Philippines Social Conditions During Spanish Colonization-MIDTERM-LEC-1 PDF

The Philippines' Social Conditions During the Spanish Colonization  TO RECALL THE LAST PERIOD.. 1. WHY DO WE NEED THE RIZAL LAW? 2. WHAT ARE THE MAJOR ISSUES AND CONCERN DURING THE DELIBERATION OF THE BILL? 3. HOW DO LITERARY READING AND ANALYSIS AFFECT THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROMOTION OF NATIO...

The Philippines' Social Conditions During the Spanish Colonization  TO RECALL THE LAST PERIOD.. 1. WHY DO WE NEED THE RIZAL LAW? 2. WHAT ARE THE MAJOR ISSUES AND CONCERN DURING THE DELIBERATION OF THE BILL? 3. HOW DO LITERARY READING AND ANALYSIS AFFECT THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROMOTION OF NATIONALISM, PATRIOTISM AND VOLUNTEERISM AMONG CITIZENTRY? 4. HOW WILL YOU EXPLAIN THE WORKS OF RIZAL IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF PHILIPPINE NATIONALISM TOWARDS NATIONHOOD? 5. WHAT WAS RIZAL’S VIEW OF NATIONALISM?  The Philippines, before it was colonized, had been a thriving civilization, with its own established cultures, traditions, ways of living, religions, and laws. This was also when we had established trade relations with nearby countries, such as China and Indonesia, among others. For the Chinese, we have bartered pearls and other produce for porcelain, jade, and silk, among others being carried in their junk (i.e., trading boat). The Galleon Trade  One of the reasons why the Spaniards wanted to stay in the Philippines was because of the Galleon Trade. The trade was very profitable, and it made the Spaniards very rich. The Galleon Trade crossed the Pacific Ocean. It connected Asia with Mexico and with Europe.  The word “trade” means the buying and selling of goods, like when you buy food in a store. In the Galleon Trade, goods for selling were transported in ships known as galleon ships. On the other hand, a “port” is a place where ships can dock to load or unload goods. The port in Manila was very important in the Galleon Trade. Each barangay had a datu, the leader, and prime defender of the community. These leaders may not be accommodating towards outsiders, but they were not dictators (as narrated by Filomeno Aguilar). However, when Spain set foot on our native soil, the pre- colonial lifestyle began to dwindle except in some parts of Mindanao. During this time, the colonial government implemented taxation onto the colonized natives and their trade partners. The taxation system can be seen in its established Casta. The casta is divided into sections, which dictated their tax value Filipinos and the Negritos pay only the base value, making them the only ones who pay the minimum amount. The Sangleys are the pure-blooded Chinese who lived in the country. They pay to quadruple the base amount because of their business and labor skills. The mestizaje is the racially ambiguous people who paid tax based on their lineage and status. As an example, if a Sangley businessman had a mestiza de Sangley, daughter, the daughter would pay half as much as her father's tax rate. However, should the mestiza daughter marry an Americano, who paid zero tax alongside the insulares and the peninsulares, her tax would be removed altogether. However, the treatment she would receive from the masses would remain the same. Indians also lived in the country, but they were not part of the casta. Below the blancos (i.e., the "tax-free" casta) were the mestizaje, whose casta were based on their parentage. Mixed blood by nature, their status often fluctuated, and their taxes were the same as the indios (except for the mestizo de Sangleys). Of the four (4) mestizos, the Tornatras were the lowest because they had more than two (2) racial parentages, hinting that the Tornatras had the most intermingling of races  The Casta system ✓ Casta is the Spanish word used to describe caste or social class. ✓ The phrase casta system refers to the social organizing system that attempted to ascribe social status based on a person's socio-cultural lineage. ✓ is an incentivized system wherein each casta pays taxes based on their racial heritage. ✓ Since Muslims were out fighting the Spaniards during that time, they weren't classified. What is a bandala system? Bandala System: A form of direct taxes that the. Spaniards implemented in which the natives were coerced to sell their products to the government at very low prices. What is polo system? compulsory work for 40 days (reduced to 15 days in 1884) imposed by the Spanish colonial government on adult. Filipino males ranging from the age sixteen (16) to. sixty (60) years old to construct bridges, galleon ships, churches, schools, hospitals, roads, and other related. Not even death could prevent the debt from growing. If the abled men died, their unpaid debts would be passed on to the next abled men in the family, and so on. If the able person's age was below the requirement, yet their birthday drew close to the recruitment date, then they would render polo nonetheless. Filipinos can be exempted from this labor in two (2) ways: 1. They had to pay a fine (called a falla); or 2. Work until they paid their debt.  Encomienda System a formal system of forced labor in Spanish colonies in Latin America and the Philippines, intended to encourage conquest and colonization. Under this system, leaders of the indigenous community paid tribute to colonists with food, cloth, minerals, or by providing laborers. This system was fundamental to the economics of early Spanish This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND. colonialism.  