hours I believe and I confess whatever she teaches and I  Upon hearing the court's decision, Rizal already knew that submit to whatever she demands. there's no way that his destiny would be changed. I abominate Masonry, as the enemy which is of the  Rizal knew it was his end, and had accepted his fate. Church, and as a Society prohibited by the Church.  Captain Rafael Dominguez, at 6 o'clock in the morning of The Diocesan Prelate may, as the Superior December 29, 1896, read before him the official notice of Ecclesiastical Authority, make public this spontaneous his execution, scheduled the next day. manifestation of mine in order to repair the scandal which my  Rizal was immediately transferred to the prison chapel acts may have caused and so that God and people may pardon where he spent his last hours on earth. me.  Inside the chapel, Rizal busied himself by writing correspondences to friends and family, bidding everyone Manila, 29 December 1896 farewell.  Conversing with his Jesuit priests’ friends. He had a lot of Jose Rizal visitors, arriving one or two after the other. La Voz Española, December 30, 1896  Fr. Miguel Saderra Mata – the Rector of the Ateneo Municipal; arrived in the prison early in the morning. Juan del Fresno  Fr. Luis Viza – came with Fr. Mata; the priest to whom Rizal Eloy Moure asked for the image of the Sacred Heart of Jesus which he made during his stay in Ateneo. Retraction Controversy  Anti-Retractionists' Contention: Spain!) "Morir el traidores!" (Death to Traitors!) Jose Rizal  If Rizal was a Catholic before he died, why then was died at exactly 7:03 in the morning of December 30. he not given a Catholic burial? Where is the death certificate? 127th Death Anniversary  If Josephine Bracken were married before the (December 30, 1896 - December 30, 2023) former's execution, where then is the marriage certificate? The Mystery of the Missing Grave  Where are the books that Rizal signed?  Located at the outer circle is a landmark that indicates the  There is an allegation that the retraction document burial place of national hero Dr. Jose Rizal after his was a forgery. execution in Bagumbayan on December 30, 1896.  Senator Rafael Palma, a former President of the  Unusual is how the initials of Jose P. Rizal are inscribed in University of the Philippines and a prominent Mason, reverse (RPJ) on the cross. argued that a retraction is not in keeping with Rizal's  According to story, the day before he was put to death, the character and mature beliefs. family of Rizal prevailed upon Spanish authorities to turn  He called the retraction story a "pious fraud." over his corpse to them later the next day.  Historians such as Austin Craig, Gregorio Zaide,  The pleas were met with refusal after refusal because the Ambeth Ocampo, Joaquin, Leon Maria Guerrero III, authorities feared the burial site would be used a symbol and Nicolas Zafra of UP state that the retraction of martyrdom. document was deemed authentic by Rizal expert, Teodoro Kalaw.  Finally, toward evening, the civil governor of Manila,  They also refer to the 11 eyewitnesses present when Manuel Luego, took pity on Rizal’s mother and gave her Rizal wrote his retraction, signed a Catholic prayer permission to take the body after the execution. book, and recited Catholic prayers, and the multitude  Rizal's sister Narcisa, made arrangements for a coffin and who saw him kiss the crucifix before his execution. transportation.  Supporters see in its Rizal's "moral courage...to  Once notified that the execution was over, the family recognize his mistakes," his reversion to the "true proceeded to the execution site, but the remains of Jose faith," and thus his "unfading glory," and a return to had already been removed. the "ideals of his fathers" which brings his stature as a  Narcisa searched in vain for the body of his brother in all patriot to the level of greatness. the cemeteries in manila.  Passing through paco cemetery in the afternoon, she came Rizal's Martyrdom upon some civil guards and correctly surmised that their  By 6:30am, Rizal's march to Bagumbayan commenced. He presence indicated that her brother had been buried in his black suit, black necktie, black hat, black shoes and there. white vest - calmly walked from his prison cell in Fort  She searched all over paco cemetery until she found a Santiago to the execution site. grave with freshly turned earth.  He was with Lt. Taviel de Andrade on one side, and Fathers  She bribed the gravedigger to place a plaque with Rizal Estanislao March and Jose Villaclara, on the other side. initials in reverse - R.P.J To mark the site. They walked behind four advanced guards armed with bayonets. First Grave Site of Rizal's Body  Jose Rizal was tied behind from elbow to elbow, although,  Before still had the freedom to move his arms. In his right arm was a rosary which he kept on holding until his final breath.  In the Bagumbayan Field, Rizal shook the hands of the two priests and his defender, bidding them farewell.  A priest blessed and offered him a crucifix which he gently kissed.  Rizal had one request, that is, that he be shot facing the firing squad, however, in vain since the captain of the squad ordered a back shot.  A physician by the name of Dr. Felipe Ruiz Castillo, was  After amazed that Rizal's vital signs were normal, particularly his pulse rate - was Rizal really unafraid to die?  The firing squad was commanded in unison with drumbeats. Upon the brisk command: - "Preparar!"; "Apunte!" - "Fuego!" The guns of the squad flared. - “Consummatum Est!” – Rizal’s last words, meaning “it is finished”  Rizal, by his sheer effort and remaining energy, twisted his body around to face the firing squad, and so, fell on the ground with his face toward the blue sky, his head slightly inclined toward the rising sun in the east.  What can be heard from the crowd of Spaniards was their loud, audible voice, shouting "Viva España!"(Long Live