Encomenderos  were those who were under the encomienda system. They were granted the right to compel indigenous people to work their land and to pay tribute.  Lack of Women's Rights  Women could study in schools but weren't permitted to enroll in Universities. Instead, they study in exclusive schools or enroll in convent schools called Beaterios. They were imposed to study hospitality, cookery, music, and embroidery. They could own and conduct businesses, however.  Wars in Mindanao The Wars in Mindanao were extensive back then, in their hopes of converting our Muslim brethren. Heavy taxes were imposed to support Spain's war causes against them, branding them as Moros. The Secularization Issue On 27 February 1767, King Carlos III of Spain ordered the complete expulsion of the sect of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) from Spain and to all her colonies. Then Governor-General Raon tried to help the religious order in exchange for bribes. Once the Jesuits destroyed their documents and hid all their possessions, there was a shortage of priests by the time Raon died before being punished by his successor. The Secularization Issue Then Manila archbishop Basilio Sancho de Santa Justa spearheaded the conversion and ordainment of Filipinos into the priesthood, which was heavily opposed. This argument came to be known as the secularization issue.  Frailocracy  means rule of the friars. Spanish friars heavily influenced the Colonial Government by meddling with government affairs, manipulating the religious teaching to suit their individual needs and many more misdeeds that went against the teachings of the Catholic faith.  The History of Land Ownership and Peasantry in the Philippines  Dennis Roth's Church Lands in the Agrarian History of Tagalog Region Filomeno Aguilar's Articles Elusive Peasant, Weak State: Readings Sharecropping and the Changing Meaning of Debt Sugar Capitalism: The Divergent Paths of Haciendas on Negros Island and the Hacienda de Calamba The problems with agrarian ownership have been a long- standing problem in the country, which was more evident during the Spanish Occupation. This was when the local serfs (i.e., the aliping namamahay) were stripped of their lands by the Spaniards, who used these lands for their own. These lands were cultivated by the same natives who were once the former owners. Such problems began to expound when friars became the owners, particularly in Negros and Calamba. In Calamba, the Dominicans began to exploit the natives with their ever- fluctuating tax values..  Terminologies Conquistador – a Spanish conqueror Caballerias – small tract of land included in a land grant (42.5 hectares) Sitio de Ganado Mayor – a large tract of land included in a land grant (1, 742 hectares) Inquilino – a tenant who rented land from the friars and subleased the land to sharecroppers  Terminologies Canon - annual rent paid by the Inquilino Cavan - a measure equal to 75 liters Hacienda - large estates that were used for raising livestock and agricultural productions  Sharecropper (Kasama) - an individual who rented the land from an inquilino and worked the land During Rizal's education in the Philippines, Paciano provided ample funding for his younger brother to study abroad. This made Rizal a member of the ilustrado, an expatriate whose sole purpose abroad was to study. However, when Rizal arrived and settled in Europe, problems began to rise in Calamba regarding the lands owned by his family. In 1891, Jose Rizal was in Hong Kong when he received distressing news about his family who were, at that time embroiled in a litigation case concerning the Hacienda de Calamba The Cavite Mutiny 1872  The Cavite Mutiny of 1872 was an uprising of military personalities at Fort San Felipe, the Spanish arsenal in Cavite, Philippines. Took place on January 20, 1872 Around 200 laborers and soldiers rose up in a belief that it would escalate to a national uprising.  THE 1872 CAVITE MUTINY: INTRODUCTION It is believed by many scholars that the Cavite Mutiny of 1872 was the beginning of Filipino nationalism that would eventually lead to the Philippine Revolution of 1896. The event has been unforgettable and reflected in the 12 events that influenced Philippine History in a major way.  Around 200 laborers and soldiers rose up in a belief that it would escalate to a national uprising. It was unsuccessful and government soldiers executed many of the participants and began to crackdown on a burgeoning nationalist movement.  Izquierdo dissolved the native regiments of artillery and ordered the creation of an artillery force composed exclusively by Peninsulares. February 17, 1872 (GOMBURZA) were executed to serve as a threat to Filipinos never to attempt to fight the Spaniards again.  Why did young Filipino Ilustrados become Why did young Filipino Ilustrados become expatriates in the late 18th and 19th century? expatriates in the late 18th and 19th century? New ideas flow in Europe. Ideas of equality, freedom, and shared privilege were openly discussed back then, and these ideas allowed the Ilustrados to bring forth their sentiments about the conditions of the Philippines, garnering as much sympathy from foreigners to seek support which they normally couldn't do if they were in the Philippines (Schumacher, 1997 d). Why did young Filipino Ilustrados become expatriates in the late 18th and 19th century? Education benefits. Most Filipino students during the Spanish period have limited education. Most who graduated eventually land on meager jobs due to the Spanish casta system still in effect. Studying abroad offer new ideas and knowledge, which have been stated earlier (Schumacher, 1997b).  Why did young Filipino Ilustrados become expatriates in the late 18th and 19th century?  To bring recognition. To be recognized in any way brings significant attention to someone. Being recognized in an international community brings attention to one's country they represent with. Participants such as Juan Novicio Luna and Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo brought acclaim to our country because of their artworks (Rizal, 2011). Rizal also brought international recognition for us because of his writings, particularly his letters with his international friends.  PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT The ilustrados led by Rizal and Marcelo H. Del Pilar and Graciano Lopez Jaena, organized the Propaganda Movement which was a peaceful crusade for reforms PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT THE PROPAGANDISTS  PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT  LA SOLIDARIDAD – the official organ, magazine, newspaper of the Propaganda Movement. Graciano Lopez Jaena served as the founder and first editor  Articles was focused on the demands for social and political reforms in the Philippines. The subjects of the articles were attacks against the friars and the abusive Spanish colonial officials. DECONSTRUCTING NOLI ME TANGERE  DECONSTRUCT to take apart or examine (something) in order to reveal the basis or composition often with the intention of exposing biases, flaws, or inconsistencies.  DECONSTRUCTION TABLE  A deconstruction table is an analysis table designed to break down a reading material's information down into manageable pieces. It provides a quick overview of the material, like an outlined book review.  The title Noli Me Tangere is a Latin phrase which means "Touch me not." The Latin phrase was explained by Rizal as a response by Jesus after Mary Magdalene had touched him, as mentioned in the Bible (David, n.d.). Literally translated as "Don't touch me," it can also be translated as "Don't cling to me."  "Huwag mo akong salangin" in Tagalog Noli Me Tangere is originally published in 1887 in Europe. A protagonist is a character that plays a pivotal part in the story regardless of their role, but many interpret it as the "good guys" in the story.  There are several protagonists in Noli Me Tangere, but the novel revolves around Crisostomo Ibarra, an Ilustrado who studied abroad and went back home to live his life in the country. As the novel progresses, he was slowly learning of the twisted and horrible tragedies that befell his loved ones. An antagonist is a character that provides conflict to the story. This is usually attributed to the villains of the story. In Noli Me Tangere, there are various antagonists with varying degrees of villainy. The ones that stand out, however, are the corrupt friars -- mainly the Dominicans (Padre Hernándo de la Sibyla) and the Franciscans (Padre Damaso) - - and the members of the Blancos, which are the top three (3) members of the Spanish casta system. A story's literary style, or genre, is the element that drives a story. It can be based on reality or in a completely made-up world. Noli Me Tangere, as a novel, is considered both as a fiction and satire. Fiction is a genre that describes a story that isn't found or based on reality.Noli Me Tangere is a fictional novel because it takes some real-life places in the country, but Rizal added a few fictional places and people to represent the small barrios and sliceof-life activities. A satire is a genre that uses exaggeration, humor, irony, or ridicule to expose human stupidity or vices. This is an excellent genre to use if the story revolves around politics or major issues. Noli Me Tangere satirizes the Roman Catholic church, the Colonial government, and the Peninsulares.  The novel primarily exhibits the following qualities (Schumacher, 1997e) (Panistante, 2014):  The Filipina's devotion and influence over a man. This has been exemplified by several Filipinas in the novel, but it has been demonstrated the best by Maria Clara. As the true love of Crisostomo Ibarra, she has shown grace and simple elegance through her actions and words, leaving a strong impression over young men in their place.  A deep sense of gratitude. Noli Me Tangere exemplified this trait through the eyes of several poor and indebted characters, particularly Basilio. As he was left orphaned, he was left in the care of Elias until the latter's death, leaving him with wealth that could afford him to study through college.  Filipino Common Sense. The novel inadvertently woken up the Filipinos' sleeping sense of nationalism and, as such, opened their eyes to the bitter reality happening around them. This led us to use our common sense more and be more aware of the current events in the country.  Rizal was accused of being a German spy because of his wide vocabulary, his keen interest in the cultures and heritage sites in Europe, and his coded messages that, when translated, revealed his feelings toward certain people (Paraiso, 2011).  According to the "findings" of the Dominicans, Noli Me Tangere was heretical, impious and scandalous (Simban, 2014).  These were nothing more than just spiteful remarks because of how hard they were struck down by the novel.  The friars also stated that it was also subversive, which aimed at overthrowing the colonial government. This wasn't the aim of Noli Me Tangere, but it certainly drove Filipinos to wage war with them.